Green Radio Communication in a Heterogeneous Wireless Medium

Under the guidance Of M.S.Harish Asso. Prof. E&C Department

From Rajath Gowda S N USN:4A12EC073 SEC: ‘B’ sec

Department of Electronics and Communication Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology Chikamagluru-577102

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION• Need For Energy Conservation• Green Radio• Base Station

Energy efficiency • Energy saving in Base station• New communication Strategies RELY APPLICATION• FUTURE SCOPE• CONCLUSION• REFERENCES

Abstract Objective Literature Survey

Abstract

Recently, there has been a growing interest in developing energy efficient wireless communication networks, due to environmental, financial, and quality-of-experience considerations, for both mobile users and network operators. The developed solutions in this regard are referred to as green communications,

so as to reflect the importance of their environmental dimension. Great potentials for energy efficient communications lie in the today’s heterogeneous wireless medium with overlapped coverage from different networks, given the vast diversity in adding channels and propagation losses among mobile terminals and base stations, and in available resources and operating frequency bands at different networks.

In addition, we present a case study of uplink communications for illustration purposes.

Objective To protect environment from harmful EM radiation

reducing green house gas

Reducing operational cost for wireless network.

Year Title Author Contribution2002 Communication Over Fading Channels with

Delay Constraints, IEEE Transaction on Information Theory

Randall A berry and Robert G. Gallanger

Impact of delay on SNR

2003 Diversity and Multiplexing: A Fundamental Tradeoff in Multiple-Antenna Channels, IEEE Transaction on Information Theory

Lizhong Zheng, David N.C Tse

Tradeoff analysis between diversity and multiplexing

2007 Power Control by Geometric Programming , IEEE Transaction on wireless Communication

Mung Chiang,Chee wei Tan,Daniel P.Palomar

Power control analysis using convex optimization

2012 Energy-Aware Resource Allocation for Cooperative Cellular Network Using Multi-Objective Optimization Approach , IEEE Transaction on Wireless Communication

Rajiv Devrajan, Satish C.Jha,Umesh Phuyal,Vijay K Bhargava

Optimum solution between capacity maximization and power minimization ()

2012 Robust Power Allocation Designs for Cognitive Radio Networks with Cooperative Relays, in proceeding IEEE ICC 2012

Shankhanaad Mallick ,Vijay K Bhargavas

Analysis of deterministic channel model vs probabilistic channel model

Literature Survey

INTRODUCTION

NEED FOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION Emission of Green House Gases. Consumption of non-renewable energy resources.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN WIRELESS APPLICATIONS.

Energy consumed by the network in operation Embedded emissions of the network equipment, for example,

emissions associated with the manufacturing and deployment of network equipment

Energy consumed by mobile handsets and other devices, when they are manufactured, distributed and used.

Emissions associated with buildings run by mobile operators, and emissions from transport.

12% 4%

13%

71%

Direct Emission of Mobile Industry 2009Total 245 Mt CO2

Device Embedded

Device Consumption

Network Embedded

Network Consumption

Energy Consumption Survey

ICT) industry include the energy requirements as follows;

PCs and monitor == 40% , Data Centre == 23% , Fixed and mobile telecommunication == 24%

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------40% Power requirement == Grid Electricity60% Power requirement == Diesel Gen-Set1 litre petrol ==2.3Kgs Total number of tower==3.1 Lac (2010) (10-15KVA gen-set – 2lit/hr)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9 million tones of ==Diesel Gen-set5 million tones of == Power grid

Green Radio

A Project established in 2009 by Mobile Virtual Center of Excellence (VCE).

Its aim is to achieve 100 fold reduction in power consumption over current Wireless Communication Networks.

The Project is focused on two perspectives:• Reduce energy consumption by finding

alternative existing cellular network structures.• Reduce energy consumption in base stations and

handsets of the networks.

Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emission

Operation of radio access network:

- RF transmission. - Fossil fuel powered BS. - Charging of devices.

Device/ equipment production.

Backbone network operation.

Power Consumption And CO2 Emission By Base Stations

9kg CO2

4.3kg CO2

2.6kg CO2

8.1kg CO2

Mobile

CO2 emissions per subscriber per year

Operation

Embodied energy

Base station

Main Components of Base Station

Radio transceivers: The equipment for generating transmit signals to and decoding signals from mobile terminals.

