gramsci inglés wikipedia

8/18/2019 Gramsci Inglés wikipedia

1/10

Antonio Gramsci

Antonio Gramsci (Italian: [anˈtɔːnjo ˈɡramʃi], listen ;

22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian Marxist

theoretician and politician. He wrote on political the-

ory, sociology and linguistics. He was a founding mem-

ber and one-time leader of the Communist Party of Italy

and was imprisoned by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime.

Gramsci is best known for his theory of cultural hege-

mony, which describes how states use cultural institutions

to maintain power in capitalist societies.

1 Life

1.1 Early life

Gramsci was born in Ales, on the island of Sardinia,

the fourth of seven sons of Francesco Gramsci (1860–

1937). The senior Gramsci was a low-level official from

Gaeta, who married Giuseppina Marcias (1861–1932).

Gramsci’s father was of Arbëreshë descent,[1] while his

mother belonged to a local landowning family. The se-nior Gramsci’s financial difficulties and troubles with the

police forced the family to move about through several

villages in Sardinia until they finally settled in Ghilarza.[2]

In 1898 Francesco was convicted of embezzlement and

imprisoned, reducing his family to destitution. The young

Antonio had to abandon schooling and work at various

casual jobs until his father’s release in 1904.[3] As a boy,

Gramsci suffered from health problems, particularly a

malformation of the spine that stunted his growth (his

adult height was less than 5 feet) [4] and left him seri-

ously hunchbacked. For decades, it was reported that

his condition had been due to a childhood accident—specifically, having been dropped by a nanny—but more

recently it has been suggested that it was due to Pott dis-

ease,[5] a form of tuberculosis that can cause deformity of

the spine. Gramsci was also plagued by various internal

disorders throughout his life.

Gramsci completed secondary school in Cagliari, where

he lodged with his elder brother Gennaro, a former sol-

dier whose time on the mainland had made him a militant

socialist. However, Gramsci’s sympathies then did not

lie with socialism, but rather with the grievances of im-

poverished Sardinian peasants and miners.[6] They per-

ceived their neglect as a result of privileges enjoyed bythe rapidly industrialising North, and they tended to turn

to Sardinian nationalism as a response.

1.2 Turin

University of Turin: the Rectorate

In 1911, Gramsci won a scholarship to study at the

University of Turin, sitting the exam at the same time

as Palmiro Togliatti.[7] At Turin, he read literature and

took a keen interest in linguistics, which he studied un-

der Matteo Bartoli. Gramsci was in Turin as it was go-

ing through industrialization, with the Fiat and Lancia

factories recruiting workers from poorer regions. Tradeunions became established, and the first industrial social

conflicts started to emerge.[8] Gramsci frequented social-

ist circles as well as associating with Sardinian emigrants.

His worldview was shaped by both his earlier experiences

in Sardinia and his environment on the mainland. Gram-

sci joined the Italian Socialist Party in late 1913.

Despite showing talent for his studies, Gramsci had finan-

cial problems and poor health. Together with his grow-

ing political commitment, these led to his abandoning his

education in early 1915. By this time, he had acquired

an extensive knowledge of history and philosophy. At

university, he had come into contact with the thoughtof Antonio Labriola, Rodolfo Mondolfo, Giovanni Gen-

tile, and most importantly, Benedetto Croce, possibly the

most widely respected Italian intellectual of his day. Such

thinkers espoused a brand of Hegelian Marxism which

Labriola had called “philosophy of praxis".[9] Although

Gramsci later used this phrase to escape the prison cen-

sors, his relationship with this current of thought was am-

biguous throughout his life.

From 1914 onward, Gramsci’s writings for socialist news-

papers such as Il Grido del Popolo earned him a reputation

as a notable journalist. In 1916, he became co-editor of

the Piedmont edition of Avanti!, the Socialist Party of-ficial organ. An articulate and prolific writer of political

theory, Gramsci proved a formidable commentator, writ-

1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avanti!_(Italian_newspaper)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmonthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Grido_del_Popolohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxis_(process)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegelianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Crocehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Gentilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Gentilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Mondolfohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Labriolahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanciahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Bartolihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliattihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Turinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Turinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_nationalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliarihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pott_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pott_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghilarzahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ales_(Sardinia)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_hegemonyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_hegemonyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolinihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media:It-Antonio_Gramsci.ogghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Italian


2/10

2 1 LIFE

ing on all aspects of Turin’s social and political life.[10]

