GREECE

GENERAL

Area ........ 140,I35 sq. km.Population (I923)...... 6,435,000Length of land frontiers . . I,I20.9 km.

Army.

A. SUPREME MILITARY AUTHORITY AND ITS ORGANS.

In peace-time, the Minister of War is the supreme head of all militaryforces.

He is assisted by the Chief of the General Staff, by the Director-General of the Ministry, and by the Inspectors and Directors of thevarious arms and services.

i. Ministry of War.The central administration in the Ministry of War includes:

The Minister's Secretariat.The Director-General's Secretariat.Office of the Director of Personnel.Office of the Director of Infantry.Office of the Director of Artillery.Office of the Director of Engineers.Office of the Director of Cavalry.Office of the Director of Aviation.Office of the Director of Intendance.Office of the Director of Recruiting.Office of the Director of Accountancy.Office of the Director of Military Justice.Office of the Director of the Medical Service.

GREECE 49I

Office of the Director of the Veterinary Service.Office of the Director of Train.Office of the Director of Gendarmerie.

Every office possesses a distinctive organisation of its own, but, generally speak-ing, all include a Director's Secretariat, a Personnel Department, a SuppliesDepartment, a Department for investigations and enquiries, and various separatesub-offices for certain special questions.

2. Army General Staff.The work of the Army General Staff includes the organisation of

the army, the formation of units, recruiting, army supplies, militarytraining, etc.

It has at its head a General Officer known as the Chief of the Army GeneralStaff; he is assisted by a Deputy Chief.

The Army General Staff comprises four Departments:Department I : Organisation and mobilisation of the army, formation of

units, recruiting.Department II : Intelligence service, study of foreign army organisations,

political questions.Department III · Military operations, general training of the army.Department IV · Rail and sea transport, supplies, lines of communication.

The military history and cypher sections are attached to the Army GeneralStaff.

3. Permanent Inspectorates.There are permanent inspectorates for the following arms and

servicesi. Infantry. 7. Intendance.2. Artillery. 8. Accountancy.3. Cavalry. 9. Medical service.4. Engineers. to. Veterinary service.5. Munitions. ii. Train.6. Recruiting.

The Inspectorates are governed by special regulations.The Head of the Army General Staff is also Special Inspector of

the officers on staff service.

4. Army Maps Service.This service is under the direct orders of the Ministry of War and the Army

General Staff. Its work is to prepare and publish military maps; geodesical,topographical, and cartographical works; and scientific treatises dealing withmeteorological investigations, magnetic observations, etc.

B. RECRUITING SYSTEM.

Every Greek citizen is liable for personal military service.The total period of service is twenty-nine years, namely:

Regular army - i8 months;First reserve - 19 /z years;Second reserve - 8 years.

492 GREECE

Military service is compulsory from January Ist of the year in whicha man turns twenty until October Ist of the year in which he turnsforty-nine. Young men found unfit for active or non-combatantservice as a result of physical incapacity are exempted from militaryservice. The law also allows exemption from military service in certainfamily circumstances, in the case of certain professions, etc.

Any Greek citizen who has turned eighteen and has not been deprivedof his civil rights may enlist voluntarily.

The enrolment of recruits takes place twice yearly : in April (in the northernprovinces) and in October (in the southern provinces).

The country is divided into 33 Recruiting Districts, each of which correspondsto one regiment of infantry (or evzones).

The recruiting districts of the regiments belonging to the same division orbrigade constitute the Recruiting Area of that division or brigade.

The recruiting areas of the divisions belonging to the same army corps formthe Recruiting Region of the army corps.

C. HIGHER UNITS.

The army on a peace footing includes:

(a) 4 army corps;the first at Athens;the second at Larissa;the third at Salonica;the fourth at Cavalla.

(b) 9 infantry divisions attached to army corps.(c) 2 infantry divisions attached directly to the Ministry of War.(d) i brigade of infantry attached directly to the Ministry of War.(e) 2 cavalry divisions.

(f) The air command.

D. ARMS AND SERVICES.

I. Arms.(a) Infantry:

30 regiments of infantry;3 regiments of evzones7 frontier detachments;I company of bodyguards to the President of the Republic.

Each infantry regiment includes A staff;

2 battalions of infantry of three companies;and one machine-gun company each.

