grammarbook gumersindo
TRANSCRIPT
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Grammar Book
Gumersindo Bentley
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Table of contents• Present tense –ar,-er/-
ir• Stem changers• Irregular “yo”• Saber vs. Conocer• Reflexives• “Se” impersonal• Dipthongs with
accents• Verbs like –ger/-gir, -
vir/-guir, -cer/-cir
• Hace +(time expression)+ que + _______
• Imperfect• Cucharacha• Spock Verbs• Snake/Snakeys• El Futuro• Comparatives/Superlatives
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Present tense –ar,-er/-ir
-ar (caminar) -er (comer) -ir (escribir)
Yo Camino Como Escribo
Tú Caminas Comes Escribes
Ello/Ella Camina Come Escribe
Nosotros Caminamos Comemos Escribimos
Ellos/Ellas Caminan Comen Escriben
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Ser Vs. Estar
Ser/ Permanent• Description• Origins• Characteristics• Time• Occupation• Relationships• Possession• Events • Dates
Estar/ Temporary• Health• Emotion• Location• Present Condition• -Ar goes to –ando• -er/-ir goes to –endo/-yendo
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Irregular “yo”
• Oir-oigo• Poner-pongo• Salir-salgo• Hacer-hago• Tener-tengo
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Stem Changers
o-uealmorzar
e-iconsegiur
e-ieempezar
Yo Almuerzo Consigo Empiezo
Tú almuerzas Consigas Empiezas
Èl/ella Almuerza Consiga empieza
Nostros almorzamos Conseguimos Empezamos
Ellos/ellas almuerzan Consigan empiezan
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Saber vs. Conocer
Saber• To know a fact or how to do something.
Conocer• To know someone.
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Reflexives
• Me Me peino el pelo.• Te Te peinas el pelo.• Se Ella se peina el pelo.• Nos Nos peinamos el pelo.• Se Ellos se peinan el pelo.
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Dipthongs with accents
Strong Vowels• Always make their own syllable• o, a, e• Examples
– Hablar– España– Correro
Weak Vowels• Are only their own syllable if they are
surrounded by strong vowels• i/y, u• Examples
– Fútbol– Cine
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Verbs like –ger/-gir, -cer/-cir
-ger/-gir• Escoger
– escojo
• Protoger– protejo
-cer/-cir• Conducir
– conduzco
• Producir– produzco
• Traducir– traduzco
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Imperfect Tense
• What used to happen or is happening at the time of narration– Los pajaros cantaban
• Describe people in the past tense– Mi mama tenia una cara bonita y era muy amable
• Describe a state of mind, an opinion, or a feeling in the past– Yo pensaba que él era muy tonto
• Express a time of day in the past– Eran las ocho de la noche
• Describing an action that was happening when interrupted by another action– Comíamos cuando el nos llamó
• To set the stage, describe a situation or setting– El sol brillaba nacia un tiempo muyagradable y todos estaban muy
contentos.
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Imperfect ending chartir ser ver
iba era veía
ibas eras veías
iba era veía
ibamos eramos veíamos
iban eran veían
Trigger Words:• Nunca• Siempre• A veces• Todos los dias
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Cucaracha
• Andar-Anduve• Estar-Estuve• Poder-Pude• Poner-Puse• Querer-Quise• Sabe-Supe• Tener-Tuve
•Venir-Vine•Conducir-Conduje• Producir-Produje•Traduce-Traduje•Traer-Traje•Decir-Dice
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Spock Verbs
o Hacer
-Hice/Hiciste/Hizo/Hicimos/HicieronΔ Dar/Ver
-D/V: i/iste/io/imos/ieron
Ir/Ser
-Fui/Fuiste/Fue/Fuimos/Fueron
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Snake/SnakeysDecir
Dormi Dormimos
Dormiste
Durmio Durmieron
Pedir
Pedi Pedimos
Pediste
Pidio Pidieron
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El futuro• Irregular Future Verbs
-Decir; Dir- To say
-Haber; Habr- There to be [impersonal]; to have [helping verb]
-Hacer; Har- To make, do
-Poder; Podr- To put, place, set
-Querer; Querr- to want, love
-Saber; Sabr- To know [fact], know how [+ infinitive]
-Salir; Saldr- To leave, go out
-Tener; Tendr- To have
-Valer; Valdr- To be worth
-Venir; Vendr- To come
E Emos
As
A An
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Comparatives/Superlatives
Menos + Adjective + Que
Mas + Adjective + Que
El/La Mas + Adjective + De
El Menos + Adjective + De
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Part 2
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Table of Contents
• Preterite vs Imperfect• Future vs Conditional• Por• Para• Por vs Para• Commands• DOP
• Present Perfect
• Subjunctive
•Adverbs
• Se Impersonal• Progressives with
Ir/Andar/Seguir
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Preterite vs ImperfectPreterite:
Used for past actions that are seen as completed.