Gramsci was, at this time, also involved in the education

and organisation of Turin workers; he spoke in public for

the first time in 1916 and gave talks on topics such as

Romain Rolland, the French Revolution, the Paris Com-

mune, and the emancipation of women. In the wake ofthe arrest of Socialist Party leaders that followed the rev-

olutionary riots of August 1917, Gramsci became one

of Turin’s leading socialists when he was both elected to

the party’s Provisional Committee and made editor of Il

Grido del Popolo.[11]

L'Ordine Nuovo (1920)

In April 1919, with Togliatti, Angelo Tasca and Umberto

Terracini, Gramsci set up the weekly newspaper L'Ordine

Nuovo (The New Order). In October the same year, de-spite being divided into various hostile factions, the So-

cialist Party moved by a large majority to join the Third

International. The L'Ordine Nuovo group was seen by

Vladimir Lenin as closest in orientation to the Bolsheviks,

and it received his backing against the anti-parliamentary

programme of the left communist Amadeo Bordiga.

Among tactical debates within the party, Gramsci’s group

was mainly distinguished by its advocacy of workers’

councils, which had come into existence in Turin spon-

taneously during the large strikes of 1919 and 1920. For

Gramsci, these councils were the proper means of en-

abling workers to take control of the task of organisingproduction. Although he believed his position at this time

to be in keeping with Lenin’s policy of “All power to the

Soviets”, his stance that these Italian councils were com-

munist, rather than just one organ of political struggle

against the bourgeoisie, was attacked by Bordiga for be-

traying a syndicalist tendency influenced by the thought

of Georges Sorel and Daniel DeLeon. By the time of the

defeat of the Turin workers in spring 1920, Gramsci was

almost alone in his defence of the councils.

1.3 In the Communist Party of Italy

The failure of the workers’ councils to develop into a

national movement convinced Gramsci that a Commu-

Antonio Gramsci (1922)

nist Party in the Leninist sense was needed. The group

around L'Ordine Nuovo declaimed incessantly against the

Italian Socialist Party’s centrist leadership and ultimately

allied with Bordiga’s far larger “abstentionist” faction. On21 January 1921, in the town of Livorno (Leghorn), the

Communist Party of Italy (Partito Comunista d'Italia –

PCI ) was founded. Gramsci supported against Bordiga

the Arditi del Popolo, a militant anti-fascist group which

struggled against the Blackshirts.

Gramsci would be a leader of the party from its inception

but was subordinate to Bordiga, whose emphasis on dis-

cipline, centralism and purity of principles dominated the

party’s programme until he lost the leadership in 1924.

In 1922, Gramsci travelled to Russia as a representative

of the new party. Here, he met Julia Schucht, a young

violinist whom Gramsci married in 1923 and by whomhe had two sons, Delio (born 1924) and Giuliano (born

1926).[12] Gramsci never saw his second son.[13]

The Russian mission coincided with the advent of fascism

in Italy, and Gramsci returned with instructions to foster,

against the wishes of the PCI leadership, a united front of

leftist parties against fascism. Such a front would ideally

have had the PCI at its centre, through which Moscow

would have controlled all the leftist forces, but others dis-

puted this potential supremacy: socialists did have a cer-

tain tradition in Italy, too, while the Communist Party

seemed relatively young and too radical. Many believed

that an eventual coalition led by communists would havefunctioned too remotely from political debate, and thus

would have run the risk of isolation.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackshirtshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livornohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_DeLeonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Sorelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicalisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%2527_councilshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%2527_councilshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeo_Bordigahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_communisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevikshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Leninhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Internationalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Internationalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%2527Ordine_Nuovohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%2527Ordine_Nuovohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Terracinihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Terracinihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Tascahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%2527Ordine_Nuovohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Communehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Communehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Rolland


3/10

3

Antonio Gramsci commemorative plaque, Mokhovaya Street 16,

Moscow. The inscription reads “In this building in 1922–1923

worked the eminent figure of international communism and the

labor movement and founder of the Italian Communist Party

ANTONIO GRAMSCI.”

In late 1922 and early 1923, Benito Mussolini’s govern-

ment embarked on a campaign of repression against the

opposition parties, arresting most of the PCI leadership,

including Bordiga. At the end of 1923, Gramsci travelled

from Moscow to Vienna, where he tried to revive a party

torn by factional strife.

In 1924 Gramsci, now recognised as head of the PCI,

gained election as a deputy for the Veneto. He startedorganizing the launch of the official newspaper of the

party, called L'Unità (Unity), living in Rome while his

family stayed in Moscow. At its Lyon Congress in Jan-

uary 1926, Gramsci’s theses calling for a united front to

restore democracy to Italy were adopted by the party.

