green analytical chemistry jacek namiesnik

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GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Jacek Namieśnik

Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry

Gdańsk University of Technologyul. G. Narutowicza 11/1280-233 Gdańsk, Poland

Tel: (058) 347 1010Fax: (058) 347 2694

E-mail: [email protected]

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ENVIRONMENT

Justice

Sustainablestate

Effectiveness

ECONOMY

Health

SOCIETY

Sustainable Development

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Synonymous expressions for GREEN CHEMISTRY

• Environmentally Benign Chemistry

• Chemia prośrodowiskowa

• Clean Chemistry

• Atom Economy

• Benign by Design Chemistry

• Environmentally Benign Chemical Technology

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Historical timeline

1991 – Paul Anastas coined the term GREEN CHEMISTRY in the ‘Green Chemistry Program’, inaugurated by the US EPA in 1991.

1995 – an annual award was established for achievements in the application of GREEN CHEMISTRY principles; similar awards were set up in European countries.

1996 – IUPAC Working Party on Green Chemistry founded.

1997 – the GREEN CHEMISTRY INSTITUTE (EPA) came into being in the USA. It fosters contacts between governmental agencies and industrial corporations on the one hand, and university research centres on the other with the aim of developing and implementing new technologies.

1997 – the first international GREEN CHEMISTRY symposium took place

2003 – the first national conference devoted to GREEN CHEMISTRY took place in Poland – EkoChemTech’03.

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GREEN CHEMISTRY journals

1998 – Journal of Clean Processes and Products (published by Springer-Verlag)

1999 – Green Chemistry (published by The Royal Society of Chemistry), IF ~ 5.836

Since ca 1980 – Environmental Science and Technology (published by The American Chemical Society) has devoted a separate section to Green Chemistry. [The first issue of this journal came out in 1967!]

Much current information in this field is also available on Internet websites.

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The principles of GREEN CHEMISTRY

The 12 Principles of GREEN CHEMISTRY P.T. Anastas, J. Warner, Green Chemistry.

Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press,New York, 1998, p. 30

PRINCIPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRYNeil Winterton, Green Chem., 3, G 73 (2001)

These are the principles of implementing green chemicalsyntheses on a technological scale.

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1. Benign synthetic methodology and catalysis

2. Catalytic degradation of pollutants

3. Benign process technology

4. Development and application of renewable resources

5. Future sources of green energy

Special Topics Issue on Green– sustainable chemistry

Pure and Applied Chemistry, 79 (11), 2007

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GREEN CHEMISTRY


SOLVENT FREE SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES

GREEN SOLVENTS AND REAGENTS

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Publications on GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

YEAR OF PUBLICATION

CU

MU

LA

TIV

E N

UM

BE

R O

F PU

BL

ICA

TIO

NS

S. Armenta, S. Garrigues, M. De la Guardia, Trends Anal. Chem., 27, 497 (2008)

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Methodological challengesINTRODUCING THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TO

ANALYTICAL LABORATORIES


The search for new, direct analytical techniques

Solvent-free techniques for preparing samples for analysis

Miniaturization of equipment and integration of analytical systems

Assessment of the environmental stress caused by a laboratory and analytical methodologies – the use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

techniques

NEW EXTRACTION MEDIA

The use of ionic liquids at the sample preparation stage -----------------------------------

The use of subcritical water as a convenient extraction medium (Subcritical Hot Water Extraction – SHWE)

FACTORS ASSISTING OPERATIONS AND ACTIVITIES IN THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY

Microwave radiation -------------------------------------

Ultrasound --------------------------------------

UV radiation

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Parameters determining the „green nature” of analytical chemistry:

• eliminating (or at least reducing the consumption) of chemical reagents, particularly organic solvents;

• reducing the emission of vapours and gases, and also the discharge of effluents and solid wastes produced in analytical laboratories;

• eliminating highly toxic and/or ecotoxic reagents from the analytical process (e.g. the replacement of benzene by other solvents);

• reducing the per analyte time- and labour consumption of the analytical process.

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Direct techniques

NO SAMPLE PRETREATMENT BEFORE ANALYSIS NECESSARY

AN IDEAL SOLUTION

BUTBUT::• only a limited number of such techniques!!

