graphics file formats. 2 graphics data n vector data –lines –polygons –curves n bitmap data...
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Graphics File Formats 2
Graphics DataGraphics Data
Vector dataVector data– LinesLines– PolygonsPolygons– CurvesCurves
Bitmap dataBitmap data– Array of pixelsArray of pixels– Numerical values corresponding to Numerical values corresponding to
gray-level or color of set of pixelsgray-level or color of set of pixels
Graphics File Formats 3
Types of FormatsTypes of Formats
Bitmap Bitmap – TIFF, GIF, JPEGTIFF, GIF, JPEG
VectorVector– AutoCAD DXFAutoCAD DXF
MetafileMetafile– Can contain both bitmap and vector Can contain both bitmap and vector
data in the same filedata in the same file– Macintosh PICTMacintosh PICT
Graphics File Formats 4
Types of FormatsTypes of Formats
AnimationAnimation– TDDD, TTDDDTDDD, TTDDD
MultimediaMultimedia– Apple QuickTimeApple QuickTime– MPEGMPEG
Graphics File Formats 5
Types of FormatsTypes of Formats
3D3D– Descriptions of shape and color of 3D Descriptions of shape and color of 3D
object models (scene elements)object models (scene elements)– Models placed in scenes with lights Models placed in scenes with lights
and camerasand cameras– Autodesk’s DXFAutodesk’s DXF– Used by rendering programs like Used by rendering programs like
Autodesk’s 3D StudioAutodesk’s 3D Studio
Graphics File Formats 6
Types of FormatsTypes of Formats
VRMLVRML– Hybrid of 3D graphics and HTMLHybrid of 3D graphics and HTML
AudioAudio VideoVideo FontsFonts
Graphics File Formats 8
DisplayDisplay
Fewer colors than device can displayFewer colors than device can display
Graphics File Formats 9
DisplayDisplay
More colors than device can More colors than device can displaydisplay
Graphics File Formats 10
DisplayDisplay
Quantization artifactsQuantization artifacts– BandingBanding– Moire patternsMoire patterns– New colors not present in imageNew colors not present in image
Graphics File Formats 11
PalettesPalettes
1-dimensional array of color values1-dimensional array of color values– Color mapColor map– Index mapIndex map– Color tableColor table– Look-up tableLook-up table
Bitmap data in a file stored as Bitmap data in a file stored as series of index valuesseries of index values– Pseudo-color storagePseudo-color storage
Graphics File Formats 12
PalettesPalettes
Can easily change, say, all red Can easily change, say, all red pixels to greenpixels to green
Graphics File Formats 13
PalettesPalettes
Palette elementPalette element– 24 or 32 bits24 or 32 bits
(0,0,0)(0,0,0)
(255,255,255)(255,255,255)
(255,0,0)(255,0,0)
(0,255,0)(0,255,0)
(0,0,255)(0,0,255)
(255,255,0)(255,255,0)
(0,255,255)(0,255,255)
(255,0,255)(255,0,255)
(128,0,0)(128,0,0)
(0,128,0)(0,128,0)
(0,0,128)(0,0,128)
(128,128,0)(128,128,0)
(0,128,128)(0,128,128)
(128,0,128)(128,0,128)
(128,128,128)(128,128,128)
(255,128,128)(255,128,128)
Graphics File Formats 14
PalettesPalettes
320 320 200 image with 3 bytes of 200 image with 3 bytes of color information per pixel and up color information per pixel and up to 256 colorsto 256 colors– Image without palette would take Image without palette would take
320*200*3 bytes of storage, or 320*200*3 bytes of storage, or 192,000 bytes192,000 bytes
Graphics File Formats 15
PalettesPalettes
320 320 200 image with 3 bytes of 200 image with 3 bytes of color information per pixel and up to color information per pixel and up to 256 colors256 colors– Image with 1 byte palette would take Image with 1 byte palette would take
320*200*1 + 256*3 (length of palette) 320*200*1 + 256*3 (length of palette) bytes of storage, or 64,768 bytesbytes of storage, or 64,768 bytes
– For small amounts of data, palette length For small amounts of data, palette length could outweigh savings in color encodingcould outweigh savings in color encoding
Graphics File Formats 16
Color SpacesColor Spaces
Composite colors are defined by Composite colors are defined by specifying three values for specifying three values for amounts of amounts of fundamental colors, fundamental colors, or or color channelscolor channels
Color is a point in Color is a point in color spacecolor space
Graphics File Formats 17
Color SpacesColor Spaces
RGBRGB– Red, green, and blueRed, green, and blue– (R,G,B)(R,G,B)
(0%, 0%, 0%) is black(0%, 0%, 0%) is black
(100%, 100%, 100%) is white(100%, 100%, 100%) is white
(50%, 50%, 50%) is light gray(50%, 50%, 50%) is light gray
(100%, 0%, 0%) is red(100%, 0%, 0%) is red
(0%, 100%, 0%) is green(0%, 100%, 0%) is green
(0%, 0%, 100%) is blue(0%, 0%, 100%) is blue
Graphics File Formats 18
Color SpacesColor Spaces
RGBRGB– 24 bit RGB24 bit RGB
Range is 0-255Range is 0-255
(0, 0, 0) is black(0, 0, 0) is black
(255, 255, 255) is white(255, 255, 255) is white
(127, 127, 127) is light gray(127, 127, 127) is light gray
