great plains veterinary educational center 1 vaccine basics growing herdmature herd 1

Great Plains Veterinary Educational CenterGreat Plains Veterinary Educational Center1

Vaccine BasicsVaccine Basics

Growing Herd Mature Herd1


Understand What We’re Up AgainstUnderstand What We’re Up Against

• How are cattle (the ultimate recyclers) raised?– over 90 million cattle in U.S. …– 50% from herds less than 30 …– 90% beef & 10% dairy … of the beef …– 2 years from birth to food supply– 40% in breeding herds– 30% grazing – 30% harvested each year– ALL in OPEN AIR ENVIROMENT !!! … wildlife

• deer, coyotes, raccoons, birds, rodents, insects, …

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Cattle Cattle Health / Disease PreventionHealth / Disease Prevention

… in the “real world”? … in the “real world”?

Can you say Can you say “A-RITS” “A-RITS”

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Biosecurity Basics for Livestock OperationsBiosecurity Basics for Livestock Operations• Biosecurity is a practice designed to prevent the

spread of disease by minimizing the movement of biologic organisms (viruses, bacteria, rodents, etc.) onto and within an operation.

• Biosecurity can be very difficult to maintain because of the very complex interrelationships between management, biologic organisms and biosecurity.

• Biocontainment maybe the only practical control for many diseases.

• While developing and maintaining biosecurity is difficult it is the cheapest, most effective means of disease control available and no disease prevention program will work without it.

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Health - Disease Health - Disease Complex InteractionsComplex Interactions


Immunology-Vaccine Principles, Immunology-Vaccine Principles, Optimizing Vaccination, Optimizing Vaccination,

FPT EffectsFPT Effects

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IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES: IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES: definitionsdefinitions

• INJECTION: to force a fluid into (antibiotic, vitamin, vaccine, etc.)

• VACCINATION: inject with a vaccine

• IMMUNIZATION: to render not affected or responsive

• (protected from disease due to infection)

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IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLESIMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES

• INJECTION = VACCINATION

– VACCINATION ≠ IMMUNIZATION

– IMMUNIZATION REQUIRES….

a. Effective vaccine

b. Immunocompetent calf

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IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLESIMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES

• For VACCINATION = IMMUNIZATION

– requires an IMMUNE RESPONSE

– IMMUNE REPONSE Cognition … Self from Non-Self & Presentation

Activation … Clonal Expansion & Differentiation

Effect … Killing Virus Infected Cell & Antibody Prod.

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Immune Immune System System DiagramDiagram

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Immune System At WorkImmune System At Work

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IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES:IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES:• USING THIS INFORMATION …• make sure your clients have the ingredients

for a protective immune response …EFFECTIVE VACCINE + RESPONSIVE CALF

• mounting an immune response has a METABOLIC COST

• mounting an immune response is complicated & subject to…

SUPPRESSION

• mounting an immune response… TAKES TIME

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OPTIMIZING VACCINATION:OPTIMIZING VACCINATION:

• Herd Immunity*• Right Bug??• Vaccine Handling• Vaccine Delivery• Timing***

• Challenge Dose*• Calf Maturity**• Nutrition*?• Parasites*?• Genetics?• Distress*

Animal Husbandry … COUNTS



Herd Immunity• Vaccine can be “working” even if

individual cattle are diseased• Works well with highly contagious

diseases (e.g. IBR, Brucellosis)• Not as effective with lowly contagious

diseases (e.g. tetanus)

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“Right” Bug• Disease complexes

• e.g.. Viral BRD: IBR, BVD, BRSV, PI3• adenovirus, coronavirus, rhinovirus,

enterovirus, reovirus, MCF virus.

• Changes in the bugs • (antigenic instability)

– e.g.. BVD, influenza virus– most are fairly stable

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OPTIMIZING VACCINATION:OPTIMIZING VACCINATION:• Vaccine Handling

– Temperature abuse– Ultraviolet light (sunlight)– Disinfectants

• Vaccine Delivery– Subcutaneous when available– Intramuscular in neck only– Proper restraint– Correct needle size & length– Needle changes – Sanitation

• Timing– BRD incubation time 7 to 10 days– Immune response takes 3 -10 days …or longer– Peaks in 2 to 4 weeks ... Best if repeated

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Vaccine TitersVaccine Titers

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Challenge Dose

• Even a normally protective level of immunity can be overwhelmed…– This is bad …but disease may not last as

long or be as severe.– But could be good if vaccine overcomes

protection to improve immunity (booster and maternal block)

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Challenge DiagramChallenge Diagram

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Challenge – Immunization DiagramChallenge – Immunization Diagram

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• Calf Factors

-- Maturity -- Genetics

-- History • (parasites, nutrition, previous

vaccines)

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Colostrum AbsorptionColostrum Absorption

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Immunity vs AgeImmunity vs Age

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Distress

• some are inevitable

• many are avoidable

• ELIMINATE the avoidable

• SHIFT the inevitable so they don’t all happen at the same time

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Response to Stress:Response to Stress: Stress plays a large part in the disease Stress plays a large part in the disease