In 1926, Joseph Stalin's manoeuvres inside the Bolshevik

party moved Gramsci to write a letter to the Comintern

in which he deplored the opposition led by Leon Trotsky

but also underlined some presumed faults of the leader.

Togliatti, in Moscow as a representative of the party, re-

ceived the letter, opened it, read it, and decided not to de-

liver it. This caused a difficult conflict between Gramsciand Togliatti which they never completely resolved.[14]

1.4 Imprisonment and death

On 9 November 1926, the Fascist government enacted

a new wave of emergency laws, taking as a pretext an al-

leged attempt on Mussolini’s life several days earlier. The

fascist police arrested Gramsci, despite his parliamentary

immunity, and brought him to the Roman prison Regina

Coeli .

At his trial, Gramsci’s prosecutor stated, “For twentyyears we must stop this brain from functioning”.[15] He

received an immediate sentence of five years in confine-

Gramsci’s grave at the Protestant Cemetery in Rome

ment on the island of Ustica and the following year he re-

ceived a sentence of 20 years’ imprisonment in Turi, near

Bari. In prison, his health deteriorated. In 1932, a project

for exchanging political prisoners (including Gramsci)

between Italy and the Soviet Union failed. In 1934, he

gained conditional freedom on health grounds, after vis-

iting hospitals in Civitavecchia, Formia and Rome. He

died in 1937, at the “Quisisana” Hospital in Rome at the

age of 46. His ashes are buried in the Protestant Ceme-

tery there.

2 Thought

Gramsci was one of the most important Marxist thinkers

of the 20th century, and a particularly key thinker inthe development of Western Marxism. He wrote more

than 30 notebooks and 3000 pages of history and anal-

ysis during his imprisonment. These writings, known as

the Prison Notebooks , contain Gramsci’s tracing of Italian

history and nationalism, as well as some ideas in Marxist

theory, critical theory and educational theory associated

with his name, such as:

• Cultural hegemony as a means of maintaining and

legitimising the capitalist state;

• The need for popular workers’ education to encour-age development of intellectuals from the working

class;

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_hegemonyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Notebookshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Marxismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Cemetery,_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Cemetery,_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitavecchiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisonerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turi,_Apuliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usticahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Cemetery,_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Coeli_prisonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Coeli_prisonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_immunityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_immunityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cominternhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%2527Unit%C3%A0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokhovaya_Street


4/10

4 2 THOUGHT

• An analysis of the modern capitalist state that distin-

guishes between political society, which dominates

directly and coercively, and civil society, where

leadership is constituted by means of consent;

• “Absolute historicism";

• A critique of economic determinism that opposes

fatalistic interpretations of Marxism;

• A critique of pre-Marxist philosophical materialism.

2.1 Hegemony

For more details on this topic, see Cultural hegemony.

Hegemony was a term previously used by Marxists such

as Vladimir Ilyich Lenin to denote the political leadership

of the working-class in a democratic revolution.[16] :15–17Gramsci greatly expanded this concept, developing an

acute analysis of how the ruling capitalist class – the

bourgeoisie – establishes and maintains its control.[16]:20

Orthodox Marxism had predicted that socialist revolution

was inevitable in capitalist societies. By the early 20th

century, no such revolution had occurred in the most ad-

vanced nations. Capitalism, it seemed, was even more

entrenched than ever. Capitalism, Gramsci suggested,

maintained control not just through violence and political

and economic coercion, but also through ideology. The

bourgeoisie developed a hegemonic culture, which prop-

agated its own values and norms so that they became the"common sense" values of all. People in the working-

class (and other classes) identified their own good with

the good of the bourgeoisie, and helped to maintain the

status quo rather than revolting.

To counter the notion that bourgeois values represented

“natural” or “normal” values for society, the working class

needed to develop a culture of its own. Lenin held that

culture was “ancillary” to political objectives, but for

Gramsci it was fundamental to the attainment of power

that cultural hegemony be achieved first. In Gramsci’s

view, a class cannot dominate in modern conditions by

merely advancing its own narrow economic interests; nei-ther can it dominate purely through force and coercion.

Rather, it must exert intellectual and moral leadership,

and make alliances and compromises with a variety of

forces. Gramsci calls this union of social forces a “his-

toric bloc”, taking a term from Georges Sorel. This bloc

forms the basis of consent to a certain social order, which

produces and re-produces the hegemony of the dominant

class through a nexus of institutions, social relations, and

ideas. In this way, Gramsci’s theory emphasized the im-

portance of the political and ideological superstructure in

both maintaining and fracturing relations of the economic

base.

