Greece

Greek City-StatesIndependent & different city-states

Greek City-StatesGreek city-states had different ways

of governing–Sparta & Athens are great examples

of different ways to rule:

–Athens— Democracy–Sparta— Oligarchy

Democracy Pericles strengthens democracy by…

– Increase # of paid public officials. Now even the poorest citizen could serve if elected.

–Athens had more citizens engage in self-government than any other city-state in Greece.

–Male citizens who served in the assembly est. all the important government policies.

AthensAthens is considered one

of the most important cities in Ancient Greece

Contributions: created democracy, established modern foundations in art, literature, philosophy

SpartaStrong farming economy made up of

large class of slaves (helots)Became powerful city-state

because of:–Strong Military—every

man was forced to join army –Totalitarian Oligarchy—power in

hands of 28 military leadersUnlike Athens; Spartans hated wealth

& the arts

Greeks had cool architecture &

developed theater with comedies &

tragedies

Euclid’s Geometry

Greek Sculpture

Rome

Geography of RomeItalian peninsula is located in the

center of the Mediterranean Sea; Rome is located in center of Italy on Tiber River— excellent spot for trade within Italy and within

Mediterranean Sea

Patricians & PlebeiansPatricians—nobles controlled most of

valuable land, held key military & religious positions, advised the king; made up only 5% of the population

Plebeians—mostly peasants, laborers, shopkeepers; made up 95% of population; had little say in government, but paid majority of the taxes & were required to serve in Roman army

Timeline of the Roman Monarchy, Republic, and Empire

Pax Romana

Main IdeaAs Rome enlarged its territory,

its republican form of government grew increasingly unstable. Eventually, the Roman Republic gave way to the formation of a mighty dictator-ruled empire that continued to spread Rome’s influence far and wide.

Julius CaesarPatrician who used politics &

charm to gain position as governor of Spanish

province; gained wealth,

influence, & power

First Triumvirate In 60 B.C. Julius Caesar joined

forces with Pompey (military general) & Crassus (rich patrician who helped get Caesar started) to form the First Triumvirate

With help of the Triumvirate, Caesar was elected Consul; for 10 years this Triumvirate controlled the Senate

Civil War #1: Caesar vs. PompeyCaesar refused to disband his army &

instead returned to occupy Rome; defeated & assassinated his former ally Pompey

Caesar won the support of the people; In 44 B.C. named 10-year dictator:–Granted citizenship to more people,

created more jobs, founded 20 more colonies (gave poor people a place to live), created a 365-day calendar

Julius CaesarCaesar ruled Rome as absolute

dictator; many Senators thought he would name himself king

In 44 B.C. Caesar was murdered by Senators (Brutus, Cassius, & others); thought they were saving the Republic

Pax RomanaBeginning with Augustus, Rome

entered a period of peace & prosperity for 207 years (27 B.C.-180 A.D.) known as the Pax Romana

Augustus encouraged trade by ending taxes on goods, created highways & aqueducts (for moving water), used concrete to make new architectural buildings, allowed anyone to get job in government if had ability (merit)

#18

English History

Organization of Parliament

English M onarchL e a d e rsh ip fo r

C o u n try

House of Lords"U p p er H ou se"

B a se d o nB irth righ t

House of Com m ons"L ow er H ou se"

E le c te d P o s it io n

English Parliam entP a ss L a w s &R a ise T a xe s

English G overnm entL im ited M on arch y

A rth u r

M ary I"B lood y M ary"

Elizabeth I E d ward V I

Henry V III

Charles II Jam es II

Charles I

Jam es I

M ary S tu artQ u een o fS co tlan d

Jam es VK in g o f

S co tlan d

M arg are t M ary

H en ry V II

Limitations on MonarchyMagna Carta (1215)Petition of Right (1628)Habeas Corpus (1679)English Bill of Rights (1689)Cabinet (1702) & Prime

Minister (1727)

Renaissance

New Artistic StylesRealism & emotionClassicism: inspiration from

Greece & Rome Emphasis on individuals &

interaction between peopleGeometric

arrangements PerspectiveUsing light & shadows

Chiaroscuro

Sfumato

The first nude paintings & sculptures since the Romans

Greek Renaissance

The Sistine Chapel

LeonardoA true “Renaissance Man”

Leonardo was an inventor, painter, sculptor, & scientist

His “Last Supper” shows Jesus’ last meeting with the 12 apostles before the crucifixion; the facial expressions, detail, emotion made it a masterpiece

His “Mona Lisa” is great for its emotion and depth

Filippo BrunelleschiFlorence’s greatest

architect was commissioned to build the Cuppolo of St. Maria del Fiore cathedral:–Brunelleschi

studied the Roman Pantheon –The dome inspired modern

building designs

Dome Comparisons

Il Duomo, Florence St. Peter’s, RomeSt. Paul’s, LondonUS Capital,

Washington, D.C.

Renaissance in EnglandRenaissance in England focused

on social issuesThomas More

criticized society through Utopia

William Shakespeare wrote plays based on ideas from classics & universal human qualities