• NEW ONES ARE NOT TO BE EXPECTED IN THE NEAR FUTURE!!

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• Potentiometric techniques (ion-selective electrodes –ISE);

• Flameless atomic absorption spectrometry with (in a graphite cuvette);

• Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP);

• Neutron activation analysis (NAA);

• X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF);

• Surface analysis techniques (AES, ESCA, SIMS, ISS);

• IMMUNOASSAY (IMA)

Known types of direct techniques:

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Immunoassay (IMA)

Ab + Ag + Ab* AbAg + AbAg*Where:

Ab – antibody; Ag –antigen; Ag* - marked antigen

Radioimmunoassay –RIAEnzymatic Immunoassay –EIA

Fluorescence Immunoassay – FIA

CHALLENGE:

To search for specific ANTIBODIES and new types of MARKERS !!

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Classification of solvent-free sample preparation methods

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)

The use of passive permeation dosimeters for sampling analytes, and thermal desorption for their release and injection into the analytical instrument.

TECHNIQUES FOR THE SOLVENT-FREE PREPARATION OF SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS

Extraction of analytes with a stream of inert

gas

Head Space Analysis – HSA

Whole Column Cryotrapping- WCCT

Cryotrapping – CT

Membrane extraction

Direct determination of analytes in a stream of

gas or fluid washing the outer side of the

membrane.

Retention of analytes from the gas stream on a layer of sorbent and their release by thermal desorption prior to the final determination step, for example:• Membrane Extraction with Sorbent Interface – MESI,• Hollow Fibre Sampling Analysis –HFSA,• On-line Membrane Extraction Microtrap – OLMEM, • Membrane Purge and Trap – MPT,• Pulse Introduction Membrane Extraction – PIME, • Semi Permeable Membrane Devices –SPMD.

Thermal Membrane Desorption Application –TMDA

Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry –MMS

Traps containing a layer of solid sorbent, for example:• Purge and Trap – PT,• Closed Loop Stripping Analysis – CLSA, • packed PDMS trap.

• Solid Phase Microextraction – SPME, • Head Space-Solid Phase Microextraction -HS-SPME

Using a section of a capillary column as a trap for retaining analytes from a stream of gas or fluid, for example:• Coated Capillary Microextraction –CCME,• Film Open Tabular Trap – TFOT, Thick Film Capillary Trap – TFCT.

Solid phase extraction (SPE)

Inside Needle Capillary

Absorption Trap –INCAT

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SOLVENT-FREE TECHNIQUES OF PREPARING SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS

Extraction of analytes from a sample using a stream of gas

Head Space Analysis – HSA

Whole Column Cryotrapping – WCCT

Cryotrapping – CT

Classification of solvent-free methods of sample preparation

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The use of passive permeation dosimeters for sampling analytes, and thermal desorptionfor their release and injection into the analytical instrument.

SOLVENT-FREE TECHNIQUES OF PREPARING SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS

Membrane extraction

Direct determination of analytes in a stream of gas or fluid washing the

outer side of the membrane.

Retention of analytes from the gas stream on a layer of sorbent and their release by thermal desorption prior to the final determination step, for example:• Membrane Extraction with Sorbent Interface – MESI,• Hollow Fibre Sampling Analysis –HFSA,• On-line Membrane Extraction Microtrap – OLMEM, • Membrane Purge and Trap – MPT,• Pulse Introduction Membrane Extraction – PIME, • Semi Permeable Membrane Devices –SPMD.

Thermal Membrane Desorption Application –TMDA

Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry –MMS

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Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)

TECHNIQUES FOR THE SOLVENT-FREE PREPARATION OF SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS

Using traps containing a solid sorbent, e.g.• Purge and Trap – PT,• Closed Loop Stripping Analysis – CLSA, • packed PDMS trap.

•Solid Phase Microextraction – SPME, •Head Space-Solid Phase Microextraction - HS-SPME

Using a section of capillary column as a trap for capturing analytes from a stream of gas or liquid, e.g.• Coated Capillary Microextraction –CCME,• Thick Film Open Tabular Trap – TFOT, Thick Film Capillary Trap – TFCT.