Gramsci stated that bourgeois cultural values were tied to

folklore, popular culture and religion, and therefore much

of his analysis of hegemonic culture is aimed at these. He

was also impressed by the influence Roman Catholicism

had and the care the Church had taken to prevent an ex-

cessive gap developing between the religion of the learned

and that of the less educated. Gramsci saw Marxism as

a marriage of the purely intellectual critique of religion

found in Renaissance humanism and the elements of theReformation that had appealed to the masses. For Gram-

sci, Marxism could supersede religion only if it met peo-

ple’s spiritual needs, and to do so people would have to

think of it as an expression of their own experience.

For Gramsci, hegemonic dominance ultimately relied on

a “consented” coercion, and in a “crisis of authority” the

“masks of consent” slip away, revealing the fist of force.

2.2 Intellectuals and education

Gramsci gave much thought to the role of intellectuals insociety. Famously, he stated that all men are intellectu-

als, in that all have intellectual and rational faculties, but

not all men have the social function of intellectuals.[17] He

saw modern intellectuals not as talkers, but as practically-

minded directors and organisers who produced hege-

mony through ideological apparatuses such as education

and the media. Furthermore, he distinguished between a

“traditional” intelligentsia which sees itself (wrongly) as

a class apart from society, and the thinking groups which

every class produces from its own ranks “organically”.

Such “organic” intellectuals do not simply describe so-

cial life in accordance with scientific rules, but insteadarticulate, through the language of culture, the feelings

and experiences which the masses could not express for

themselves. The need to create a working-class culture

relates to Gramsci’s call for a kind of education that could

develop working-class intellectuals, whose task was not

to introduce Marxist ideology from without the prole-

tariat, but to renovate the existing intellectual activity of

the masses and make it critical of the status quo . His

ideas about an education system for this purpose corre-

spond with the notion of critical pedagogy and popular

education as theorized and practised in later decades by

Paulo Freire in Brazil, and have much in common with

the thought of Frantz Fanon. For this reason, partisans of

adult and popular education consider Gramsci an impor-

tant voice to this day.

2.3 State and civil society

Gramsci’s theory of hegemony is tied to his conception

of the capitalist state. Gramsci does not understand the

'state' in the narrow sense of the government. Instead, he

divides it between 'political society' (the police, the army,

legal system, etc.) – the arena of political institutions and

legal constitutional control – and 'civil society' (the fam-ily, the education system, trade unions, etc.) – commonly

seen as the 'private' or 'non-state' sphere, mediating be-

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Fanonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Freirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_educationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_educationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_pedagogyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working-class_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulation_(sociology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_and_superstructurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_relationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Sorelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_hegemonyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisiehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisiehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Ilyich_Leninhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_hegemonyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_determinismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society


5/10


6/10

6 5 SEE ALSO

trade unions as one organ of a counter-hegemonic force in

capitalist society, the trade union leaders simply saw these

organizations as a means to improve conditions within the

existing structure. Gramsci referred to the views of these

trade unionists as “vulgar economism”, which he equated

to covert reformism and even liberalism.

2.6 Critique of materialism

By virtue of his belief that human history and collective

praxis determine whether any philosophical question is

meaningful or not, Gramsci’s views run contrary to the

metaphysical materialism and 'copy' theory of perception

advanced by Engels[21][22] and Lenin,[23] though he does

not explicitly state this. For Gramsci, Marxism does not

deal with a reality that exists in and for itself, independent

of humanity.[24] The concept of an objective universe out-

side of human history and human praxis was, in his view,analogous to belief in God.[25] Gramsci defined objectiv-

ity in terms of a universal intersubjectivity to be estab-

lished in a future communist society.[25] Natural history

was thus only meaningful in relation to human history. In

his view philosophical materialism resulted from a lack

of critical thought,[26] and could not be said to oppose re-

ligious dogma and superstition.[27] Despite this, Gramsci

resigned himself to the existence of this arguably cruder

form of Marxism. Marxism was a philosophy for the pro-

letariat, a subaltern class, and thus could often only be

expressed in the form of popular superstition and com-

mon sense.[28] Nonetheless, it was necessary to effectively

challenge the ideologies of the educated classes, and to

do so Marxists must present their philosophy in a more

sophisticated guise, and attempt to genuinely understand

their opponents’ views.

3 Influence

Gramsci’s thought emanates from the organized left, but

he has also become an important figure in current aca-

demic discussions within cultural studies and critical the-

ory. Political theorists from the center and the right havealso found insight in his concepts; his idea of hegemony,

for example, has become widely cited. His influence is

particularly strong in contemporary political science (see

Neo-gramscianism). His work also heavily influenced

intellectual discourse on popular culture and scholarly

popular culture studies in which many have found the po-

tential for political or ideological resistance to dominant

government and business interests.