(255, 0, 0) is red(255, 0, 0) is red
(0, 255, 0) is green(0, 255, 0) is green
(0, 0, 255) is blue(0, 0, 255) is blue
Graphics File Formats 19
Color SpacesColor Spaces
TruecolorTruecolor– Human eye can distinguish 2Human eye can distinguish 224 24 colorscolors– Device equal to or exceeding this is Device equal to or exceeding this is
said to display said to display truecolortruecolor– No palette neededNo palette needed
First byte is R, second byte is G, third First byte is R, second byte is G, third byte is B byte is B
Graphics File Formats 20
Color SystemsColor Systems
Additive color systemsAdditive color systems– Adding colors to black creates new colorsAdding colors to black creates new colors– The more colors that are added, the The more colors that are added, the
closer to white we getcloser to white we get– Presence of all colors creates white, Presence of all colors creates white,
while absence of all colors creates blackwhile absence of all colors creates black– Additive color environments are self-Additive color environments are self-
luminousluminous Color on monitorsColor on monitors
Graphics File Formats 21
Color SystemsColor Systems
Subtractive color systemsSubtractive color systems– Primary colors subtracted (absorbed) from Primary colors subtracted (absorbed) from
white to create new colors (reflected)white to create new colors (reflected)– The more colors that are subtracted, the The more colors that are subtracted, the
closer to black we getcloser to black we get– Presence of all primary colors creates Presence of all primary colors creates
black, while absence of all primary colors black, while absence of all primary colors creates whitecreates white
– Subtractive color environments are Subtractive color environments are reflectivereflective Color on paperColor on paper
Graphics File Formats 22
Color SystemsColor Systems
RGBRGB– AdditiveAdditive– Most widely usedMost widely used– For graphics monitorsFor graphics monitors
Graphics File Formats 23
Color SystemsColor Systems
CMYCMY– Cyan-Magenta-YellowCyan-Magenta-Yellow– SubtractiveSubtractive– Used by most laser and ink-jet printersUsed by most laser and ink-jet printers– CMYKCMYK
K stands for black, which is treated K stands for black, which is treated independentlyindependently
Glossy magazinesGlossy magazines– A dot of composite color is a grouping of four dots, A dot of composite color is a grouping of four dots,
each one a CMYK coloreach one a CMYK color
Graphics File Formats 24
Color SystemsColor Systems
HSVHSV– Hue-Saturation-ValueHue-Saturation-Value– HueHue
Specifies colorSpecifies color
– SaturationSaturation Called Called chromachroma Refers to amount of white in a hueRefers to amount of white in a hue
– Fully saturated hue contains no white and is pureFully saturated hue contains no white and is pure– Red hue with 50% saturation is pinkRed hue with 50% saturation is pink
Graphics File Formats 25
Color SystemsColor Systems
HSVHSV– ValueValue
Called Called brightnessbrightness How much light color emitsHow much light color emits Hue with high value is very brightHue with high value is very bright Hue with low value is blackHue with low value is black
– Color system used by paintersColor system used by painters Add white, black, and gray to pure Add white, black, and gray to pure
pigments to create tints, shades, and tonespigments to create tints, shades, and tones
Graphics File Formats 26
Color SystemsColor Systems
HSVHSV TintsTints
– A pure, fully saturated color combined with whiteA pure, fully saturated color combined with white ShadeShade
– A pure, fully saturated color combined with blackA pure, fully saturated color combined with black ToneTone
– A pure, fully saturated color combined with black A pure, fully saturated color combined with black and white (gray)and white (gray)
Saturation is the amount of white addedSaturation is the amount of white added Value is the amount of black addedValue is the amount of black added Hue is the color that is added toHue is the color that is added to
Graphics File Formats 27
Overlays and Overlays and TransparencyTransparency
Images are often overlaid on live Images are often overlaid on live video sources at rendering timevideo sources at rendering time– On TV, still images are shown next to On TV, still images are shown next to
live talking heads on the newslive talking heads on the news Normal images are opaqueNormal images are opaque To allow image overlay, some To allow image overlay, some
means must exist to specify means must exist to specify transparency of an image, an transparency of an image, an image area, or an image pixelimage area, or an image pixel
Graphics File Formats 28
Overlays and Overlays and TransparencyTransparency
