GreekLanguage

Lab

Workbook

© Cecelia Luschnig, 2007

GREEK WORKBOOKContents

Audio Files Workbook and AnswersFile 1. Introduction: Alphabet, Sounds, Accents, The Alphabet Song

1-8 ans.1-5File 2. A. Lesson I: Verbs

B. Lesson I: Nouns9-13 ans. 6-9

File 3. A. Lesson II: The ImperfectB. Lesson II: Adjectives

14-18 ans. 10-13File 4. A. Lesson III: The Future; The First Declension

B. Lesson III: Demonstatives, Vocabulary19-22 ans. 13-16

File 5. A, B. Lesson IV: The Aorist23-24 ans. 17-18

File 6. A. Lesson V: Third Declension NounsB. Lesson V: Vocabulary; Readings

25 ans. 19-20File 7. A. Lesson VI: Third Declension Adjectives

B. Lesson VI: Readings; Review of Adjectives26 ans. 21

File 8. A, B. Lesson VII: Participles27-8 ans. 22

File 9. A. Lesson VIII: PronounsB. Lesson VIII: The Perfect Active

29-31 ans. 23-4File 10. A. Lesson IX: Pronouns

B. Lesson IX: The Perfect Middle32-3 ans. 24-6

File 11. A. Lesson X: Comparison of AdjectivesB. Lesson X: The Aorist Passive

35-6 ans. 26-7File 12. A. Lesson XI: Contract Verbs

B. Lesson XI: Vocabulary; Readings37 ans. 28

File 13. A. Lesson XII: Athematic (-:4) VerbsB. Lesson XII: Verbs; Vocabulary; Readings

38-9 ans. 29-30File 14. A. Lesson XIII: The Subjunctive

B. Lesson XIII: The Optative40 ans. 30-1

File 15. A. Lesson XIV: The Imperative; Vocative; VerbalsB. Sappho 1; Principal Parts; A Reading from Plato

41 ans. 31General Instructions

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This manual is for review of the lessons in Luschnig, An Introduction to Ancient Greek, 2nd

edition. Practice sounds, vocabulary, and forms and answer questions using the audiofiles.There are also written questions in the manual for additional self-testing. The answers areprovided in an answer key so that you can check your work.

IntroductionA. Exercise 1.

1. Open your textbook to page 1 (the Greek alphabet). While listening to the tapeand looking at the Greek characters in the book, repeat the names of the letters.

2. Close your book. Listen to the name of each letter as it is spoken and write thelower-case Greek character.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. Exercise 2.1. This time the letters are out of alphabetical order. Listen and write them down.(Check your answers with the answer key.)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. For additional practice.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. Try both exercises again. This time write the capital letters.

a. The letters.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Additional practice.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C. Exercise 3. Listen to the sounds of the Greek vowels (p. 3). 1. Write the syllables from the tape. Do not be concerned about accents untilExercise 10.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

D. Exercise 4.1. Listen to the pronunciation of these words:ei)mi/ ei)=mi kai/ ou) ou(=u(=j ui(o/j oi)/koi eu)= au)to/jnau=j toi=j fi/loij au(tou= %(= tai=j yuxai=jt%= fi/l% $(= t$= yux$= t$= pei/r# Zeu/j

2. Look at the list of diphthongs in the center of page 3 and listen to thepronunciation.

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3. Try to write these words (from the tape) in the space below.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. Check your answers. If you are not satisfied, try again.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

E. Exercise 5. Write the words from the audiofile to practice vowels and diphthongs.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

F. Exercise 6. Breathing marks. (Do this exercise after you have studied thematerial on pp. 4-5.)1. Listen and practice saying these words.

@Û @â "ÛJ@Ø "ßJ@Ø gÆH gÍH ¦< ª< ßB` •<V "Í:" :" •:N\ –<gL³ » §PT ª>T ©BJV §B@H μ:"D º:XD" ³*0 »*g Æ"JD`H ÊgDgbH Ë<"ËBB@H ÇF@H Ð::" Ó8@H @Í@H @É<@H Ò:@Ø Ð<@:" ÏD2`H ÓD6@H à$D4Hà*TD òD" ñH ô< ê<

2. Write the words on the tape for exercise 6.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

G. Exercise 7. 1. Listen to and repeat these words. (See p. 6. on nasals)

–((g8@H •<V(60 Fb(P@D@H EN\(> ¦(6f:4@< –(P4 •(P\B@84H–(P4FJ@H •((X88T –((@H ¦(6T:4V.T zg((bH ¦((b20< –(6LD"–(6T< •(6V80 –(6@H ¦(>XT ¦(6D"JäH §(P@H ¦(6DLBJT ¦((DVNT

2. Write the words from the tape:1. 2. 3. 4.

H. Exercise 8. (See page 6, exercise B 2.)1. Give the English equivalents of these names.a. b. c. d.e. f. g h.i. j.

I. Exercise 9. Review. 1. For review, listen to the tape and practice saying these words.

–<2DTB@H B"4*\@< 2g`H *äDo< Ò*`H z!20<"Ã@H –(g4< –DPg4H$@L8gbT >X<@H (DVNT :X<gF2"4 BDVJJgF2"4 N\8@H R0N\.T

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6D\<T

J. Exercise 10. Accent Marks. Do this exercise after you have studied the material on 7-9.1. Fill in the accents of these words. (Follow the rules on pp. 7-9.)

a. •<2DTB@H h. *TD"b. •<2DTBT< i. B8@LJ@Hc. ¦D(@L j. B8@LJ@Ld. •<2DTB@4 k. J@< •("2@< •<2DTB@<e. B@<@H l. J@ •D4FJ@< *TD@<f. B"4*gLT m. J@L •D4FJ@L *TD@Lg. 8LgF2"4 n. BD"JJg4<

K. Exercise 11. Review. 1. Check the word (A or B) in each pair that corresponds to the word on the tape.

a. (A) –(g4 (B) –((g4 g. (A) gÉ:4 (B) gÆ:\b. (A) @â (B) @Û h. (A) *gà (B) *Xc. (A) J`< (B) Jä< i. (A) *äD@< (B) *fDT<d. (A) J` (B) JV j. (A) ª> (B) §>e. (A) –(T (B) –DPT k. (A) 6"8`H (B) 6"8äHf. (A) §>T (B) ª>T l. (A) –(g4 (B) –((g4

L. Exercise 12.1. Listen to and repeat the vocabulary. Have your book open to page 10.2. Practice these words found in the introduction before doing the readings.(DV::"J" "letters" *"FX" "aspirated consonants"*\N2@((@4 "diphthongs" *4B8 "double consonants"B<gØ:" R48`< "smooth breathing" J`<@4 "accents"B<gØ:" *"Fb "rough breathing" Ï>bH "acute"NT<Z "voice" $"DbH "grave"Fb:NT<" "consonants" BgD4FBf:g<@H "circumflex"–NT<" "mutes" NT<Zg<J" "vowels" R48V "unvoiced consonants":XF" "voiced consonants"

3. Vocabulary quiz. Write the English meanings.a. e. i.b. f. j.c. g. k.d. h. l.

M. Exercise 13. Repeat these phrases.1. zg< •DP± μ< Ò 8`(@H. (p. 2)In the beginning was the Word. (Gospel of John)

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2. }"<2DTB@H NbFg4 B@84J46Î< .è@<. (p. 7)Man is by nature a politico-social animal. (Aristotle)

3. *4B8@Ø< ÒDäF4 @Ê :"2`<JgH (DV::"J".People who have learned their letters see double. (Menander)

4. º (D"::"J46¬ 6"Â º (D"N46¬ PDZF4:@4 BDÎH JÎ< $\@<.Grammar and writing are useful for life. (Aristotle)

Interlude: The Alphabet Song (by Callias. p. 11)JÎ –8N", $−J", (V::", *X8J", 2g@Ø (D gÉ,.−J', μJ", 2−J', ÆäJ", 6VBB", 8V$*", :Ø,<Ø, >gÃ, JÎ @Þ, BgÃ, {Dä, JÎ F\(:", J"Ø, JÎ ÞB"DÎ< Ngà Pgà Jg Jè Rgà gÆH JÎ ì.