Calf Factors

• PREEXPOSURE IMMUNIZATION

giving the vaccine before disease challenge & immunosuppression instead of after disease challenge & during immunosuppression

reduces sickness & death

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PRE-EXPOSURE IMMUNIZATION

1. Will rarely make disease rate = zero

2. If disease rate is low, hard to see effect

3. Effectiveness ≠ Cost effectiveness

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Vaccine TitersVaccine Titers

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Colostrum AbsorptionColostrum Absorption

• Normal Passive Transfer (NPT) … >1600 mg/dl (TPP >7%)

• Partial Failure of Passive Transfer (PFPT)… 800 to 1600 mg/dl (TPP 5 to 7%)

• Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT) … <800 mg/dl (TPP <5 %)

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NEONATAL SICKNESSNEONATAL SICKNESS rates by passive transfer rates by passive transfer status in 263 calvesstatus in 263 calves

(60-20-183) … P<0.05, FPT OR=6.4)(60-20-183) … P<0.05, FPT OR=6.4)

26 10 5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

FPT PFPT Normal

%Sick

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Prevention … is key Prevention … is key Treatment salvages only part of the lossTreatment salvages only part of the loss

Immune preparation …

Need an effective vaccine

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VACCINESVACCINES

• Killed vaccines (KV) and toxoids• Subunit vaccines are a type of killed

vaccine • Autogenous bacterial vaccines • Modified live vaccines (MLV) contain

live altered • Chemically altered vaccines contain

modified live

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Killed Vaccines (KV) and Toxoids

• Advantages: – Available for a wide variety of diseases– No risk of reverting to virulent form – No risk of vaccine organism spreading between animals – Little risk of causing abortion – More stable in storage – No on-farm mixing, therefore less risk of contamination – Excellent stimulant of passive antibodies in colostrum

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Killed Vaccines (KV) and Toxoids

• Disadvantages: – More likely to cause allergic reactions and post

vaccination lumps– Two initial doses required at least 10 days apart– Slower onset of immunity– May not produce as strong or as long-lasting immunity as

MLV products– Produce a narrower spectrum of protection than MLV

products– Tend to be more expensive than MLV products

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Modified Live Vaccines (MLV)

• Advantages: – One initial dose is usually sufficient but additional booster

doses may be required– More rapid protection than KV products– Produces a wider spectrum of protection than KV products – Less likely to cause allergic reactions or post vaccination

lumps than KV products – Less susceptible to passive antibody vaccine block than

KV products – Tend to be less expensive

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Modified Live Vaccines (MLV)

• Disadvantages: – Potential to mutate to a virulent form– Could exacerbate disease in immunosuppressed animals – Potential for excessive immune response– Some risk of causing abortion or transient infertility – Must be handled and mixed with additional care

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Chemically Altered Vaccines

• Advantages: – Share many characteristics of MLV products – Safety similar to KV products– More rapid protection than KV products – No risk of reverting to virulent form – Little risk of causing abortion

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Chemically Altered Vaccines

• Disadvantages: – Protection not as rapid as MLV products– Two initial doses required – May not produce as strong or as long-lasting immunity – Unless given on a mucus membrane, stimulates little or

no mucosal immunity – Must be handled and mixed more carefully – Tend to be more expensive than modified live vaccines

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USDA can grant one of five possible USDA can grant one of five possible levels of protection: levels of protection:

• Prevention of infection.

• Prevention of disease.

• Aid in disease prevention.

• Aid in disease control.

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77 units (42.8%) had readings below 32 degrees

38 units (21.1%) had readings above 45 degrees

Temperature Range

Clyde Lane

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Refrigeration units varied from 16.5 to 55.6 degrees

Spread in temperature in a refrigeration unit

1.8 to 25.4 degrees

Temperature Range

Clyde Lane

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19,461 animal health products Less than ½ % were expired 16.1% contained food

Retail Refrigerators

Clyde Lane

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Keys to Healthy CalvesKeys to Healthy Calves

Born to HEALTHY Born to HEALTHY mothers!!!mothers!!!

• Three doses of ALL important vaccines before entering the herd– BVD Test Negative

• Proper Body Condition Score … 6

• Colostrum ASAP!!!

Born in CLEAN Born in CLEAN environment!!!environment!!!

• Move to clean pasture ASAP … AND

• Keep in similar age groups 1st month.

OROR• Move all cows yet to

calve to clean pasture each week.


Save a Cow …

Eat a Vegetarian

Good Luck To YouGood Luck To You

[email protected]@GPVEC.UNL.EDU

http://GPVEC.UNL.EDUhttp://GPVEC.UNL.EDU


Herd Vaccine Use … ?Herd Vaccine Use … ?

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Herd Vaccine Use … ?Herd Vaccine Use … ?

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The Breeding HerdThe Breeding Herd

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great plains veterinary educational center 1 vaccine basics growing herdmature herd 1

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