Solid phase extraction (SPE)

Inside Needle Capillary Absorption Trap –INCAT

Inside Needle DynamicExtraction- INDEX

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SPME- Solid-Phase Microextraction

Mode of extraction:• direct-immersion SPME• headspace-SPME

1. Plunger2. Barrel3. Injection needle4. Inner needle5. Coated fused silica fibre

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Concept of the Membrane- SPME technique(M-SPME)

SPME:• simplicity• short extraction time• solventless• automatization• GC compatible• in-situ sampling

Membrane techniques:

• physical separation

• selectivity

• broad range of solvents

M-SPME

A. Kloskowski, M. Pilarczyk, J. Namieśnik, Anal. Chem., 81, 7363 (2009)

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glass rod

polar sorbent (PEG)

hydrophobic membrane (PDMS)

Scheme of SPME fiber

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Results – fiber

Fiber coated with PEG (20kDa) d = 85 (±5%) μm …

… + PDMS layerd = 20 μm

Mechanical and thermal stability successfully examinated

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Results

LOD (µg/L) Compound

Linearity range (µg/L)

R2 M-SPME PA

4-Chloro-3-methylphenol 15-1500 0.9953 7 50 2-Chlorophenol 3-300 0.9936 43 530 2,4-Dichlorophenol 3-300 0.9987 15 120 2,4-Dimethylphenol 3-300 0.9921 9 110 2,4-Dinitrophenol 10-1000 0.9963 110 950 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol 15-1500 0.9898 81 680 2-Nitrophenol 3-300 0.9945 9 60 4-Nitrophenol 15-1500 0.9937 150 1800 Pentachlorophenol 15-1500 0.9914 83 740 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 10-1000 0.9932 61 440

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ConlusionsAdvantages:• Improved extraction efficiency

• Possibility to utilize as sorbents materials soluble in water

• Increased range of sorbent to be utilized

• Partition based mechanism of analytes separation

• Possibility to adjust selectivity of sorption based on

high dielectric constant of PEG

Limitations:• Complex procedure of fiber preparation

• Coating unavailable commercially

Future outlooks:• Application of the other internal materials

• System adaptation for another sample preparation techniques

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Solid Phase Nanoextraction – SPNE

•• PRINCIPLE:PRINCIPLE:

Makes use of the strong affinity of PAHs for gold nanoparticles.

•• IMPLEMENTATION:IMPLEMENTATION:

Liquid samples (water) of volume ca 500 μl (!!!) are mixed with a colloidal solution of gold. This is followed by the quantitativebinding of PAH analytes to the surface of gold nanoparticles, which are then removed in an ultracentrifuge.

HPLC-FD (fluorescence detector) is used for the final determination. Determination of PAH analytes in water possible at the ppb-pptlevel.

H.Wang, A.D. Campiglia, Anal. Chem., 80, 8202-8209 (2008)

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Microwave Enhanced Chemistry - MEC

Microwave radiation can be used as an enhancing factor in such operations as:• Rapid heating of samples;• Drying (Desiccation) of samples;• Determination of water content (microwave moisture analysers);• Fixing of biological samples;• Ashing and melting of samples;• Excitation of analytes in plasma (MIP);• Acceleration of chemical reactions;• Evaporation of water from aqueous solutions;• Thermal stabilization of waste products;• Heating of chromatographic columns (GC);• Analyte extraction – Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)

J. Namieśnik, P. Szefer, Ecol. Chem. Eng., 15, 167- 249 (2008)

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Operations can be carried out at high pressure

Small quantities of reagents used

E. M. M. Flores, J. S. Barin, M. F. Mesko, G. Knapp, Spectrochim. Acta B62, 1051-1064 (2008)

Characteristics of microwave enhanced mineralization

Microwave enhanced

mineralization

Microwave enhanced wet decomposition

Dry mineralization

techniques

Low background level

Saving of time

Need to use durablematerials

Low level of organic carbon

Samples of large mass

Applicable to samples containing non-metals

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SonochemistryUltra Sounds (US) are already in widespread use for enhancing:

• Sample mineralization;

• Dissolution of sample constituents;

• Homogenization;

• Emulsion formation;

• Filtration;

• Derivatization;

• Reagent formation;

• Cleaning of glassware;

• Sample degassing;

• Filtration;

• Ultrasound extraction – USE

J. Namieśnik, P. Szefer, Ecol. Chem. Eng., 15, 167- 249 (2008)

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Extraction agentStream of mobile phase (GC)