Preterite Ar
é amos
aste asteis
ó aron
Preterite Er/Ir
í imos
iste isteis
ío ieron
Imperfect Er/Ir
é amos
aste asteis
ó aron
Imperfect Ar
aba abamos
abas
aba aban
Imperfect:
Used when the past action did not have a definite beginning or end.
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Future vs Conditional
• express probability or possibility, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.
Future
-é -emos
-ás -án
-á
Conditional
-ía -íamos
-ías -ían
-ía
• Used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.
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Por
• Expressing movement along, through, around, by or about• Denoting a time or duration when something occurs• Expressing the cause of an action• Meaning per• Meaning supporting or in favor of• Introducing the agent of an action after a passive verb• Indicating means of transportation
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Para
• Meaning for the purpose of or in order to• With a noun or pronoun as object, meaning
for the benefit of or directed to• Meaning to or in the direction of when
referring to a specific place• Meaning by or for when referring to a
specific time
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Por vs Para
Para• Meaning for the purpose of or in
order to• With a noun or pronoun as object,
meaning for the benefit of or directed to
• Meaning to or in the direction of when referring to a specific place
• Meaning by or for when referring to a specific time
Por• Expressing movement along, through,
around, by or about• Denoting a time or duration when
something occurs• Expressing the cause of an action• Meaning per• Meaning supporting or in favor of• Introducing the agent of an action after
a passive verb• Indicating means of transportation
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Commands• Tú
– Positive: Drop the ‘s’ of the second tú form.• Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven
– Negative: Put it in the ‘yo’ form and change the ending to the opposite vowel, add an ‘s’• Irregulars: TVDISHES
• Usted– Put it in the ‘yo’ form and change the ending to the
opposite vowel.– Irregulars: TVDISHES
• Nosotros– Put it in the ‘nosotros’ form, add the opposite ending– Irregulars: TVDISHES
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DOP
• The direct object pronouns are: me, te, lo/la, nos, los/las.
• The indirect object pronouns are: me, te, le, nos, les.
• If the IOP is le or les and the DOP is lo, la, los, or las, the le or les changes to se.
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Present Perfect
• The present perfect tense is first formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb "haber.“
• add the past participle of the verb you want to use by adding –ado or –ido to the end.
Haber
He Hemos
Has Han
Ha
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Subjunctive
• Verb tense that shows emotion or a mood.• Used to express WEDDING:
Wish, want
Emotion
Doubt
Denial
Impersonal expression
Negation, non-existing
God, guess• It is formed the same way as usted commands- ‘yo’ form, opposite
vowel.
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Adverbs
• Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective.
• Adding –mente is similar to –ly at the end of English adverbs.
• Exceptions to –menteMuy = veryNunca = neverPeor = worsePoco = littleBastante = quiteDemasiado = tooMal = badlyMucho = a lotSiempre = always
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Se Impersonal
• The tense when you aren’t really referring to anyone specific are called impersonal expressions.
• In Spanish, you add the pronoun ‘se’ in front of the verb you are using.
• Se is used to avoid specifying the person who is preforming the action of the verb
• When you are using the se impersonal, you always conjugate the verb as “usted” (third person)
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Progressives with Ir/Andar/Seguir
• Ir + present participle= slowly but surely ___-ing.
• Andar + present participle= is going around ___-ing.
• Seguir +present participle= is still ___-ing.