His critics charge him with fostering a notion of power

struggle through ideas. They find the Gramscian ap-

proach to philosophical analysis, reflected in current aca-

demic controversies, to be in conflict with open-ended,liberal inquiry grounded in apolitical readings of the clas-

sics of Western culture. Gramscians would counter that

thoughts of “liberal inquiry” and “apolitical reading” are

utterly naive; for the Gramscians, these are intellectual

devices used to maintain the hegemony of the capital-

ist class. To credit or blame Gramsci for the travails of

current academic politics is an odd turn of history, since

Gramsci himself was never an academic, and was in fact

deeply intellectually engaged with Italian culture, history,and current liberal thought.

As a socialist, Gramsci’s legacy has been disputed.[16] :6–7

Togliatti, who led the Party (renamed as Italian Commu-

nist Party, PCI) after World War II and whose gradualist

approach was a forerunner to Eurocommunism, claimed

that the PCI’s practices during this period were congruent

with Gramscian thought. Others, however, have argued

that Gramsci was a Left Communist, who would likely

have been expelled from his Party if prison had not pre-

vented him from regular contact with Moscow during the

leadership of Joseph Stalin.

3.1 In culture

Occupations – Gramsci is a central character in Trevor

Griffiths's 1970 play Occupations about workers taking

over car factories in Turin in 1920.

A major road going through the lower portion of Genoa,

along the coast, is named after Antonio Gramsci.

4 Bibliography

• Pre-Prison Writings (Cambridge University Press)

• The Prison Notebooks (three volumes) (Columbia

University Press)

• Selections from the Prison Notebooks (International

Publishers)

5 See also

• Cultural hegemony

• Subaltern Studies

• Reformism

• Articulation

• Risorgimento

• Praxis School

• Liberation theology

• Antonio Gramsci Battalion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci_Battalionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_theologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxis_Schoolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorgimentohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulation_(sociology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern_Studieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_hegemonyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Notebookshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Griffithshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Griffithshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Communismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocommunismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Communist_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Communist_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture_studieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-gramscianismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersubjectivityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics


7/10

7

6 References

[1] Dante L. Germino (1990). Antonio Gramsci: Architect of

a New Politics . Louisiana Press University. p. 157. ISBN

0-8071-1553-3.

[2] Hoare, Quentin & Smith, Geoffrey Nowell, (1971). “In-troduction”. In Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the

Prison Notebooks , pp. xvii–xcvi. New York: International

Publishers, p. xviii.

[3] Hoare, Quentin & Smith, Geoffrey Nowell, (1971). “In-

troduction”. In Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the


Publishers, p. xviii–xix.

[4] Crehan, Kate. Gramsci, Culture, and Anthropology. Uni-

versity of California Press. 2002. page 14.

[5] Daniel M. Markowicz, “Gramsci, Antonio,” The Ency-

clopedia of Literary and Cultural Theory, Edited by:Michael Ryan, ISBN 9781405183123, Print publication

date: 2011




Publishers, p. xix.




Publishers, p. xx.

[8] Hoare, Quentin & Smith, Geoffrey Nowell, (1971). “In-troduction”. In Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the


Publishers, p. xxv.




Publishers, p. xxi.




Publishers, p. xxx.




Publishers, p. xxx–xxxi.

[12] Picture of Gramsci’s wife and their two sons at the Italian-

language Antonio Gramsci Website.

[13] Crehan, Kate. Gramsci, Culture, and Anthropology. Uni-

versity of California Press. 2002. page 17.

[14] Giuseppe Vacca.Vita e Pensieri Di Antonio Gram-

sci.Einaudi.Torino 2012

[15] Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks ,Lawrence and Wishart, 1971, ISBN 0-85315-280-2,

p.lxxxix.

[16] Anderson, Perry (November–December 1976). “The

Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci”. New Left Review (New

Left Review) I (100): 5–78.

[17] Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Books , p.9.

Lawrence and Wishart: 1982. ISBN 0-85315-280-2.

[18] Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Books ,p.160. International Publishers: 1992. ISBN 0-7178-

0397-X.

[19] Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Books ,

p.404-407. Lawrence and Wishart: 1982. ISBN 0-

85315-280-2.

[20] Leszek Kolakowski - Main Currents of Marxism - Its Rise,

Growth and, Dissolution - Volume III - The Breakdown .

Oxford University Press. 1978. p. 228-231. ISBN

019824570X.