Neutral gas

Extraction agent (HWE, SHWE)Superheated water

(water in a subcritical state)

Extraction agentReaction medium

Ionic liquid

Extraction agent (SFE)Stream of mobile phase (SFC)

Supercritical fluid

ApplicabilityMedium

„Green” media used in analytical laboratories

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New, environmentally friendly media

Water

I. Single-phase systems:

• water / solvent / reagent;

• microheterogeneous systems:

- micellar solutions;

- microemulsions (water/oil and oil/water)

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New, environmentally friendly media

Water

II. Bi- and polyphasic systems:• water / liquid organic phase;

• water / solid;

• water / liquid organic phase / solid

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Application of subcritical water

Pressure (bars)

Temperature (°C)

Ice

Boiling curve of water

Water in a subcritical state

Water in a supercritical state

Critical point (220.5 bars, 373.9 °C)

Vapour pressure curve

Water vapour

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Possible uses of subcritical water as an extractant

S.B. Hawthorne, A. Kubatowa, Hot (subcritical) water extraction, in: Sampling and sample preparation for field and laboratory collective work, edited by J. Pawliszyn), Elsevier, 2002, pp. 587-608

DIFFICULT NON-POLAR

EASY POLAR

Water temperature as an extraction factor essential for the extraction of analytes of different polarity

100oC

280oC

PCB

PAH

Organohalogen pesticides

Monoterpenes

Triazines and organonitrogen pesticides

Explosives (HMX, RDX, TNT)

Phenols, amines

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Physicochemical properties of supercritical carbon dioxide and subcritical water

10-801-2Range of analyte polarity(ε)

poorGoodSelectivity of extraction from samples

with a given matrix composition (e.g. soils)

goodAverage Selectivity of extraction of analytes of different polarity

Variable level of difficultyUsually easyAnalyte preconcentration (after

extraction)

low-averageLow Analyte reactivity

polar constituentsNon-polar constituents Easily extractable analytes

non-polar constituentsPolar constituents Extractable analytes

TT, PThe main factor affecting extractantproperties

50-1000000 times10-100 times Analyte solubility can be changed

H2OCO2Parameter

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Supercritical fluids

SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE:

• monophase systems:- sc CO2 / reagent;

- microemulsions water / sc CO2

• biphase systems:- solid (catalyst) / sc CO2;

- water / sc CO2

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Supercritical fluid

Pressure

Temperature

SOLIDLIQUID

SUPERCRITICAL FLUID

GAS

Critical point

Triple point

Phase diagram

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Ionic liquids – solvents of the 21st century

They satisfy the requirements of GREEN CHEMISTRY.

IONIC LIQUIDS are salts containing:• an organic cation;• an anion (usually inorganic).

At room temperature these salts are liquids.

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3 types of ionic liquid are known:

• Quaternary ammonium salts: [RxNH4-x]+Y-

• Iminium salts:

imidazolinium pyridinium

• Phosphonium salts:

where:x= 1, 2, 3, 4; Y = BF4, PF6, NO3, SbF6, AlCl4, CuCl2

[RxPH4-x]+Y-

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• room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL);• non-aqueous ionic liquid;

• molten salt;• liquid organic salt;

• fused salt

Terminology:

History:

The first ammonium salt classified as an ionic liquid was obtained in 1914 (the nitrate [C2H5NH3]+NO3

-).

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Interesting and promising properties

They:They:

• dissolve both inorganic (including some rocks and coal) and organic (from simple solvents to polymers) compounds;

• are thermally stable: their boiling points are high, often > 350°C;

• usually immiscible with water;

• are non-volatile (very low vapour pressure at 25°C);

• dissolve catalysts, especially complexes of transition metals, without simultaneously damaging the walls of glass or steel reactors.

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A characteristic feature of ionic liquids is the range of temperature over which they exist in the liquid state.

This range is assumed to be greater than 300°C.