(b) Cavalry:

5 regiments of cavalry;i military stud;

GREECE 493

Each cavalry regiment includes:2 half-regiments of 2 squadrons and i machine-gun group.

(c) Artillery:ii regiments of mountain artillery of 2 groups each (armed

with Schneider 75, I919 pattern, Schneider-Danglis 75,Skoda 75, I915 pattern, Schneider 105 and French 65).

4 regiments of field artillery (armed with Schneider and Krupp

75).3 regiments of heavy artillery (armed with I20 long, I50 howit-

zer, Schneider I55, Skoda 150, 1914 pattern).

(d) Engineers:3 regiments of sappers;i telegraph regiment;i railway regiment;i pontoon battalion;4 regional engineer headquarters.

(e) Air Force:

The Air Force is at present in a state of transition. It includes 3 flying regiments;i independent fighting group;i park;i school.

Each flying regiment includes:A staff;2 aircraft groups of 2 flights each;A park.

Aircraft in use: Breguet XIV, Breguet XIX, Mars, Henriot.

II. Services.(a) Medical Service.

The Army Medical Service includes i supreme Army Medical Board;

23 military hospitals;4 medical depots;i central pharmacy.

(b) Military Intendance.Includes :

2 garrison intendance units;2 clothing, camp and harness depots;3 army food supply depots.

(c) Accountancy Service.The Accountancy Service is under the direct control of the Minister of War,

and acts by delegation of his powers ; its duty is to inspect and audit the accountsof every administrative department of the Army.

(d) Veterinary Service.Includes :

2 veterinary hospitals;2 veterinary supply depots.

(e) Recruiting Service.

494 GREECE

(f) Train.Includes:

4 motor transport groups;i independent motor transport company;2 motor transport parks.

(g) Military Justice.Is dispensed by:

i Court of Appeal;6 permanent courts-martial.

(h) Military Schools:Schools for advanced studies

Higher Military Training Centre trains higher officers (Colonels andLieutenant-Colonels) to command higher units.

Military Academy. Students (Majors and Captains) obtain, after atwo years' course of study and a final examination, the appointmentof Staff Officer.

Special Schools. One such school exists for every arm. The studycourse is of five or six months' duration. In addition there are:

a Special School for Intendance;a Special School for the Train;a Special School for the Army Medical Service.

Training SchoolsMilitary A cademy for the Evelpids. After a four years' course of study

students are gazetted second-lieutenants in the various arms.School for Non-Commissioned Officers. To this school are admitted

regular non-commissioned officers who have served two years asnon-commissioned officers. They are gazetted second-lieutenantsafter a two years' course of study.

Army Medical School.School for Reserve Officers.Physical Training School.Preparatory School for Non-Commissioned Officers.School for Army Artificers.

E. BUDGETARY EFFECTIVES

(I927)

Generals .............. 38Colonels. 136Lt.-Colonels ................ 259Majors........... . . . 673Captains................. 1,656Lieutenants .......... 88Second-Lieutenants. ......... 202,003Adjutants .......... 475

Totals officers ......... 7121

~N.C.O.s .. .. . . I I I 5,904Corporals and soldiers ..... 54,096Total N.C.O.s and soldiers ...... 6o,oo

General Total ....... .... . 67,121Animals ................. iioIO, IIO

GREECE 495

F. GENDARMERIE.

It is the duty of the Gendarmerie to ensure public safety and order,to police the country, and to enforce the law.

It includes:i. The Gendarmerie General Headquarters;2. The Directorate of Gendarmerie in the Ministry of the Interior;3. The Directorate of Gendarmerie in the Ministry of War ;4. The gendarmerie training school for officers, non-commissioned officers

and gendarmes;5. Nine Gendarmerie Directorates;6. Thirty-five regional gendarmerie headquarters situated in the chief

towns of departments;7. Forty-one directorates of public safety.

The Gendarmerie is under the orders:i. Of the Ministry of War as regards its organisation, recruiting, training

and discipline.2. Of the Ministry of the Interior as regards the maintenance of public

order.3. Of other Ministries as regards the execution of laws or decrees for which

those Ministries are responsible.The Gendarmerie is recruited:

i. By the voluntary enlistment for a period of three years of young mennot over thirty years of age possessing the qualifications requiredby law.