$−J" –8N" $"$−J" gÉ $g 6.J.8. (6"Â J 8@4BV is Greek for etc.)

N. Exercise 14. Open your textbook to p. 11. Listen to the sentences on 11-12.

O. Exercise 15. Before going on to the next section of the Introduction, answer thesequestions for review of the material in the first part of the Introduction. Check your answersin the Answer Key.

1. What sounds does the Greek alphabet have letters for that our alphabet lacks?

2. What letters do we have that Greek lacks?

3. What symbol is used for the h-sound? Explain how it came about.

4. Which consonants are labials, dentals, palatals?

5. What letter is formed:a. If B comes immediately before F ?b. If 6 comes immediately before F ?

6. What letter is formed:a. If B comes before { ?b. If 6 comes before { ?c. If J comes before { ?

7. With which vowels is the iota-subscript used? 8. What are the accent marks for? 9. What are the only three syllables on which accent marks can fall?10. Which accent can fall on any of those three syllables?11. Which can fall on only the last?12. Which can fall on only a long syllable?13. Which accent(s) can fall on either a long or short vowel?

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14. What could cause the position of an accent to change?15. Does the position of a word in a sentence ever cause its accent to change?16. What is the Greek word for letters?17. What is the Greek word for vowels? Why are they called by that word? 18. Think up some English words derived from these Greek words.

a. ËBB@H f. 8`(@Hb. PD`<@H g. $\@Hc. NT<Z h. •DPZd. *\6" i. ßBXDe. JXP<0 j. •*g8N`H

P. Exercise 16. Written exercises for Part Two (pp. 13-18)1. Parse these sentences. (Parse < Latin quae pars orationis--what part of speech).Identify each word by part of speech.

Example: In the beginning was the word.In: prepositionthe: article (adjective)beginning: nounwas: verb (linking or copulative)the: article (adjective)word: noun

a. Socrates drank the poison and died.

b. When we saw him drinking it, we cried.

c. Medea sent deadly gifts to the princess.

d. The princess died horribly in her bedroom.

e. Which road leads to life?

2. Identify the case (if translated into Greek) of each noun or pronoun in theforegoing sentences.

a.b.c.d.e.

3. Notes.a. Subject = nominativeb. Predicate noun or adjective with "linking verb" = nominativec. Object (direct) = accusatived. Indirect Object = dative (to/for)e. Possession = genitive (of)f. Place where (in, on, at) = dativeg. Place to which = accusative

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4. Identify the person, number, and voice of each of the verbs in these sentences.Person: 1st = I, we

2nd = you 3rd = he, she, it, they, and any noun, singular or plural

a. I saw God face to face and my soul was saved.

b. The tyrant makes the laws, but the citizens make the laws for themselves.

c. After the men were released, you sent for them (for your own good).

d. What are you doing with that discus?

e. What words are being written on the board?

Q. Exercise 17. 1. Vocabulary for readings p. 19

J J@Ø 8`(@L :¥D0 the parts of speechÐ<@:" name (noun or adjective)•<JT<L:\" pronoun (instead of noun){D−:" verb¦B\DD0:" adverb (upon the verb)–D2D@< joint, article:gJ@PZ participle (sharer)BD`2gF4H preposition (set before)Fb<*gF:@H conjunction (join with)BJäF4H a falling (case declension)ÏD2Z (BJäF4H) upright, straight (nominative)(g<46Z (BJäF4H) of origin (genitive)*@J46Z (BJäF4H) of giving (dative)"ÆJ4"J46Z (BJäF4H) of cause (accusative)680J46Z (BJäF4H) of calling (vocative)(X<0 kinds, genders•DFg<46`< ((X<@H) of the male (masculine)208L6`< ((X<@H) of the female (feminine)@Û*XJgD@< ((X<@H) of neither (neuter)•D42:@\ numbers©<46`H (•D42:`H) of one (singular)*L46`H (•D42:`H) of two (dual)B802L<J46`H (•D42:`H) of many (plural)BD`FTB" masks, grammatical persons

2. Give the English meaning of each of the words or phrases spoken.a. g.

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b. h.c. i.d. j.e. k.f. l.

3. Listen to the readings p. 19.

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R. Exercise 18. Before going on to the next lesson, do the written exercises below.1. What is the basic difference between the grammars of Greek and English?

2. What are CASES for?

3. How does English express the relationships for which Greek uses cases?

4. What parts of speech did the Greek grammatical theorists list that Englishgrammarians do not consider as separate parts of speech?

5. What two parts of speech are meant by the Greek word Ð<@:"?

6. What are the properties of nouns in Greek (what changes in form do they haveand what do these tell us)?

7. What case is: a. the grammatical subject of a sentence?b. the direct object of a sentence?c. the indirect object?d. used to show possession?

8. What are the characteristics of verbs?

9. What two things does tense tell us (in Greek)?

10. What does voice tell us?

11. Which parts of speech in Greek are not inflected?

12. Give some examples of nouns signifying Fä:" and some signifying BD(:"(in English).

13. Give some examples of nouns that could be called 6@4<äH and some that couldbe called Æ*\TH (in English)?

14. What gender are most common nouns in English?15. Can you think of any dual words in English? (referring to two and only two.)

16. Give some English derivatives of these Greek words.a. Ð<@:" e. Ç*4@Hb. Fä:" f. –<2DTB@Hc. BD(:" g. ÏD2`Hd. 6@4<`H h. 6DLBJ`H

Lesson I, Part One

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I. Exercise 1. A. Conjugation: listen and drill the endings and conjugation (23-4).B. Read pp. 21-4 in the textbook. Identify with the letters A (Active), M (Middle) or P(Passive) the voice of each verb in the sentences on the tape.

1. 3. 52. 4.

C. Write the pronouns used to translate each of these.1. 5. 9.2. 6. 10.3. 7. 11.4. 8.

D. Translate the forms (of pau/w) as spoken.1. 3. 5.2. 4. 6.

7.E. On a separate piece of paper, write the conjugation of 8bT. (Check your answers in thetextbook, pp. 23-4.)

