graphical comuniacation 05
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Text based on „GraphicsandGraphicInformation-Processing”/ JacquesBertinTRANSCRIPT
Graphical Communication
Arkadiusz Szadkowski
123.078 Forschungsseminar Kommunikation SS2009
Prof. Andrew U. Frank
0828699
Based on „Graphics and Graphic Information-Processing” / Jacques Bertin
„Graphical Communication” based on Jacques Bertin „Graphics and Graphic Information-Processing” Arkadiusz Szadkowski2/24
Schedule
1. Who is Jacques Bertin ?2. Introduction3. Defining the problem4. Defining the data table5. Adopting a processing language6. Processing the data7. Interpreting and deciding or communicating8. Difference between graphic processing and communication9. Visual variables10. Types of graphical communication11. How to create effective graphical communication12. Visual perception13. Summary
„Graphical Communication” based on Jacques Bertin „Graphics and Graphic Information-Processing” Arkadiusz Szadkowski3/24
Jacques BertinJacques Bertin was born in 1918 in Maisons-Laffitte (France). He is a French cartographer and theorist, when he was 10, he received the first prize of cartography at primary school.Founder and director of the Cartographic Laboratory of the École pratique des hautes études (EPHE) in 1954 and director of education in 1957.
In 1967 he became professor of the Sorbonne
Later in the 1970s he became head of research at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS).
In 1993 Bertin received the "Mercator-Medaille der Deutschen Gesellschaft fürKartographie".
„Graphical Communication” based on Jacques Bertin „Graphics and Graphic Information-Processing” Arkadiusz Szadkowski4/24
Bertin's research interests were in the field of geography, cartography, and what is today called Information Visualization. His book ”SemiologieGraphique” (1967) intended to provide a serious theoretical foundation of Information Visualization.
•1967. Sémiologie Graphique. Les diagrammes, les réseaux, les cartes. (Translation1983. Semiology of Graphics by William J. Berg.)
•1976. Experimental and Theoretical Aspects of Induced Polarization. 2 vol. With J. Loes. Berlin : Gebruder. Borntraeger.
•1977. La graphique et le traitement graphique de l'information. (Translation1981. Graphics and graphic information-processing by William J. Berg and Paul Scott).
•1992. Harper atlas of world history. with Pierre Vidal-Naquet. N.Y. : Harper Collins.
•2006. Nuovo atlante storico Zanichelli / sotto la direzione di Pierre Vidal-Naquet ; direzione della cartografia.
Jacques Bertin
„Graphical Communication” based on Jacques Bertin „Graphics and Graphic Information-Processing” Arkadiusz Szadkowski5/24
Introduction
Source: „Graphics and Graphic Information-Processing” / Jacques Bertin
„Graphical Communication” based on Jacques Bertin „Graphics and Graphic Information-Processing” Arkadiusz Szadkowski6/24
Source: „Graphics and Graphic Information-Processing” / Jacques Bertin
Introduction
„Graphical Communication” based on Jacques Bertin „Graphics and Graphic Information-Processing” Arkadiusz Szadkowski7/24
The manager hopes to improve the operation of his Hotel
What decision must be made?To decide is to choose, and to chose he must first be „informed”
He clarifies his problem by asking certain questions:• Is full occupancy guaranteed?• Are there slow periods? When?• Where does the clientele come from summer/winter? Who arethey?
Defining the problem
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Once the useful statistics are defined in nature andnumber, the assistant gathers the necessary figures fromdata in the hotel records.
He decides on a single table, the months along the abcissa(on x), place an indicator on each row of the ordinate(on y), and record the figures in the boxes or „cells”
Defining the data table
„Graphical Communication” based on Jacques Bertin „Graphics and Graphic Information-Processing” Arkadiusz Szadkowski9/24
The data table remained on the manager’s desk for a number of days. Undoubtedly, because it was difficult to read and did not display the information.
Adopting a processing language
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Adopting a processing language
Source: „Graphics and Graphic Information-Processing” / Jacques Bertin
Assistant decided to make graphic transcription with two essential precautions:
• He ensures maximum visual effectiveness. • He ensure the mobility of the image.
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When the cards areclassed in the same order as the originaltable, they constructimage (1), If it stoppedthere, the graphictranscription would be useless. However, since the rows arephysicallyindependent, they maybe reclassed to make the similaries appear.
Processing the data
Source: „Graphics and Graphic Information-Processing” / Jacques Bertin
„Graphical Communication” based on Jacques Bertin „Graphics and Graphic Information-Processing” Arkadiusz Szadkowski12/24
W can state that the simplification is no more thenregrouping similar things. The eye simplifies by correctingthe irregularities it notices in the initial disorder.
Processing the data
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From the moment that similarities become apparent andcreate the overall complex of information, the asistant maychoose the indicators which interest him from theperspective of decision to make.
It is only now that he must be able to read the meaning of each row and each column in order to define his problem.
Which is? – To ensure maximum occupancy. – To eliminate slow periods.
Interpreting and deciding or communicating
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With this image, manager simplifiesit in order to underline what isimportant to see, and he works out an explanatory text. As a graphicdesigned for communicationhighlights the main points of theresults of the investigation.
With this image manager can alsodecide not to make any decisionsand to complete this information by investgating new indicators or by refining the data, down to weeks.
Interpreting and deciding or communicating
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Interpreting and deciding or communicating
Source: „Graphics and Graphic Information-Processing” / Jacques Bertin
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When the hotel assistant drew up his image-file he didnot know the relationship that the data would reveal. He used graphics to discover these reletionships, inorder to discover what should be said or done. This isgraphic processing.
Graphic processing poses problems of dimensionsand manipulations.
Difference between graphic processing and communication
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When the teacher draws a diagram or a map on theblackboard, he knows in advance the relationships heis going to construct, he uses graphics to tell otherswhat he has already discovered. This is graphiccommunication.
Graphic communication poses problems on the levelof simplification and selectivity.
Difference between graphic processing and communication
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„Graphical Communication” based on Jacques Bertin „Graphics and Graphic Information-Processing” Arkadiusz Szadkowski19/24
Jacques Bertin identifies seven visual variables:
Visual variables
Position
Size
Value
Texture
Color
Orientation
Shape
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1. Alphanumeric
2. Pictogrammic
3. Diagrammatic
4. Information & Explanatory
5. Spatial & Cartographic
Types of Graphical Communication
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• Have a good sense (or at least an understanding) of the principles of design
• Have a good knowledge of the tools available
• Critically observe & analyse other examples
• Experiment
How to create effective graphical communication
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It's necessary also to realize about power of perception:
• Decoding of signals from the eye into a pattern that can be compared with those stored in the mind from past experiences.
• Combined process of mind and eye.
• Messages must be presented in a manner to facilitate the comparison process (recognition) to avoid misinterpretation.
Visual Perception
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Visual Perception
Source: Maruszewski, 2001
Source: http://www.hiwaay.net/
Source: Puszkarska J., 2007
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“[Graphics] is a strict and simple system of signs, which anyone can learn to use and which leads to better understanding.”
~Jacques Bertin
Summary
Graphical Communication
Arkadiusz Szadkowski
123.078 Forschungsseminar Kommunikation SS2009
Prof. Andrew U. Frank
0828699
Based on „Graphics and Graphic Information-Processing” / Jacques Bertin