2. By re-enlistment of men who have previously served in the gendarmerie.3. By re-enlistment of gendarmes on completion of their period of service.4. by the voluntary enlistment of young men not under 19 or over 25

holding the Diploma of the Faculty of Law or a leaving certificatefrom a secondary school. The number of these may not exceed400 in each class of recruits. Those who possess the Diplcma of theFaculty of Law are, after an entrance examination, admitted to theGendarmerie School, and after two years' training are gazetted secondlieutenants in the gendarmerie. Those who possess the leavingcertificate are, after one year's training, appointed non-commissionedofficers in the gendarmerie.

II.

Navy.

LIST OF UNITS(I926)

Old Battleships:1. Kilkis (I905) Normal displacement, I3,000 tons. Length, 382 feet.2. Lemnos (i905) Beam 77 feet. Max. load draught, 24 2/3 feet. H.P.

Io,ooo0= 17 kts. Guns : 4 I2-inch ; 8 8-inch; 8 7-inch;12 3-inch; 2 I2-pdr. (A.A.); 4 i-pdr.; 2 torpedo-tubes (21-inch).

3. Spetsai 1 (1889-1900oo ) Displacement: 4,808 tons. Length 3441/ feet. Beam4. Psura I (1890) 31 5/ feet. Mean draught, I8 feet. H.P. 6,700 5. Hydra (889-oo1900) 17 kts. Guns: 3 Io.6-inch; 5 5.9-inch; 4 3-pdr.

Employed as school ships.

496 GREECE

Armoured Cruiser:Giorgios Averoff (1910o) Normal displacement: 9,960 tons. 10,118 metric

tons. Length, 462 feet. Beam, 69 feet. Maximumdraught, 24 2/3 feet. H.P. 19,000 = 22.5 kts.Guns '4 9.2-inch; 8 7.5-inch ; i6 I4-pdr.; 2 I2-pdr.(A.A.) ; 4 3-pdr. ; 3 torpedo-tubes (I8-inch).

Cruiser Minelayer:Helle (1912) Normal displacement, 2,600 tons. Length, 322 feet.

Beam, 39 feet. Draught, 14 feet. H.P. 7,000o=20 kts.Guns : 3 6-inch ; i 3-inch ; 4 6-pdr. (A.A.) ; 2 torpedo-tubes (I8-inch).

ii destroyers

No. Type Date Displacement H. P. Speed T. tubes Max.Speed draught.

tons feet4 Aetos...... 1910-I2 980 I9,750 32 6 io3 Thyella ..... 1906-07 350 6,700 30 2 93 Niki ...... 1906-07 350 6,600 20.5

Smyrne ..... 1907 400 6,000 30 2 9

Miscellaneous: 19 different units 1 (i2 torpedo and patrol boats,minelayers, gunboats, etc.)

SUMMARY TABLE OF NAVAL UNITS.

Number Total DepreciatedTonnage Tonnage'

Battleships and battle cruisers 1 ..... 5 40,424Cruisers and light cruisers ....... 2 12,560 306Destroyers and torpedo-boats. . . . . . 23 8,760Miscellaneous Vessels 4 ......... 4 3,I00

Total tonnage of the fleet ...... 64,844 306

Total of naval personnel ...... 9,350Sea service ........... 5,000Shore service .......... 4,350

Including 3 old battleships employed as schools.2 Depreciated tonnage (on January Ist, 1927) is calculated as follows:

(i) For battleships, battle cruisers, coast-defence ships, monitors, aircraft-carriers and miscellaneousvessels, a reduction in original tonnage at the rate of i/20 per annum from date of completion.

(2) For cruisers and light cruisers, a reduction of 1/I7 per annum from date of completion.(3) For torpedo craft and submarines, a reduction of I/12 per annum from date of completion.

3 Including a certain number of patrol-boats.4 Under the heading Miscellaneous Vessels, only sloops, gunboats and river gunboats and despatch vessels are

shown.

Not including six submarines in construction.

GREECE 497

C,- NAVYN. .