II. Exercise 2.A. Vocabulary (pp. 24-5).B. Vocabulary quiz. Give the English meaning.

1. 5. 9.2. 6. 10.3. 7. 11.4. 8. 12.

C. Give the Greek word.1. 7.2. 8.3. 9.4. 10.5. 11.6. 12.

D. Translate the Greek words (practice forms and vocabulary).1. 6.2. 7.3. 8.4. 9.5. 10.

E. For each English phrase tell what person, number and voice the Greek would be.

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(Persons: 1, 2, 3); Numbers: S, P; Voices: A, M, P.) Then go back and translate the verb.Person, Number, Voice Translation

1. we are going 2. they are writing 3. she plans for herself 4. you are being led 5. he obeys/is persuaded 6. y'all cease 7. it is being said 8. I have 9. they begin10. we mean (say)

III. Exercise 3. Written Review.A. Before going on, answer these questions.

1. What is the thematic vowel?2. Why is it necessary to learn the Greek verb endings?3. How can you tell what is the subject of a Greek verb?4. Can the subject be omitted?5. Is the subject always left out?6. What do these endings tell about person:

-@:g< -gJ"4 -g4H -@LF4-gF2g -T -@:"4 -gJg

7. Which ending, in the present active, says:a. he, she, itb. wec. theyd. Ie. you

8. Which present middle ending says:a. you allb. hec. wed. theye. If. it

9. Identify the VOICE of each of the following and then translate.a. To lead.b. We think.c. To write (notes for one's own use).d. We are sending?e. They are being led?

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f. He is waiting?g. It ceases?h. She is stopping (the car).i. I am bringing.j. You are doing.k. It is being done.l. They obey.m. It is said.n. She wishes to go.o. Are you going.p. Are they making plans? (for themselves)q. Do they think?r. What do you do? (what = J\)s. What do we want?t. Is it being written?

10. Translate these words.a. NXDg4<b. B4FJgb@LF4c. BX:B@:"4d. B"b@<J"4e. 6D\<@:g<f. $@b8gF2"4g. –(@:"4h. (\(<g4i. (D"N`:g2"j. $@L8gbg4H

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Lesson I, Part TwoI. Exercise 1. Characteristics of nouns, declensions (pp. 29-31): practice with the tape.II. Exercise 2.

A. Practice Vocabulary (pp. 33-4 with tape).B. Give the English meanings. (Questions on tape.)

1. 9.2. 10.3. 11.4. 12.5. 13.6. 14.7. 15.8.

C. Give the Greek. (Questions on tape.)1.2.3.4.5.

III. Exercise 3. (Written: study the uses of the cases p. 28 and syntax p. 38)A. Fill in the blanks.

1. ___________ B4FJgb@:g<. (the men) 2. J B"4*\" gÆH J¬< <−F@< ___________. (are going) 3. ___________ –DPg4. (the islands) 4. J §D(" JÎ< B8@ØJ@< ___________. (bring) 5. ___________ J B"4*\" B"4*gL`:g2". (with laws) 6. ___________ Bg\2gF2g; (the God) 7. B"D ___________ §DPg4. ([to] the strangers) 8. gÆH ___________ *äD" BX:B@LF4. (islands) 9. ¦< ___________ :X<T. (road)10. J@ÃH __________ <`:@4H Bg42`:g2". (of men)

#. Answer the following.1. How can you tell the gender of a noun in the vocabulary?2. True or False.

____ a. All feminine nouns belong to the first declension.____ b. All first declension nouns are feminine.____ c. The second declension contains nouns of all three genders.____ d. Nouns have to be used with the article at all times.____ e. The article must agree with its noun in tense, voice and mood.____ f. Verbs have case and gender.____ g. All nouns have gender.____ h. The same noun cannot be used as masculine and feminine.

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____ i. Nouns referring to human beings are usually neuter.____ j. The accent of a noun belongs to the word and changes only whennecessary.

3. For each noun in the following sentences, decide what case it would be iftranslated into Greek.

a. The children went to the park.b. The students are in school.c. Hey, Socrates, did you give Alcibiades a drink?d. Did Clytemnestra really kill her husband with an axe?e. Is this Achilles' shield or Ajax's?f. We went from Athens to Piraeus.g. The captives were led to prison.h. Did Homer write the Iliad?i. When did the jailer give Socrates the cup of hemlock?

4. Give the form of the article that agrees with each of the following.a. $@L8−H k. 8`(@Lb. *äD" l. N\8@<c. $\@H m. RLP±d. Ò*@Ø n. Ò*@\e. •DP"\ o. 2"<VJåf. –<2DTB@4 p. gÆDZ<0<g. 8\2@LH q. B"4*\@4Hh. @ÛD"<è r. >X<T<i. <ZF@LHj. §D(@<

IV. Open your textbook to p. 40 (READINGS) and listen to the readings and comments. Thenpractice saying the sentences aloud.

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Lesson II, Part OneI. Exercise 1. The imperfect tense: meaning and formation.

A. Practice forms.B. Form imperfect of verbs given on tape.

1.2.3.4.5.6.

C. Practice the forms of gÆ:\ following the tape.

D. Change the forms of the present to the imperfect of the same person, number and voice.1. –(T 6. $@b8g42. BX:BgJ"4 7. (\(<@<J"43. Bg\2g4H 8. B"4*gb@LF44. 6D\<@:"4 9. ¦FJ\5. $@L8gb@:g< 10. ¦F:X<

E. Identify tense, person and number (A); Identify and Translate (B).(A) (B)

1. (\(<g4 2. ¦(\(<@L 3. –DPg4 4. μDPg 5. –(@:g< 6. ³(@:g< 7. ¦<`:4.@< 8. ¦8g\B@:g< 9. §DPgF2"410. ²DP`:0<11. ¦2X8@LF412. ³2g8@<13. §NgDgH14. ¦8X(gJ@15. gÉP@<16. μJg

II. Exercise 2 (Written).A. What verb?B. Identify voice, tense, person, number.C. Translate

Example: (A) (B) (C)

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BX:BT Act., impf. 1st. sg. §Bg:B@<(A) (B) (C)

1. I was sending 2. they were being sent 3. you were sending for 4. we were judging 5. it is being judged 6. they were ceasing 7. you were being stopped 8. they were bringing 9. we were being brought10. y'all were making plans for yourselves11. they used to have12. she was saying13. it was being said14. were they staying?15. are you leaving?

III. Exercise 3. Open your textbook to pp. 58-60. Listen to the readings.IV. Exercise 4. Written exercise (not on the tape).

A. Review vocabularies of lesson I (pp. 24-5, pp. 33-4) and translate. 1. They were carrying stones. 2. The war was being stopped. 3. Was he wishing to leave? 4. The guests were coming. 5. We used to want to have justice. 6. The road used to lead (in)to wealth. 7. We were sending gifts to the islands. 8. The works are being done. 9. The words were being written on the stones.10. Justice was thought to be a gift of the God.