The physicochemical properties of commonly used solvents:

4475

100124150161163164205215

>300

-3480

1006156776569

211153

>200

-7850

-63-94-84-98-956

-61~ -96

AmmoniaBenzeneWaterChloroformAcetoneEthyl acetateMethanol HexaneNitrobenzeneDimethylformamideIonic liquid

(BP-MP) [°C]

BP[°C]

MP[°C]

Solvent

MP – melting point ; BP – boiling point ; (BP – MP) – the range of temperature over which the solvent is a liquid

NO COMMONLY USED

SOLVENT IS A LIQUID

OVER SUCH A WIDE

RANGE OF TEMPERTAURES!!!

J. Pernak, Przem. Chem., 79, 150 (2000)

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The effect of the location of a measuring instrument with respect to the object of interest on the time delay in acquiring analytical

information.

Tim

e el

apsi

ng b

etw

een

two

cons

ecut

ive

mea

sure

men

ts.

In-line

On-line

Off-line

24 hours

1 hour

1 minute1s

1s 1 minute 1 hour 24 hours

At-line

Time elapsing between sample collection and the final determination result.

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Speed of analysis

Analytical requirem

ents (instrumentation, staff)

Sensitivity / Precision of measurements

Indicator strips

Colour testsvisual assessment

Comparative test

Indicator stripswith refractometer

Cell testswith a photometer

Reaction tests with a photometer

Fast analytical tests

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Miniaturization in analytical chemistry

New types of sensor Supramolecular sensors

Sets of sensors

Artificial nose

Artificial tongue

Micro-total analysis system

Lab-on-a-chip

μ- TAS(μ- Total Analysis System)

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What is e-nose & e-tongue?

ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE HEADSPACEHEADSPACE

ANALYSIS OF LIQUID ANALYSIS OF LIQUID SAMPLESAMPLE

E-nose & e-tongue (artificial senses) are instruments based on non-selective sensor arrays with special mathematical data processing by pattern recognition (PARC) methods (artificial neural networks, principal component analysis, etc.).

E-nose (artificial nose, mechanical nose, aroma sensor, odour-sensing

system)E-tongue (taste sensor)

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Instrumental TechniquesElectronic nose

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Electronic tongue

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MEDICINE

APPLICATION OF EAPPLICATION OF E--TONGUETONGUE

FOOD INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENTALMONITORING CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Food quality control during processing

and storage (water, wine,

milk, juice)

Optymalization of bioreactors

Non-invasive diagnostic

(analysis of urine)

Clinical monitoringin vivo

Monitoring of agriculutraland industrial

pollution of water

Control of productionprocess

Product purity

Investigationof transformation

of pollutants

Assessmentof health effects

of pollutants

Determination of type,vintage and possibility

of adulteration of wines

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Green methodology in analytical chemistrySolvent-free sample preparation techniquesUse of ‘green’ mediaReducing the scale of determinationsDirect analytical techniques

Green Analytical Chemistry

Shortening the duration of the analytical cycleApplication of factors enhancing the efficiency of some operations and processesCatalyst and biocatalysts

results become availableUse of direct techniques (in-line system)Fast tests and biotests

Hermetization of analytical operations and processesSolvent-free sample preparation techniquesReducing the scale of determinations

Solvent-free sample preparation techniquesUse of direct techniquesUse of reagents with a high degree of purityReducing the scale of determinationsRecycling of media (after cleanup)

Reducing amounts of wastes and effluents

Reducing consumption of

reagents and solvents

Reducing gas and vapour emissions

Shortening the time that elapses before

real-time

Saving energy

Solvent-free sample preparation techniquesAutomation of analytical processesMiniaturization of monitoring instrumentationHermetization of analytical operations and processes

Reducing professional

exposure

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Life-cycle assessment of solvents

Ch. Capello, U. Fischer, K. Hungerbühler, Green Chem., 9, 927-934 (2007)

CED: Cumulative Energy Demand

Distillation is the environmentally more friendly approach

OPTIO

N: m

ineralization (combustion)

OPTION: distillation

Environmentally-friendly solvents

Combustion is the environmentally more friendly approach

Cumulative energy demand per kg of solvent [MJ]

Cumulative energy demand per kg of solvent [MJ]

Tetrohydrofuran

Butyl acetateCyclohexane

Propanol

Formic acidEthyl acetate

DimethylformamideAcetonitrile

DioxaneButanol

AcetoneAcetic acidBenzyl ether

FormaldehydeToluene

CyclohexanoneIso-propanol

MEK Methyl acetate

Xylene

MethanolEthanol

Pentane

Hexane

HeptaneDiethyl ether

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An assessment of the effect of solvents (using a combination of EHS and LCA)