14 DISTRIBUTION (IN %) OF TONNAGEOF THE NAVY

AMONG THE DIFFERENT CLASSES1913 ;···OF VESSELS

i! iii~~...- !7 in I913, I919 and I926

0)

1919

19~ ' ' ~ TONNAGEW ~ (ooo's omitted)

in '9'3, I9I3 gig I926

Battleships ... . I5.0 40.4 40.4Cruisers . . .... Ix.8 T2.6 I2.6

g,-

Destroyers and tor-pedo boats . . 9.3 8.7 8.8

Submarines . . .. o.6 o.6 -· - Miscellaneous . . . 3.4 3.2 3.1

192

19,4

Battleships Cruisers Destroyers and Submarines Miscellaneous

Destro yers and brastorpedo boat s

···· b Suhmarines 0.6 0.6~~~~~3

498 GREECE

NAVY

NUMBER OF UNITS AND TONNAGE

in 1913, 1919 and 1926

30 -30

20 200

10 1 110

C? ^ il Ifj1913 1919 1926

10.000- 1 11 .0.000

20Q000 - 20.000

C S

,30.000 30.000"

40.000- - 40.000

50.000- 50.000

Battleships Cruisers Destroyers Submarines Miscellaneousand torpedo boats

GREECE 499

NAVY

TOTAL TONNAGE

Tons1001O -00 (ooo's omitted)

801913 ...... 40.11919 ...... 65.5

60000 I926 ...... 64.9

40.000

20.000

01913 1919 1926

III.

Budget Expenditure on National Defence.

A. NOTES ON BUDGET PROCEDURE.

i. The financial year covers the period from April ist to March 3ist.2. The receipts and expenditure are divided into two main categories. The

first includes current receipts and expenditure relating to State administration,whether ordinary or extraordinary, whilst the second records movements ofcapital. Movements of capital show, on the receipts side, proceeds of loans,repayment of loans granted by the State to third parties and proceeds of salesof State property, and on the expenditure side investments. During the courseof the financial year supplementary expenditure may be voted in addition to thatof the budget actually in force.

3. The budget of Greece is a gross budget and the receipts are shown in fullwithout previous reduction by reason of corresponding expenditure, the onlyexception to the rule being the railway accounts. These are administered as anindependent public undertaking, and in the State budget appears the net surplus,or, in the event of a deficit, a State loan to the railways to cover that deficit.

500 GREECE

B. BUDGET EXPENDITURE ON NATIONAL DEFENCE.

I. Summary of Defence Expenditure.TABLE I.

1924-25 1 I925-26 I 1926-27 1 1927-28

Estimates

Defence expenditure : Drachmai (ooo,ooo's omitted)Ministry of War ............ 1,499.6 1,827.1 2,272.2 1,525.-Ministry of the Marine ......... 465.3 420.7 561.5 421.9

Total ........... 1,964.9 1,247.8 2,833.7 1,946.9

Index of defence expenditure ..... . ioo 64 144 99

Index number of the cost of living :1914 = ioo ........ 1,355 1,548 1,839 1,944k

I924-25 = Ioo ........ Ioo II4 I36 143

Index of defence expenditure reduced to the % % % %1924-25 price level ........... oo 56 io6 69

x Average, April to September 1927.

The figures for expenditure on national defence in the table above do notinclude military pensions.

II. Analysis of Defence Expenditure.i. The following table shows the main headings of expenditure charged to

the budgets of the Ministry of War and the Ministry of the Marine:

TABLE 2.

1924-25 1 I925-26 I 1926-27 1927-28

Estimates

Ministry of War: Drachmai (ooo's omitted)ORDINARY EXPENDITURE:

i. Salaries .............. 217,300 280,000 416100oo 372,2502. Provisions ............. 286,750 355,500 333,000 271,0003. Forage........... o04,500 104,50oo 02,500 55,0504. Travelling and transport expenses. 54,480 36,000 25,000 20,0005. Heating and lighting .. 5,200 4,700 Io, ooo 7,5006. Supply service ........... 143,200 I56,ooo i66,500 102,0007. Automobile service ......... 7,704 5,613 38,000 I4,2008. Engineering . .11,500 13,500 i8,500 3,5009. Cartographical service ....... 820 350 5,550 3,200

io. Aviation.............. 7,700 7,000 11,500 7,200ii. Health service ........... 42,000 32,000 39,000 36,90012. Artillery ............. 8,500 I7,600 I7,300 Io,00013. Purchase of horses . ....... ,10oo 3,000 i,8oo 0o,ooo14. Cavalry and veterinary service . . 3,600 3,400 i,8oo 1,05015. Instruction . ... 2,700 i,o00 2,700 2,50016. Military courts ........... 2,000 500 500 30017. Storage of material ......... . . .18. Office supplies . .4,700 4,410 5,000 4,900i9. Unforeseen expenditure ....... 1,478 I,II5 5,420 51020. Restitution ....... 6,500 1o,io8 30,05821. War pensions .......... . - 220,540 350,572

Total ordinary expenditure . 911,732 1,256,836 i,58o,8oo 932,060

GREECE 501

TABLE 2 (continued).