B. True or False.___ 1. A new stem is needed to form the imperfect.___ 2. The imperfect is the only past tense in Greek.___ 3. The imperfect is augmented.___ 4. All the imperfect endings differ from the present endings.___ 5. Verbs beginning with a vowel are not augmented.___ 6. The accent of the imperfect is recessive.___ 7. All forms of the verb to be in Greek are enclitic.___ 8. Enclitics sometimes affect the accent of the preceding word.___ 9. The imperfect does not have an infinitive.

C. Match the imperfect endings with the present endings showing the same person number

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and voice.A B

1. -gJ@ 1. -g4 1. -@< 1. -g42. -@< 2. -@:g< 2. -gJg 2. -@:g2"3. -gH 3. -@:"4 3. -g 3. -@LF44. -@:g< 4. -gJ"4 4. -@<J@ 4. -@<J"4 5. -@L 5. -g4H 5. -gF2g 5. -gF2g 6. -`:0< 6. -T 6. -`:g2" 6. -gJg

D. Match the active endings with the middle-passive endings showing the same person,number and tense.

A B1. -@< 1. -@<J"4 1. -@< 1. -gF2g

2. -T 2. -g4 2. -gH 2. -gJ@3. -g4H 3. -@:"4 3. -g4 3. -@<J@4. -@LF4 4. -`:0< 4. -gJg 4. -@L5. -@:g< 5. -`:g2" 5. -g 5. -gJ"4

E. Tell what case the underlined nouns would be in Greek.1. This is my husband, Agamemnon.2. Virtue is knowledge.3. The city of the birds is called Cloudcuckooland.4. I am a human being, nothing that people do is foreign to me.5. Are you that famous Odysseus?6. Whose cattle were you sacrificing?

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Lesson II, Part TwoI. Exercise 1. Adjectives of the second and first declensions.

A. Practice the forms on the tape. B. Translate the forms of sofo/j.

1.2.3.4.5.6.

II. Exercise 2. Open textbook to p. 53 and practice vocabulary words. A. Vocabulary pp 53-4.B. Vocabulary quiz.

1. 10.2. 11.3. 12.4. 13.5. 14.6. 15.7. 16.8. 17.9.

C. Give the Greek word. 1. 7. 2. 8. 3. 9. 4. 10. 5. 11. 6. 12.

D. Review of vocabulary for Lessons I-II (24-5, 33-4, 53-4). Give English meaning. 1. 7. 2. 8. 3. 9. 4. 10. 5. 11. 6. 12.

If you miss any, make a special effort in reviewing vocabulary.

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III. Exercise 3. Study the material on pp. 49-51 on the positions of adjectives.A. Translate the following without verb forms.

1. the difficult book 2. the book is difficult 3. the irrational soul 4. the soul is irrational 5. the only child 6. the child is alone 7. the terrible road 8. the road is terrible 9. the best wine10. the wine is best

IV. Exercise 4. A. Open your textbook to p. 52. Repeat the forms of the relative pronoun.

V. Exercise 5. Additional WRITTEN exercises.A. True or False.

___ 1. An adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number and case.___ 2. A relative pronoun agrees with its noun in gender, number and case.___ 3. In Greek, adjectives always go before the noun.___ 4. The adjective ending must be the same as the noun ending.___ 5. Some adjectives have no separate form for the feminine.___ 6. The article is always used with the noun and adjective.___ 7. In the vocabulary, a form of the article is given with an adjective to tell whatgender it is.___ 8. Adverbs and prepositional phrases can go into the attributive position.___ 9. Whether an adjective is attributive or predicate depends upon its positionwith relation to the article.___ 10. Whether an adjective is attributive or predicate depends on its position withrelation to the relative pronoun.

B. Translate the underlined words.1. This is Clytemnestra who killed her husband.2. This is Agamemnon whom I killed with my right arm.3. You are known by the deeds that you do.4. Who is this Achilles to whom you are giving our daughter?5. I caught the slave who was carrying this letter.6. The men whom I led here will kill me if I do not sacrifice my daughter.

VI. Exercise 6. Listen to the readings (p. 58) and the hints.

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Lesson III, Part One. The Future TenseI. Exercise 1.

A. Listen and repeat the forms of the future (63).B. Form the future of.

1. B"4*gbT2. $@L8gbT3. B4FJgbT4. 2bT

C. Futures of consonant stems (64). 1. 4. 2. 5. 3. 6.

D. Irregular Futures.1. Listen and repeat (64-5).2. Give the future.

a. d.b. e.c.

3. Give the present.a. d.b. e.c.

E. Review. Practice forms of present, imperfect and future of gÆ:\ (pp. 45, 65).1. Translate these forms of gÆ:\.

a. e.b. f.c. g.d. h.

II. Exercise 2. Vocabulary (textbook pp. 65-6).A. Repeat vocabulary words.B. Vocabulary quiz. Give meanings; give future of any verbs.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

III. Exercise 3. Verb Review.A. Recite to yourself the present and imperfect of NXDT. Think about what each formmeans as you say it.

B. Conjugate the future in the space below.

20

Active Middle@ÇFT -1S-

-2S--3S--1P--2P--3P-

-INF-

IV. Exercise 4. Written exercises. A. Answer the following.1. What endings are used for the future, primary or secondary?2. What spelling changes take place when sigma is added to a consonant stem?3. List the verbs you have learned that have deponent futures.

4. Which verb has two futures?5. Do the future middle and passive have the same form?6. What case is used with the Greek equivalents of each of these:

a. hearb. trustc. persuaded. be persuaded (by), obeye. rulef. beg. throwh. leavei. become

7. What case is the subject of a passive verb? 8. Can a middle verb form take an object?

9. Can the passive take a direct object?10. Can deponent verbs take objects?11. A neuter plural subject takes a ________________ verb.12. Choose the future form that is the same person and number as the present orimperfect form given. (Some of the forms do not even exist.)___ a. BVFPg4H 1. Bg\Fg4H 2. Bg\Fg4 3. BV>g4H___ b. ¦8V:$"<@< 1. 8ZR@<J"4 2. 8ZRT 3. 8":$V<FT___ c. 8g\BT 1. 8g\R@:"4 2. 8g\RT 3. 8ZRT___ d. ¦DP`:g2" 1. §D>@:g< 2. ¦D>`:g2" 3. ¦8gLF`:g2"___ e. ³DP@:g< 1. –D>@:g< 2. ¦8gbF@:g< 3. ³D>@:g<___ f. §PgJg 1. §>gJg 2. ÏPZFgJ2g 3. ª>gJg___ g. NXD@LF4 1. NXDF@LF4 2. §NgD@< 3. @ÇF@LF4

21

Lesson III, Part Two.I. Exercise 1. The first declension variations. See pp. 68-9.

A. Practice pronouncing along with the tape.B. Tell what case each of the nouns is and give the article that agrees with it.

1. 6. 2. 7. 3. 8. 4. 9. 5. 10.

II. Exercise 2. Practice the forms of the demonstrative (p. 70).

III. Exercise 3. Practice the Vocabulary on pp. 71-2.A. Give the meanings of the vocabulary words (on the tape).

1. 9.2. 10.3. 11.4. 12.5. 13.6. 14.7. 15.8.