Ch. Capello, U. Fischer, K. Hungerbühler, Green Chem., 9, 927-934 (2007)

EHS: Environmental Health Safety CED: Cumulative Energy Demand

EHS

LCA

Numerical value of the index

Cumulative Energy Demand per kg of solvent [MJ]

Environmentally-friendly solventsFormaldehyde

Dioxane

Acetonitrile

Formic acid

TetrohydrofuranCyclohexane

Acetic acid

Heptane

Hexane

Diethyl ether

Pentane

Ethanol

Methanol

Methyl acetate

Ethyl acetateButyl acetate

XyleneMEK

Dimethylformamide

CyclohexanoneToluene

AcetoneIso-propanol

Benzyl ether

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Recent publications on green analytical chemistry:

1. Curyło J., Wardencki W., Namieśnik J., Green aspects of samplepreparation- a need for solvent reduction, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 16, 5-16 (2007)

2. Wardencki W., Curyło J., Namieśnik J., Trends in solventlesssample preparation techniques for environmental analysis, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 70, 275-288 (2007)

3. Tobiszewski M. Mechlińska A., Zygmunt B., Namieśnik J., Green analytical chemistry in sample preparation for determination of trace organic pollutants, TrAC, 28, 943-951 (2009)

4. M. Tobiszewski, A. Mechlińska, J. Namieśnik Green analytical chemistry - theory and practice, Chem. Soc. Rev., 39, 2869-2878 (2010).

http://www.pg.gda.pl/chem/Katedry/Analityczna/

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http://www.pg.gda.pl/chem/Katedry/Analityczna/

• INDIVIDUAL COURSES ‘to order’• A PRACTICAL COURSE IN HIGH- PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC)• A COURSE IN THE PREPARATION OF SAMPLES FOR CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS • A COURSE IN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY – THE FUNDAMENTALS• A COURSE IN THE PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY – A MORE ADVANCED COURSE • THE MONITORING AND QUALITY OF ANALYTICAL MEASUREMENT RESULTS • THE ABC OF SPE TECHNIQUES• A COURSE IN LC-MS

Department of Analytical Chemistry

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Evaluation and quality control of analytical results

Collective work edited:

Piotr Konieczka Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland

Jacek NamieśnikGdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland

ISBN: 978-83-204-3255-8

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QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL IN THE ANALYTICAL CHEMICAL LABORATORY:

A PRACTICAL APPROACH

The volume comes with a CD containing calculation sheets.

Piotr Konieczka Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland


Series: Analytical Chemistry

ISBN: 9781420082708ISBN 10: 1420082701CAT #: 82701Pub Date: 2/23/2009

CRC Press Inc - Taylor & Francis Ltd

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Piotr Szefer Medical University of Gdansk, Poland


ISBN: 9781420082685ISBN 10: 142008268XCAT #: 8268XPub Date: 6/26/2009 CRC Press Inc - Taylor & Francis Ltd

Analytical Measurements in AquaticEnvironments

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01.07.2007-01.07.2013Project deadline:

3 391 950,00 PLNRecommended subsidy:

WND-POIG.01.03.01-00-138/09No. of project:

1.3.1. Development projectsSub-action:

1.3. Support for R+D projects carried out by scientific institutions on behalf of industrial companies

Action:

1. Research and development of novel technologies Priority axis:

Project co-financed by European Union from European Regional Development Fund in a framework of the Innovative Economy Operational Programme 2007-2013

CONTACTGdansk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty

G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdańskphone/fax: 0048 58 347 26 25

e-mail: [email protected]://www.chem.pg.gda.pl/agrobiokap/

The exploitation of white cabbage for the phytoremediation and biofumigation of soils

(AGROBIOKAP)

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European Master in Quality in Analytical Laboratories-EMQAL

University of Algarve (Portugal, PT), University of Barcelona (Spain, ES), University of Bergen (Norway, NO), University of Cadiz (Spain, ES), Gdansk University of Technology (Poland, PL)

http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/erasmus_mundus/

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Thank you for your attention!

green analytical chemistry jacek namiesnik

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