1924-25 1925-26 1926-27 1927-28

Estimates

EXTRAORDINARY EXPENDITURE : Drachmai (oco's omitted)

22. Expenditure on account of personnel . 9,g90 9,515 23. Expenditure on troops still serving with

the colours ............ 38,00o- - -

24. Supplies necessitated by mobilisation . 312,425 532,000 602,000 409,75025. Miscellaneous expenses ....... 40,020 2,000 4,000 9,50026. Expenditure carried forward from pre-

vious years ............ 197,465 27,050 75,838 99,40027. Constructions ............ - - - 74,250

Total extraordinary expenditure . 587,910 570,240 691,353 592,900Total expenditure of the Ministry of

War.............. 1,499,642 1.827,076 2,272,153 1,524,960

Ministry of the larine :ORDINARY EXPENDITURE:

i. Salaries. .............. 82,846 89,110 o108,980 119,1942. Provisions ............. 29,500 30,000 47, 80 5I,0003. Travelling and transport expenses . 16,360 1,510 550 i,ooo4. Headquarters ........... 320 270 370 2375. Naval instruction .. 700 850 8,550 3,7016. Management of supplies (Clothing and

material) ............. 7,600 19,700 21,200 17,0607. Health service ........... 1,900 2,400 1,500 1,3008. Hylroplanes ............ 3,000 6,350 6,885 5,7509. Wireless telephony ......... 1,500 1,900 1,720 650

io. Lighthouses ............ 2700 3,385 2,910 3,726ii. Hydrographical service ....... 305 420 500 36012. Artillery.............. i,ooo 7,000 8,ooo 2,30013. Torpedoes ............. 2,000 1,650 1,500 1,00014. Upkeep and repair of naval units . . 62,700 38,500 5000oo 39,30015. Lighting.............. 1,500 1,700 i,8oo 2200i6. Buildings ............. 3,330 2,750 4,050 2,85017. Office expenses .. 1,775 1,950 2,450 950i8. Motor service ........... 65 256 i,668 470I9. Requisitioning ........... 3,300 900 70020. Restitution ............ 971 1,045 4,158 1,9352I. Mercantile marine ......... 15520 13,374 13803

Total ordinary expenditure. 230,072 229,566 288.245 269,486EXTRAORDINARY EXPENnDIrURE :

i. Construction of buildings and light-houses .............. 14,245 16,250 34,000 12,300

2. Construction of ships and machinery . I49,554 82,920 137,235 106,5453. Material .............. 45,555 80,830 50,000 20,3814. Expenditure carried forward from pre-

vious years ............ 16,640 7,266 47,011 6,8425. General expenditure ........ 9,220 3,910 5,050 6,262

Total extraordinary expenditure . · 235,214 191,176 273,296 152,380Total expenditure of the Ministry of

the Marine ........... 465,286 420,742 561,541 421,866

502 GREECE

III. Receipts collected by the various Defence Departments.The receipts of the Administration of National Defence from the sale of horses,

disused material, official publications, etc., are estimated at the following sums:

TABLE 3.

1924-25 I I925-26 I 1926-27 j 1927-28

Budget Estimates

Drachmai (ooo's omitted)

Receipts collected by the Administration ofNational Defence .i,o6o 1,56 500 500

IV. Expenditure referring to Previous Years.

i. No interest on or redemption of public debt is charged to the nationaldefence budget.

2. Military pensions are not shown in the national defence budget; theyare charged to that of the Ministry of Finance and are estimated as follows:

TABLE 4.

1924-25 I925-26 I926-27 I927-28

Budget Estimates

Drachmai (ooo's omitted)

Army pensions .83,000 88,ooo000 122,000 175,000Navy pensions ........... 6 ,000 7, 24,000 22,000