[21] Friedrich Engels: Anti-Duehring

[22] Friedrich Engels: Dialectics of Nature

[23] Lenin: Materialism and Empirio-Criticism.



85315-280-2.


p.445. Lawrence and Wishart: 1982. ISBN 0-85315-

280-2.



85315-280-2.


p.420. Lawrence and Wishart: 1982. ISBN 0-85315-

280-2.



85315-280-2.

7 Further reading

• Anderson, Perry (November–December 1976).

“The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci”. New Left Review (New Left Review) I (100): 5–78.

• Boggs, Carl (1984). The Two Revolutions: Gram-

sci and the Dilemmas of Western Marxism. London:

South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-226-1.

• Bottomore, Tom (1992). The Dictionary of Marx-

ist Thought . Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-

18082-6.

• Gramsci, Antonio (1971). Selections from the Prison

Notebooks . International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-

0397-X.

• Harman Chris Gramsci, the Prison Notebooks and

Philosophy

http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=308&issue=114http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=308&issue=114https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7178-0397-Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7178-0397-Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-18082-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-18082-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bottomorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89608-226-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Boggshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Left_Reviewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Left_Reviewhttp://newleftreview.org/I/100/perry-anderson-the-antinomies-of-antonio-gramscihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Andersonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853152802https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853152802https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853152802https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853152802https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853152802https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853152802https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853152802https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853152802https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853152802https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853152802http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mec/index.htmhttp://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/don/index.htmhttp://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1877/anti-duhring/index.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/019824570Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853152802https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853152802https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/071780397Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/071780397Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853152802https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Left_Reviewhttp://newleftreview.org/I/100/perry-anderson-the-antinomies-of-antonio-gramscihttp://newleftreview.org/I/100/perry-anderson-the-antinomies-of-antonio-gramscihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Andersonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853152802http://www.antoniogramsci.com/http://www.antoniogramsci.com/moglie_figli.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405183123https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1553-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/?id=kBmXoVa9HaYC&pg=PA157&dq=Antonio+Gramsci+albanianhttps://books.google.com/?id=kBmXoVa9HaYC&pg=PA157&dq=Antonio+Gramsci+albanian


8/10

8 8 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Jay, Martin (1986). Marxism and Totality: The Ad-

ventures of a Concept from Lukacs to Habermas .

University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05742-

2.

• Joll, James (1977). Antonio Gramsci . New York:

Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-12942-9.

• Kolakowski, Leszek (1981). Main Currents of

Marxism, Vol. III: The Breakdown. New York: Ox-

ford University Press. ISBN 0-19-285109-8.

• Maitan, Livio (1978). Il marxismo rivoluzionario

di Antonio Gramsci . Milano: Nuove edizioni inter-

nazionali.

• Pastore, Gerardo (2011), Antonio Gramsci. Ques-

tione sociale e questione sociologica. Livorno:

Belforte. ISBN 978-88-7467-059-8.

• Santucci, Antonio A. (2010). Antonio Gramsci .Monthly Review Press. ISBN 978-1-58367-210-5.

8 External links

• Gramsci’s writings at MIA

• The International Gramsci Society

• “Notes on Language”. TELOS

• Fondazione Instituto Gramsci

• Special issue of International Socialism journal with

a collection on Gramsci’s legacy

• Roberto Robaina: Gramsci and revolution: a neces-

sary clarification

• Dan Jakopovich: Revolution and the Party in Gram-

sci’s Thought: A Modern Application

• Gramsci’s contribution to the field of adult and pop-

ular education

• The life and work of Antonio Gramsci

• Antonio Gramsci, 1891–1937 (Italian)

• The Whole Picture – Gramscian Epistemology

through the Praxis Prism

• Gramsci Links Archive

• Bob Jessop’s lectures on Gramsci

• Antonio Gramsci at Find a Grave

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_a_Gravehttp://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=10982726http://bobjessop.org/2014/04/21/lectures-on-gramsci/http://www.victoryiscertain.com/gramsci/http://corkonlinelawreview.com/editions/2003/2003ix.pdfhttp://corkonlinelawreview.com/editions/2003/2003ix.pdfhttp://www.antoniogramsci.com/http://www.theory.org.uk/ctr-gram.htmhttp://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-gram.htmhttp://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-gram.htmhttp://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article1555http://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article1555http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=162&issue=109http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=162&issue=109http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?s=contents&issue=114http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?s=contents&issue=114http://www.fondazionegramsci.org/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TELOS_(journal)http://journal.telospress.com/http://www.internationalgramscisociety.org/http://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/index.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-210-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788874670598https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285109-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowskihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-12942-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jollhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05742-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05742-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Jay