Greek:1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

IV. Exercise 4 (Written). Review of the Genitive.A. Possession. Translate.

1. the soldiers' tent2. people's misfortunes

B. With verbs of ruling.3. The citizens rule the islands

C. Genitive of Source with verbs of hearing.4. We were hearing the wise men.

D. Genitive of Separation. Find or make up an example.5.

E. Genitive of Agent with ßB`. Find or make up an example6.

V. Exercise 5. Readings with comments (pp. 78-80).

22

VI. Exercise 6. Vocabulary quiz. Review vocabulary for Lessons I-III (24-5, 33-4, 53-4, 65-6, 71-2).

A. Drill of vocabulary of Lessons I-III. Give meanings. 1. 16. 2. 17. 3. 18. 4. 19. 5. 20. 6. 21. 7. 22. 8. 23. 9. 24.10. 25.11. 26.12. 27.13. 28.14.15.

VII. Exercise 7. Written.A. What genders are nouns of the first declension?B. After what letters is the long alpha ending retained in the first declensions?C. What gender of adjective agrees with B@8\J0H?D. Give the nominative and genitive of each of the four new types of first declension nounsand of the type you learned in Lesson I.

1.2.3.4.5.

E. How do the five types differ in the plural?

F. When is the article used with the demonstrative?

G. Does the demonstrative go into the attributive or predicate position?H. Which demonstrative means the former?I. Which demonstrative means the latter?

23

Lesson IV, The Aorist Tense.I. Exercise 1. Forms and Meanings. Listen to the tape.

A. Identify the Mood (Indicative or Infinitive), the Voice (Active or Middle) and the Person(1st, 2nd, 3rd) of the forms from the tape (or from the list below).

1. ¦B"bFT 2. §$"8gH 3. §B"LF" 4. $"8XF2"4 5. $"8gÃ< 6. ¦B"bF"<J@ 7. B"ØF"4 8. ¦6D\<T 9. 6DÃ<"410. ¦$"8`:0<

II. Exercise 2. Open your textbook to p. 89A. Practice saying the principal parts. B. Go back and fill in the meanings.C. Listen to the forms of the first or second aorist and jot down the present.

1. ¦(g<`:0< 7. ¦*g>V:0<2. ¦<`:4F" 8. •BX2"<@<3. §B"2@< 9. μD>"4. μ82@< 10. ³("(@<5. §Bg:R" 11. ³<g(6@<6. §8"$@< 12. §:"2@<

III. Exercise 3. Infinitives. Listen to the examples; then practice the formation of infinitives.A. *XP@:"4 *X>@:"4 ¦*g>V:g<B. –(T –>T ³("(@<C. BX:BT BX:NT §Bg:R"D. N"\<T §N0<"

IV. Exercise 4. Practice the forms of N0:\ (107).V. Exercise 5. After you have studied the material on pp. 93-5, open your textbook to p. 96,Translation Exercises. Look at 4. 7-10 and listen to the comments on them to help with the otherreadings in the lesson.

VI. Exercise 6. A. Practice Vocabulary on p. 98.B. Vocabulary quiz on first part.

1. 6. 2. 7. 3. 8. 4. 9. 5. 10.

24

VII. Exercise 7. The Readings, pp. 100-102. Listen to readings and comments. Practice readingaloud.VIII. Exercise 8. Written.A. Translate.

1. Virtue is to have good things.Meno said that virtue was to have good things.

2. Health and wealth are good.He says that health and wealth are good.

3. Do people want bad things?Do you think that people want bad things?

4. The children threw stones.I said that the children had thrown stones/would carry stones/were throwing stones.

5. I think that I am doing these things justly/will do/ did.

B. Answer these questions:1. Which two tenses (that you have learned) are augmented?2. Which two tenses have different forms for middle and passive?3. How can you tell which verbs have a first aorist and which have a second aorist?4. How can you tell the imperfect from the second aorist?5. How can you tell the future from the first aorist?6. What is the characteristic vowel of the first aorist?7. Which forms of the first aorist (that you have learned) are not augmented?8. Are there any forms of the imperfect that are not augmented?9. Explain how the aorist differs from the imperfect in meaning.10. What type of verbs form a first aorist without sigma?

C. Decide what tense each of the following would be if translated into Greek.1. I am doing.2. I want.3. We had.4. He used to say.5. It was being written.6. It was written.7. To happen.8. To be happening.9. You were writing notes.10. You wrote notes.11. They were making a beginning.12. She ruled.13. We ceased.14. It was coming to a stop.15. They will learn.16. We kept listening.

25

Lesson V, Third Declension NounsI. Exercise 1. The Endings (105); the Forms (106-7)Decline. Use scrap paper.A. º 6b84> Ò 6−DL>

J−H 6b846@H J@Ø 6ZDL6@H

B. º B"JD\H º PVD4HJ−H BD"JD\*@H J−H PVD4J@H

C. º gÆ6f< Ò (XDT<J−H gÆ6`<@H J@Ø (XD@<J@H

D. JÎ B<gØ:"J@Ø B<gb:"J@H

II. Exercise 2. Vowel Base Nouns (108-9). Decline:A. Ò ÊgDgbH

J@Ø ÊgDXTH

B. º :V<J4HJ−H :V<JgTH

C. JÎ §J@HJ@Ø §J@LH

D. º :ZJ0DJ−H :0JD`H

III. Exercise 3. Vocabulary (110-112).A. Vocabulary quiz on starred words.

1. 9.2. 10.3. 11.4. 12.5. 13.6. 14.7. 15.8.

IV Readings pp. 118-19

26

Lesson VI, Third Declension Adjectives.I. Exercise 1. Listen to the FORMS and comments (121-123). Repeat the FORMS.

A. Choose the correct forms of •802ZH to agree with the words listed below: 1. –<2DTB@4 4. •DPZ< 7. §D(@< 2. PDZ:"J" 5. 8`(@4H 8. (L<"Ã6gH 3. •DgJ−H 6. 8`(@LH

1. 4. 7. 2. 5. 8. 3. 6.

B. Choose the correct forms of gÛ*"\:T< to agree with the words listed above. 1. 4. 7. 2. 5. 8. 3. 6.

C. Choose the correct forms of gÛDbH. 1. 4. 7. 2. 5. 8. 3. 6.

D. Choose the correct forms of BH. 1. 4. 7. 2. 5. 8. 3. 6.

II. Exercise 2. Vocabulary (123-4). Repeat the words.III. Exercise 3. Readings (129-32). IV. Exercise 4. Written Questions.

A. How do you identify a contrary-to-fact-condition in Greek?B. When do you use the infinitive in a result clause?C. When do you use the indicative in a result clause?D. When do you use BD\< with the indicative?E. When do you use BD\< with the infinitive?F. List the uses of the infinitive that you have had.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

27

Lesson VII, Participles.I. Exercise 1. Definition and Uses (135-6). (Listen to the tape.)II. Exercise 2. Formation (137-9). Listen and repeat.

