Grammatical Categories

Determiners (D)

(1) The Determiner-Adjective Rule

A Determiner points to the noun it goes with and who it belongs to;

An Adjective gives background information about the noun.

D has an N connected and pointsPre-D D Adj____________________________

quantifierall, both some, many, many, fewhalf all, few(er),

any, much, no, every, less, etc.

article the, ademonstrative that, this,

those, thesepossessive my, etc., NP'sinterrogative whose, what,

which, etc.numeral one, two, etc. one, two, etc.

AUX helps other verbs (1) I am reading the book in my hand.

(2) I have worked here for 15 years.

(3) That reindeer may be working too hard.

(4) *I must a book.

Not AUX

(5) I have a book

(6) I am a student

Modal auxiliaries

List of AUXs

Have will, would

Be can, could

(get) shall, should

may, might, must

Ought to

Need

dare

C: coordinator and complementizer

C and other uses:

after After she left, it rained. preposition after himas Fair as the moon is, it… degree adverb as niceBecause Because she left, … --before Before it snowed, it rained. preposition before mefor I expect for you to do that. preposition for Santaif If she wins, that will be great --so He was tired, so he went to sleep adverb so tiredthat I know that the earth is round. D that bookwhen I wonder when it will happen. adverb He left

when?while She played soccer, while he slept noun A short

while

The Preposition-Complementizer-Adverb Rule

(1) A Preposition introduces a noun

(e.g. about the book);

a Complementizer introduces a sentence (e.g. because he left); and

an Adverb is on its own

(e.g. She went out; and Unfortunately, she left).

All categories togetherLexical N cloud, sun, love, kitchen, house

V know, see, paint, swimAdj good, nice, friendlyAdv actually, now, there, sometimes,

whereP to, from, on, in front of

Grammatical D the, that, my, one, whoseAUX may, have, beC and, that, because

Pronouns Pron I, yourself, who, mine, someone

Find the D, AUX, and C

MUnicycling is the act of riding a one-wheel bike off road. It is also known as Rough Terrain or All Terrain Unicycling and, in the past decade, has become the hottest trend around in the unicycling community. Off road terrain is, of course, uneven and mountains have gradients, rocks and other obstacles to get in the way of the intrepid unicyclist.

Pronouns

• Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, theyand me, him, her, us, them

• Reflexive:myself, yourself, …

• Interrogative: who, whom, …

• Possessive: mine

Pronoun vs D

• Pronoun is on its own; D goes with N

• What to do:

(1) What would be solved if all chose two?

New words (from Merr-W)

• bubble noun . . . . 5 : a state of booming economic activity (as in a stock market) that often ends in a sudden collapse dead-cat bounce noun [from the facetious notion that even a dead cat would bounce slightly if dropped from a sufficient height] (1985) : a brief and insignificant recovery (as of stock prices) after a steep decline

• golden handcuffs noun plural (1976) : special benefits offered to an employee as an inducement to continue service

• headhunt . . . . transitive verb (1969) : to recruit (personnel and especially executives) for top-level jobs <was headhunted by three different firms> intransitive verb : to recruit personnel for top-level jobs

• avatar noun . . . . 4 : an electronic image that represents and is manipulated by a computer user (as in a computer game or an online shopping site)

• convergence . . . . noun . . . . 4 : the merging of distinct technologies, industries, or devices into a unified whole

• dot-commer . . . . noun (1997) : a person who owns or works for a dot-com

• killer app noun (1988) : a computer application of such great value or popularity that it assures the success of the technology with which it is associated; broadly : a feature or component that in itself makes something worth having

• lurk . . . . intransitive verb . . . . 3 : to read messages on an Internet discussion forum (as a newsgroup or a chat room) without contributing information (as addresses, schedules, and notes)

• anandamide . . . . noun [Sanskrit ānanda joy, bliss + English amide] (1992) : a derivative of arachidonic acid that occurs naturally in the brain and in some foods (as chocolate) and that binds to the same brain receptors as the cannabinoids (as THC)

• barista . . . . noun [Italian, person working behind a bar, from bar bar (from English) + -ista 1-ist] (1982) : a person who makes and serves coffee (as espresso) to the public

• Frankenfood . . . . noun [Franken- (as in Frankenstein) + food] (1992) : genetically engineered food

• longneck . . . . noun (1978) : beer served in a bottle that has a long neck

• wheatgrass . . . . noun (1668) : any of a genus (Agropyron) of perennial grasses including some which are important pasture, hay, or turf grasses [NB: dropped from C8 and added for C11]

Conclusion• Lexical and grammatical categories

– N, V, Adj, Adv, P– D, AUX, C– Pronouns

– D vs pronoun?– Adv vs P?– C vs P?

For fun

• http://textalyser.net/

and

I lately lost a preposition

It hid, I thought, beneath my chair

And angrily I cried, `perdition!

Up from out of in under there.”

Correctness is my vade mecum,

And straggling phrases I abhor,

And yet I wondered, “What should he come

Up from out of in for?” (Morris Bishop)

Carl Sandburg