9/10

9

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text

• Antonio Gramsci Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci?oldid=705012360 Contributors: Derek Ross, Eloquence, Gi-anfranco, Enchanter, William Avery, Bomfog, BetsyB, B4hand, Hephaestos, Jboy~enwiki, Michael Hardy, Kwertii, Angela, Александър,Poor Yorick, Andres, Harry Potter, Hashar, Charles Matthews, Selket, Pedant17, Hyacinth, Nv8200pa, Juggleandhope, Warofdreams,Rbellin, Jusjih, JorgeGG, Fredrik, Altenmann, Rursus, Gidonb, Sunray, Kod65red, UtherSRG, Wikibot, Mushroom, Lupo, Matthew Stan-nard, Fabiform, WHEELER, Varlaam, Angelo.romano, Just Another Dan, Rsloch, Pgan002, Andycjp, Itsallsemantics, Gdr, UgenBot, Kjetilr, Piotrus, Bob Wallace, Phil Sandifer, Mista-X, Dave Harris, Soman, Esperant, Mike Rosoft, Lucidish, D6, Infiniteimprob42, CALR, Fpga,Rich Farmbrough, Roo72, David Schaich, Gonzalo Diethelm, Bender235, Kwamikagami, Art LaPella, Bill Thayer, 96T, Iamunknown,Yonghokim, Kerim Friedman, Wrs1864, HasharBot~enwiki, Cadriel, ADM, Jumbuck, Orzetto, Eleland, MikyT, SHIMONSHA, Bbsrock,BDD, Priceyeah, Mhazard9, Bobrayner, Woohookitty, Woyzzeck~enwiki, Stefanomione, BD2412, Qwertyus, Rjwilmsi, Ghepeu, Han-shans23, FlaBot, Ground Zero, Pathawi, SouthernNights, Kedadi, Chobot, Bgwhite, Adoniscik, YurikBot, RussBot, Hede2000, NickeL, NawlinWiki, ENeville, Bruxism, Trovatore, Isolani, Vento~enwiki, Rishqo, Tony1, Maunus, Cesarsorm~enwiki, Dv82matt, HansJoseph Solbrig, Tanet, Paul Magnussen, Emijrp, Zzuuzz, Italian boy, Nikkimaria, Hongkyongnae, Supernoodles, MichaelW, Dzonko,Piquant, Intangible, Attilios, Drcwright, SmackBot, InverseHypercube, Eskimbot, Hmains, The Gnome, Squiddy, Fumoses, Chris thespeller, Bluebot, Dahn, MalafayaBot, Nbarth, Colonies Chris, MercZ, Gramscis cousin, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Frawan, Or-phanBot, Nubeli, Zdravko mk, Lewstherin, Evlekis, SashatoBot, Lambiam, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Tazmaniacs, Gobonobo, Mgigan-teus1, Gjakova, Eivind F Øyangen, Makyen, Santa Sangre, Neddyseagoon, Hu12, Mdknoester, Mtstroud, Joseph Solis in Australia,Falzōn, Peter1c, Ragingbullfrog, Bobfrombrockley, VanHelsing.16, DonCalo, Cydebot, Evenmadderjon, JohnnE, DumbBOT, AJMW,Needsmoreritalin, 0lorenzo0, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Barticus88, Mime, Deborahjay, Missvain, Frank, Itsmejudith, JustAGal, Doremítzwr,