A. (A) Give Tense and Voice and (B) Gender, Number and Case(A) (B)

1. B"bF@<J4 2. B"bF"F4 3. B"LF@bF0H 4. $V88T< 5. $"8f< 6. B"LFV:g<@< 7. B"LF`:g<" 8. Ð<J" 9. B"b@<J"10. $"8`<J"11. B"bF@<JgH12. B"bF"F4

III. Exercise 3. Some notes on uses of Participles. Listen to the examples.

IV. Exercise 4. A. Listen and Repeat Vocabulary. (p. 150)B. Vocabulary Quiz. Give meanings.

1. 7. 2. 8. 3. 9. 4. 10. 5. 11. 6. 12.

V. Exercise 5. Listen to the hints on translation exercises, p. 152, numbers 31-40.

VI. Exercise 6. Listen to readings and hints, pp. 153 ff.

VII. Exercise 7. Written exercises. A. Review.

1. Which participles are augmented?2. How can you recognize an attributive participle?3. What stem(s) do you use to form participles?4. What declension(s) do active participles belong to?5. What declension(s) do middle participles belong to?

6. How can you tell a future participle from a first aorist one?

28

7. What is the difference between a circumstantial participle and a supplementaryparticiple?

8. What characteristics do participles share with verbs?

9. What is the future participle used for?

10. What does the use of the negative :Z tell about the use of a circumstantialparticiple?

11. How does "ÆFPb<@:"4 6D\<T< J@ØJ@< JÎ< *\6"4@< –<*D" differ from"ÆFPb<@:"4 6D\<g4< J@ØJ@< JÎ< *\6"4@< –<*D"?

12. How does ²6@bF":g< JÎ< –<*D" ¦DP`:g<@< differ from ²6@bF":g< J@Ø•<*DÎH ¦DP@:X<@L?

13. What are the three general uses of participles in Greek?

14. List as many verbs as you can think of that take a supplementary participle.(Use extra space or paper, if necessary.)

15. What tense of the participle is used for an action preceding that of the mainverb?

16. What tense of the participle is used for an action at the same time as that of themain verb?

17. Of the three main uses of the participle, which do you think is the mostcommon?

29

Lesson VIII, Part One. Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns.I. Exercise 1. Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns.

A. Tell whether the pronoun is (A) Relative or Interrogative and then (B) Translate.(A) (B)

1.2.3.4.5.6.

B. Listen to and repeat vocabulary words on p. 159.C. Vocabulary quiz.

1. 4.2. 5.3. 6.

7.

Readings from Diogenes Laertius about Diogenes the Cynic:

2g"FV:g<`H B@Jg B"4*\@< J"ÃH PgDFÂ BÃ<@< ¦>XDD4Rg J−H BZD"H J¬< 6@Jb80< gÆBf<,B"4*\@< :g <g<\606g< gÛJg8g\‘.

Seeing a child drinking with his hands, Diogenes threw the cup from his pack, with the words, "a child hassurpassed me in simplicity of living."

A8VJT<@H ÒD4F":X<@L, }!<2DTB`H ¦FJ4 .è@< *\B@L< –BJgD@<, 6"Â gÛ*@64:@Ø<J@H, J\8"H•8g6JDL`<" gÆFZ<g(6g< "ÛJÎ< gÆH J¬< FP@80< 6"\ N0F4<, @âJ`H ¦FJ4< Ò A8VJT<@H–<2DTB@H. Ð2g< Jè ÓDå BD@FgJX20 JÎ B8"JLf<LP@<.

When Plato gave the definition, "A human being is an animal with two feet and no feathers," he plucked arooster and brought it into the school, saying, "Here is Plato's human being." After this the word "with widenails" was added to the definition.

FL<g8@(\.gJ@ *¥ 6"Â @àJTH0 Jä< 2gä< ¦FJ4 BV<J"0 N\8@4 *¥ @Ê F@N@Â J@ÃH 2g@ÃH0 6@4< *¥J Jä< N\8T<. BV<J' –D" ¦FJÂ Jä< F@Nä<.

He used to reason like this: all things are the gods' property; the wise are the friends of the gods; thepossessions of friends are held in common. Therefore all things belong to the wise.

–B@84H, –@46@H, B"JD\*@H ¦FJgD0:X<@H,BJTP`H, B8"<ZJ0H, $\@< §PT< J@ÛN' º:XD"<.

Without city or home, deprived of my country, poor, homeless, having only my daily needs.

8bP<@< :g2' º:XD"< R"H BgD4¯g4 8X(T< –<2DTB@< .0Jä.He used to go around with a lighted lamp in the daytime, saying, "I'm looking for a human being."

30

Lesson VIII, Part Two. The Perfect Active.I. Exercise 1. Use and formation (162-5). Practice with the tape.II. Exercise 2. Principal Parts.

A. Practice with the tape (166).B. Quiz; give the present tense.

1. 6.2. 7.3. 8.4. 9.5.

III. Exercise 3.A. Practice vocabulary (168-9).B. Quiz.

1.2.3.4.5.6.

IV. Exercise 4. Listen to readings and comments pp. 171 ff.

V. Exercise 5.A. Written exercises.

1. Which Greek tenses refer to an action going on?2. Which Greek tenses refer to a simple action?3. Which Greek tenses refer to a completed action?4. Which are primary tenses?5. Which are secondary tenses?6. Which verbs (on p. 166) have two perfects?

7. Which verbs in the same list show vowel gradation?

8. Is the reduplication considered part of the perfect stem?9. Choose the correctly reduplicated forms.

a. 2VBJT (bury)1. 2X2"::"4 3. JX2"::"42. JXJ"::"4 4. ª2"::"4

b. PD\T (annoint)1. §PD4:"4 2. 6X6D4:"4 3. 6XPD4:"4

c. N2g\DT (corrupt)1. BXN2"D6" 2. §N2"D6" 3. NXN2"D6"

d. N48XT (love)

31

1. ¦N\806" 2. NgB\806" 3. BeN\806"e. JDXNT (nourish)

1. JXJD@N" 2. §JD@N" 3. JX2D@N"f. BJT (fasten)

1. ::"4 2. »::"4 3. ½::"4g. >0D"\<T (dry)

1. 6g>ZD"F:"4 2. ©>ZD"F:"4 3. ¦>ZD"F:"4h. BDVJJT

1. BXBD"P" 2. §BD"P" 3. BDXBD"P"i. {DVBJT

1. ªD"::"4 2. {DXD"::"4 3. §DD"::"4j. ÏN84F6V<T

1. ÐN806" 2. êN806" 3. B`N806"

10. Which are forms of @É*"?a. gÆF\< f. ³*0 k. @Ø*X<b. ÇF"F4 g. μF"< l. ·*0c. ¦FJX h. ¹F"< m. gÇF@:"4d. ÇFJg i. ¹F:g< n. Æ*gÃ<e. gÆ*fH j. @É*g< o. gÆ*X<"4

32

Lesson IX, Part One. Personal Pronouns.I. Exercise 1.

A. Practice the Forms with the tape (p. 175).B. Practice the Forms of "ÛJ`H (176).C. Translate the sentences on the tape.

1. a.b.

2. a.b.c.