Add overlay bit to image pixel valueAdd overlay bit to image pixel value– When bit is set, rendering application When bit is set, rendering application
ignores those pixel valuesignores those pixel values A rendering application can A rendering application can
selectively toggle overlay bit in all selectively toggle overlay bit in all pixel values of a given colorpixel values of a given color– Person standing in front of a contrasting, Person standing in front of a contrasting,
uniformly colored background screen of a uniformly colored background screen of a color which doesn’t appear elsewherecolor which doesn’t appear elsewhere
Graphics File Formats 29
Overlays and Overlays and TransparencyTransparency
A rendering application can A rendering application can selectively toggle overlay bit in all selectively toggle overlay bit in all pixel values of a given colorpixel values of a given color– Rendering application can toggle overlay Rendering application can toggle overlay
bits of all pixels of this background color, bits of all pixels of this background color, leaving an image of the person cut out leaving an image of the person cut out from the backgroundfrom the background
– This cut-out image can be overlaid on This cut-out image can be overlaid on any other imageany other image
– ChromakeyingChromakeying 256 levels of transparency256 levels of transparency
Graphics File Formats 30
Bitmap FilesBitmap Files
Image data + header informationImage data + header information– Raw format filesRaw format files
Just image dataJust image data
OrganizationOrganization– HeaderHeader
Bitmap dataBitmap data
Graphics File Formats 31
Bitmap FilesBitmap Files
OrganizationOrganization– HeaderHeader
Bitmap dataBitmap data
FooterFooter– HeaderHeader
PalettePalette
Bitmap dataBitmap data
FooterFooter
Graphics File Formats 32
Bitmap FilesBitmap Files OrganizationOrganization
HeaderHeaderBitmap dataBitmap dataPalettePalette
HeaderHeaderPalettePaletteScan line tableScan line tableColor correction table (here)Color correction table (here)Bitmap dataBitmap dataColor correction table (or here)Color correction table (or here)FooterFooter
Graphics File Formats 33
Bitmap FilesBitmap Files
OrganizationOrganization– HeaderHeader
PalettePalette
Bitmap indexBitmap index
Bitmap 1 dataBitmap 1 data
……
Bitmap N dataBitmap N data
FooterFooter
Graphics File Formats 34
Bitmap FilesBitmap Files
OrganizationOrganization– HeaderHeader
PalettePalette
Bitmap indexBitmap index
Palette 1Palette 1
Bitmap 1 dataBitmap 1 data
Palette 2Palette 2
Bitmap 2 dataBitmap 2 data
……
Palette NPalette N
Bitmap N dataBitmap N data
FooterFooter
Graphics File Formats 35
Bitmap FilesBitmap Files
HeaderHeader– Binary or ASCII dataBinary or ASCII data– Composed of fixed fieldsComposed of fixed fields– Format of header variesFormat of header varies– Types of fieldsTypes of fields
File identifierFile identifier File versionFile version Number of lines per imageNumber of lines per image Number of pixels per lineNumber of pixels per line
Graphics File Formats 36
Bitmap FilesBitmap Files
HeaderHeader– Types of fieldsTypes of fields
Number of bits per pixelNumber of bits per pixel Number of color planesNumber of color planes Compression typeCompression type X-origin of imageX-origin of image Y-origin of imageY-origin of image Text descriptionText description Unused spaceUnused space
Graphics File Formats 37
BitmapBitmap
HeaderHeader– File identifierFile identifier
Unique identifier which identifies the formatUnique identifier which identifies the format– GIFGIF
– File versionFile version For GIF, ‘87a’ or ‘89a’For GIF, ‘87a’ or ‘89a’
– Number of lines per imageNumber of lines per image Image lengthImage length Image heightImage height Number of scan linesNumber of scan lines
Graphics File Formats 38
BitmapBitmap
HeaderHeader– Number of pixels per lineNumber of pixels per line
Image widthImage width Scan line widthScan line width
– Number of bits per pixelNumber of bits per pixel Per color planePer color plane Number of bytes per pixel is Number of bytes per pixel is pixel depthpixel depth
– X and Y originsX and Y origins Indicates where image lies on output deviceIndicates where image lies on output device
Graphics File Formats 39
Color Correction TableColor Correction Table
Information to help rendering Information to help rendering application in displaying an image application in displaying an image on a device different from the one on a device different from the one assumed by the creator applicationassumed by the creator application
Graphics File Formats 40
Scan-Line TableScan-Line Table
An array of offset values used to An array of offset values used to index the location of each scan lineindex the location of each scan line
Each offset value indicates the Each offset value indicates the starting position of each scan linestarting position of each scan line