JAnDbot, Dogru144, Husond, MER-C, Compot, Charles01, Bruce wright, Rothorpe, Severo, LittleOldMe, .anacondabot, Wasell, Magio-laditis, Rivertorch, Bill j, Artegis, MauroVan, Gede, Somearemoreequal, Vssun, Felisopus, Dps4, Misarxist, Macmelvino, R'n'B, Trusilver,Numbo3, Maurice Carbonaro, Nigholith, Bot-Schafter, DadaNeem, Silvandrim, Tets1, Djr13, Inwind, BastianOfArt, VolkovBot, Alnok-taBOT, TXiKiBoT, FlagSteward, CelestialSpore, Rei-bot, Carrrg1, Rabascius, Howardhudson, Snowbot, Natg 19, Edwinaloca, Viatorslovenicus, Kleinbell, OlivierMiR, Piero Montesacro, Pjoef, AlleborgoBot, Qwertqwertqwert, SieBot, Tompint, ToePeu.bot, Ld80061,Monegasque, Teminmoshiach, Yone Fernandes, ViennaUK, Manway, OKBot, KHLehmann, Sirlanz, Denisarona, SummerWithMorons,Bob1960evens, Gramscimelodic, Fadesga, All Hallow’s Wraith, Alenux, Parkwells, PixelBot, Alejandrocaro35, W.naidu, Hans Adler,Lestrad, Doprendek, IamNotU, Indopug, DumZiBoT, Local hero, Daviddecw, XLinkBot, Mifter, Torachii, Addbot, Mia-etol, CarsracBot,Desyman44, Glane23, Sulmues, Favonian, LinkFA-Bot, Woland1234, Peter Napkin Dance Party, Tassedethe, Legobot, Counterheg, En-bowles, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Minke2008, Legobot II, PMLawrence, Eduen, Roltz, Gaius Claudius Nero, Fpittui, AnomieBOT, Valueyou,Matheusbonibittencourt, Quangbao, Citation bot, Brightgalrs, Xqbot, Jsmith1000, Arslan-San, Thunderboltshy, Orthodoxdefender, Grou-choBot, Omnipaedista, Cardifform, Qu2qu, Abtmcm, Edgars2007, FrescoBot, Paine Ellsworth, Jean.artegui, Haeinous, Rymmen, Pass-wordUsername, Grifter72, Jamesinderbyshire, Antenor81, TobeBot, Declan Clam, Greg-333, Jonkerz, Rtropes, Brak835, Ijaz19, Sat-deep Gill, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, Acsian88, EmausBot, John of Reading, Dewritech, GoingBatty, Dcirovic, John of Lancaster, Madmans-mercy, AvicBot, SandorKrasna, Hazard-SJ, SporkBot, Tutkuni2, Kavitakosi, Dk1919 Franking, Corfra, Spicemix, Helpsome, ClueBotNG, GiovBag, Herdakat, Vivalaverde, Elementofcrime, Unitareas, Helpful Pixie Bot, Abehoffman, GypsySpirit, Lowercase sigmabot,

BG19bot, Prodebugger,Examinedlife, Gaux, Seergenius, Ettore00931, MarkArsten, Tonys lapdog, Ricardokramer, Durresaryl1, AnieHall,Rococo1700, Zujua, Justincheng12345-bot, Anthrophilos, Khazar2, Esszet, Obitamuk, IjonTichyIjonTichy, One man’s freedom fighter,Hmainsbot1, Cerabot~enwiki, The Vintage Feminist, VIAFbot, Roburq, BreakfastJr, Skipetari, News breaks, Finnusertop, Liz, Renameduser qweretrztzuzuzubvxcver4fdsf, Ninjabeard, ShawntheGod, Vieque, Lokelea, User000name, Citogenitor, KasparBot, Garageland66,IvanScrooge98, Jayeezee and Anonymous: 296

9.2 Images

• File:Antonio_Gramsci_Grave_in_Rome01.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Antonio_Gramsci_Grave_in_Rome01.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Piero Montesacro

• File:Antonio_Gramsci_commemorative_plaque_Moscow.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Antonio_Gramsci_commemorative_plaque_Moscow.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nachitov Yuri

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-tors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Gramsci_1922.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Gramsci_1922.jpg License: Publicdomain Contributors: http://www.galizacig.com/imxact/2005/09/anton_gramsci_foto_sobre_1922a.jpg Original artist: Un-known

• File:L'Ordine_Nuovo_1920.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/L%27Ordine_Nuovo_1920.jpg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0724/5b56e64db6590/5b56e65208321.jpg Original artist: Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937)

• File:Loggiato.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Loggiato.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: en:Image:Loggiato.jpg Original artist: Unitomaster

• File:Loudspeaker.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg License: Public domain Contrib-utors: New version of Image:Loudspeaker.png, by AzaToth and compressed by Hautala Original artist: Nethac DIU, waves corrected by

Zoid

• File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: ?

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Zoid&action=edit&redlink=1http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Nethac_DIUhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Hautalahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:AzaTothhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.pnghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Loggiato.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Loggiato.jpghttp://cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/biografie/gramsci2.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/L%2527Ordine_Nuovo_1920.jpghttp://www.galizacig.com/imxact/2005/09/anton_gramsci_foto_sobre_1922a.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Gramsci_1922.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Antonio_Gramsci_commemorative_plaque_Moscow.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Antonio_Gramsci_commemorative_plaque_Moscow.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Piero_Montesacrohttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Antonio_Gramsci_Grave_in_Rome01.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Antonio_Gramsci_Grave_in_Rome01.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci?oldid=705012360


10/10

10 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

9.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

gramsci inglés wikipedia

Documents