D. Practice the Forms of the Reflexive (pp. 176-7).

E. Written exercises. Translate.1. I myself saw myself.

2. They killed themselves.

3. We trusted ourselves.

4. You (sg.) do not see yourself.

5. We will free ourselves.

6. Do you rule yourselves?

F. Listen to the tape and practice possessive adjectives (177-8).

II. Exercise 2. A. Vocabulary (pp. 178-9). Listen and Repeat.B. Vocabulary Quiz. Give English meanings.

1. 8. 2. 9.3. 10.4. 11.5. 12.6. 13.7.

III. Exercise 3. Readings (182-4). Listen to sentences and comments.

33

IV. Exercise 4. Written.A. Review of Pronouns. Give Greek words and English equivalents for the following.

1. the relative pronoun2. the demonstrative pronouns

3. the interrogative4. the indefinite5. the personal pronouns

6. the emphatic pronoun7. the reflexives

8. the reciprocal

B. Why is the nominative of the personal pronoun used rarely?

C. Translate. 1. We ourselves saw her. 2. Whom did those (men) see? 3. We saw the woman who did that. 4. Why did you (all) want to see each other? 5. Did these (women) see us? 6. What will you (pl.) do for us? 7. Did anyone see this? 8. With what did you (sg.) do that? 9. Do yo have many friends? (Use dat. of possession.)10. The same man saw the letter itself.11. By whom were these things being done?12. The same poet wrote these things about himself. 13. We want to have our own things.14. I do not know what you yourselves have suffered.

Lesson IX, Part Two.I. Exercise 1. Practice the Formation of the Perfect Middle.II. Exercise 2.

A. Practice Principal Parts.B. Quiz. Give the present.

1. 5.2. 6.3. 7.4. 8.

III. Exercise 3. Vocabulary (p. 189)A. Listen and Repeat.

34

B. Quiz. Give English meaning.1.2.3.4.5.

IV. Exercise 4. Readings with comments (190-1).

V. Exercise 5. Assimilation in the Pefect Middle System.A. Change these (according to the rules) to make them more easily pronounced.

1. JXJD4$J"4 2. §FJD"NJ"4 3. gÇ80$J"4 4. ¦8X8g4BJ@ 5. 8X8g(J"4 6. μ(J"4 7. ¦*X*gPJ@ 8. BXBg42J"4 9. <g<`:4.J"410. Ç*Jg11. JXJD4$F"412. ¦(X(D"NF@13. μDPF"414. ¦BXBD"(F@15. BXBg42F"416. BXN"<:"417. 8X8g4B:"418. gÆ8Z$:g2"19. BXB8g6:"4 (from B8X6JT, plait)20. BXBg:B:"4

35

Lesson X, Part One. Comparison of Adjectives.I. Exercise 1. Forms (193-9).

A. Give comparative and Superlatives of the following.1. *\6"4@H2. –*46@H3. RgL*ZH4. *LF*"\:T<5. (8L6bH

II. Exercise 2. Vocabulary (200).A. Quiz: give meanings.

1. 6.2. 7.3. 8.4. 9.5.

III. Exercise 3. Written.A. Translate.

1. There is nothing finer than a happy day.

2. Anything which you can do, I can do better.

3. Is there anyone who is wiser than Socrates?

4. No one is wiser in any(way) than Socrates.

5. This man is three years younger than his wife.

6. There is nothing more false than a false friend.

7. That woman was as noble as possible toward her husband.

8. He thought that his father was the most shameless of all men.

Readings 202-4

36

Lesson X, Part Two. Aorist Passive.I. Exercise 1. Forms.II. Exercise 2. Principal Parts.

A. Translate. 1. ¦BX:N20< 2. Bg:N2ZF@:"4 3. ³P20H 4. •P2ZFg4 5. ¦(DVN0 6. (D"NZFgJ"4 7. ¦6D\20:g< 8. 6D420F`:g2" 9. ²6@bF20Jg10. •6@LF2ZFgF2g11. ¦Jb20F"<12. JL2ZF@<J"4

III. Exercise 3. Vocabulary (207).A. Listen and Repeat.B. Quiz.

1. 3.2. 4.

IV. Exercise 4. Readings and Comments (210-11).V. Exercise 5. Written.

A. Translate. 1. We were saved. 2. They wished. 3. I was sent. 4. You (sg) were led. 5. It was written. 6. You (pl) were judged. 7. We were heard. 8. They were released. 9. To have been taken.10. It was begun.

37

Lesson XI: Contract Verbs.I. Contract verbs: Forms (213-19).

A. "-contracts.1. Exercise. Contract these forms:

a. •("BV-@:"4 b. ÒDV-g4Hc. J4:V-gJ"4 d. <46V-g4<

B. g-contracts.a. F6@BX-@LF4 b. N48g-`:g2"c. ¦*`6g-gH d. .0JX-g4<

C. @-contracts.a. •>4`-g4< b. *08`-g4Hc. ¦*Z8@-@L d. •>4`-@<

D. Principal Parts: Give the regular principal parts:•>4`TJ4:VTB@4XT.0JXT¦DTJVT

II. Exercise 2. Liquid and Nasal Futures: A. Examples on the tape.B. Form the futures of the following.

1. 6@:\.T 2. <@:\.T3. •B@6D\<@:"4 4. *4"N2g\DT5. :X<T 6. FJX88T

III. Exercise 3. Vocabulary (221-2). A. Listen and repeat.B. Quiz.

1. 9.2. 10.3. 11.4. 12.5. 13.6. 14.7. 15.

C. Principal parts. Give Present and Meaning.1. 6.2. 7.3. 8.4. 9.5. 10.

IV. Exercise 4. Readings and Comments (226-9).V. Exercise 5. Written exercises.

A. In the vocabulary on pp. 221-3, find twelve or more contract verbs derived from nounsor adjectives ending in -0, -", or -@H.

38

Lesson XII. Athematic Verbs.I. Exercise 1: Forms (231-9).

A. ËFJ0:4. Give (A) tense and voice; tell whether the form is (B) transitive or intransitive;(C) translate.

(A) (B) (C)1. ÊFJF42. ËFJ"J@3. ªFJ04. FJ−F"45. FJZFT6. ªFJ06"H7. gÊFJZ6g48. ¦FJV20:g<9. ©FJZ>T

B. *\*T:4. Tell what (A) tense each form is and (B) translate.(A) (B)

1. *@Ø<"42. ¦*\*@F@3. *4*`"F44. *4*`<"45. *fF@LF46. §*T6g7. ¦*`20H8. *X*T6g9. §*@L

C. *g\6<L:4. Identify (A) tense and (B) voice; (C) translate.(A) (B) (C)

1. *g46<b<"42. *gÃ>"43. *g46<bF"44. *g46<b"F45. ¦B4*g\>g4H6. *g4P2ZF@:"47. *g4P2−<"48. ¦*g\6<L<9. ¦B4*X*g46J"4

II. Exercise 2. Vocabulary (239-40). A. Listen and Repeat.B. Quiz. Give meaning.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

C. Give one compound of each. Translate.1.2.

39

3.4.5.6.7.

III. Exercise 3. Readings with Comments (244-6).IV. Exercise 4. A. Written.

1. What is the basic difference between -:4 verbs and -T verbs?

2. What tenses of -:4 verbs have the peculiar athematic conjugation?3. What tenses of -T verbs are thematic?4. What tenses of -T verbs are athematic?5. Do -:4 verbs have any thematic tenses?6. Name the three types of -:4 verbs.

7. Which of the three types is most regular?8. What tenses of the -<L:4 type show the peculiar athematic conjugation?

9. How do the futures of -:4 verbs differ in conjugation from those of -T verbs?10. Underline the correct form of J\20:4 in each group.

a. ¦J\2g4H ¦J\20H J\2g4Hb. J42g\H §2g4H ¦2Z6":g<c. 206X<"4 ¦2−6"4 2gÃ<"4d. ¦J\20F"< ¦J\2® ¦J\2gF"<

11. Underline the correct form of *\*T:4 in each group.a. *\*@:4 *\*T:"4 ¦*\*@L<b. *`<J@4H *@ØF4 *äF4c. ¦*\*@L *4*ä<"4 *T6X<"4d. *4*`:g<@H *4*f:g<@H *T6`:g<@H

12. Underline the correct form of ËFJ0:4 in each group.a. ÊFJV"F4 ÊFJZ"F4 ÊFJF4b. ËFJ0 ËFJ0:g< ÊFJZ:g2"c. ¦FJZ:0< FJVF2"4 FJZF"F2"4d. ©FJ06fH ªFJ"Jg ©FJ−<"4e. ©FJZ>T ªFJ0F"< FJgÃ<"4

13. Underline the correct form of Ç0:4 in each group.a. gÉ<"4 ÆX<"4 ÊX<"4b. ÊX<J" gÍ< Ë0:g<c. ªJ@ Ê`:g<@H ËgF@

40

Lesson XIII, Subjunctive and Optative.I. Subjunctive

A. Forms and comments on the tape (249-54).B. Readings with questions and comments (256-7).

II. Optative.A. Forms and comments on the tape (258-63).B. Readings with questions and comments (264-6; 268-9).

III. Exercise 3. A. Written questions.

1. What tenses of the subjunctive exist in Greek?

2. Which tenses of the subjunctive are augmented?

3. What happens to the thematic vowel in the subjunctive?

4. Which types of endings are used for the aorist subjunctive, primary or secondary?

5. What are the three main uses of the subjunctive in independent clauses?

6. What types of conditions use the subjunctive?

7. Why is the optative not augmented?

8. What types of verbs use the -40- type of optative?

9. What tenses of -T verbs show the -40- type of optative?

10. Name two uses of the optative in independent clauses.

11. What kinds of conditions use the optative?

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Lesson XIV, The Imperative Mood.I. Exercise 1.

A. Listen and practice the Imperative Forms of B"bT (272).B. Turn off the tape and write down the imperative forms of B"4*gbT.

Present Active Present Middle-Passive

Aorist Active Middle Passive

Perfect Active Perfect Middle-Passive

C. Practice second aorist imperative of 8g\BT (272).D. Turn off the tape and write down the forms of the second aorist imperative of •(T.

Present Active Present Middle-Passive

E. Readings: Listen to the comments and hints on the tape (276-9).F. Optional reading: The Lord's Prayer. (Underline the imperatives.)

AVJgD º:ä< Ò ¦< J@ÃH @ÛD"<@ÃH (4"F2ZJT JÎ Ð<@:V F@L. ¦82XJT º $"F48g\" F@L.(g<02ZJT JÎ 2X80:V F@L, ñH ¦< @ÛD"<è 6"Â ¦BÂ (−H. JÎ< –DJ@< º:ä< JÎ< ¦B4@bF4@< *ÎHº:Ã< FZ:gD@<. 6"Â –NgH º:Ã< J ÏNg48Z:"J" º:ä<. ñH 6"Â º:gÃH •NZ6":g< J@ÃHÏNg48XJ"4H º:ä<. 6"Â :¬ gÆFg<X(6®H º:VH gÆH Bg4D"F:`<, •88 {DØF"4 º:H •BÎ J@ØB@<0D@Ø.

Part IIReading of Sappho and Praxilla (279-80)

Fragment 1 [for text and various translations, go to]http://classicpersuasion.org/pw/sappho/sape01u.htm#fr001

SAPPHO: Fragment 1Deathless Aphrodite, sitting pretty,Zeus' daughter, ploy plotter, I pray to you:do not with sorrows and cares breakmy heart, goddess,

but come to me, if ever beforeyou heard me calling from far away.You 'd leave your father's golden homeand fly down to me,

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lovely swift sparrows drawing your chariotwith fluttering wings would draw you over dark lands down the skythrough the air

Soon they are here. And you well-poiseda happy smile on your goddess faceask what bothers me this time, why I amcalling you this time

What I want most of all in my stormyheart. "Who is it this time I shall seduce to draw you into her love? Sapphowho's done you wrong?

"If she shuns you now, soon she'll come following you. If she scorns your gifts soon she'llgive to you. If she doesn't love you now, soonshe will against her will."

Goddess, come to me this time too. Free me from my hard thoughts. All I really want to do, do for me, Aphrodite,fight for me.

translated by C. and L. Luschnig

Review of Principal Parts (* pp. 309-13).A Reading from Plato's Protagoras

μ< (VD B@Jg PD`<@H, ÓJg 2g@ :¥< μF"<, 2<0J *¥ (X<0 @Û6 μ<. ¦Bg4*¬ *¥ 6" J@bJ@4HPD`<@H μ82g< gÊ:"D:X<@H (g<XFgTH JLB@ØF4< "ÛJ 2g@ (−H §<*@<, ¦6 (−H 6" BLDÎH:\>"<JgH 6" Jä< ÓF" BLD 6" (± 6gDV<<LJ"4. ¦Bg4*¬ *' –(g4< "ÛJ BDÎH NäH §:g88@<,BD@FXJ">"< AD@:02gà 6" zgB4:02gà 6@F:−F"\ Jg 6" <gÃ:"4 *L<V:g4H ©6VFJ@4H ñHBDXBg4. AD@:02X" *¥ B"D"4JgÃJ"4 zgB4:02g×H "ÛJÎH <gÃ:"4, <g\:"<J@H *X :@L, §N0,¦B\F6gR"40 6" @àJTH Bg\F"H <X:g4. <X:T< *¥ J@ÃH :¥< ÆFP×< –<gL JVP@LH BD@F−BJg<, J*' •F2g<XFJgD" JVPg4 ¦6`F:g40 J *¥ òB84.g, J@ÃH *' –@B8@< *4*@×H NbF4< –880< J4<'"ÛJ@ÃH ¦:0P"<J@ *b<":4< gÆH FTJ0D\"<.

Once upon a time, the gods existed, but mortal creatures did not. And when the destined time of theirbirth came, the gods formed them within the earth, blending them from earth and fire and from thosethings which are formed by being combined with earth and fire. When they were about to bring them

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into the light, they appointed Prometheus and Epimetheus to embellish them and distribute to eachthe appropriate specializations. Epimetheus begs Prometheus to let him make the distribution. "Andwhen I have finished, you inspect them." And so he persuaded him and began the distribution. Tosome he attached strength without speed, the weaker he equipped with speed. Some he armed andfor those that were not armed he devised some other means of survival.

JÎ JX8@H