Power amplifiers: These devices amplify the transmit signals from the transceiver to a high enough power level for transmission, typically around 5–10 W.

Transmit antennas: The antennas are responsible for physically radiating the signals, and are typically highly directional to deliver the signal to users without radiating the signal into the ground or sky

Architecture of Base Station

Power Usage in Base Station

19%

16%

13%22%

1%

3%

8%

9%

9%

Transceiver Idling Power SupplyCooling FansPower AmplifierCablingTransmit PowerCentral EquipmentCoupling/DuplexingTransceiver Power Conversion

Energy Efficiency – How?Energy Savings in Base Stations

Improvements in PA:

- Linear PAs → 90% wastage. - DPD, Doherty, GaN based PA.

Power saving mode:

- Sleep mode, discontinuous Tx/ Rx.

Optimization:

- BS placement, cell size

Renewable energy:

- Sustainable bio-fuel. - Solar energy. - Wind energy.

New BS architecture:

- Short, low power RF cable between Amp. & Ant. - Feeder less site.

Reduce no. of BS.

Solar powered BS (Italy)

Energy Savings in Base Stations

New Communication Strategies

MIMO / beamforming:

- Diversity. - More sectors per cell site.

Cognitive radio:

- Find unused spectrum, BW traded off for power.

Use a third node:

- Reduce effective transmission distance.

MIMO- In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output is the use

of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve

communication performance. It is one of several forms of smart

antenna technology.

It offers significant increases in data throughput and link range

without additional bandwidth or increased transmit power.

Fig :MIMO system

What is a Relay? A simple repeater: Receive, boost, and re-send a signal.

Cellular network: Different node, carrier owned infrastructure, tree topology. IEEE 802.16j (mobile multihop relay).

Sensor network: Identical node, subscriber equipment, mesh topology. IEEE 802.15.5 (WPAN mesh)/ 802.11s (WLAN mesh).

Relay Station(RS)

Base Station(BS) Mobile Terminal(MT)

Relay #1

Relay #2

Destination

Source

Sensor networkCellular network

Why Use a Relay?Save Tx energy:

- Reduced transmission distance.

Performance improvement:

- Enhance QoS, capacity, range. - Load balancing.

CapEx benefit:

- Temporary coverage, gradual rollout.

Resource Allocation

Persistent transmission:

- Relays always forward a processed version of their received signals.

Selective relaying:

- Relays autonomously decide whether or not to forward.

Incremental relaying:

- Relays provide redundancy only when explicitly requested by destination.

APPLICATION Vodafone – Group: target to reduce CO2 emissions by 50%

by 2020, from 2006/07 levels. Orange: Reduce greenhouse emissions per customer by

20% between 2006 and 2020. Ericsson: has reduced the annual direct CO 2 emissions

per subscriber in the mobile broadband base stations it supplies from 31 kg in 2001 to 17 kg in 2005 and to 8 kg in 2007.

Nokia Siemens Networks: announced in 2009 a new SM/WCDMA cabinet-based BTS with a power consumption of 790 W, vs 4,100 W for the equivalent model from 2005.

Alcatel-Lucent: has developed innovative techniques such as the Dynamic Power Save feature on their GSM/EDGE mobile networking portfolio, which reduces power consumption when the traffic drops with no impact on service quality.

FUTURE SCOPE In Resource Allocation : study of the best combination of

scheduling techniques from an energy efficiency perspective across the range of traffic loads experienced in future LTE networks.

In Interference Management and Mitigation: more intelligent methods to cancel adjacent cell interference to be studied, along with consideration of the most energy-efficient combination of Interference cancellation techniques at both base stations and mobile terminals.

In Energy Efficient Routing and Multihop: to compare the energy efficiency of relay techniques with the use of femtocells.

CONCLUSION Thus, we have studied the Mobile VCE Green Radio project,

for the study novel approaches to reducing the energy consumption of wireless links, in particular the improving the design and operation of wireless base stations.

Also has been studied that base stations have a much higher operational energy budget than mobile terminals.

The three techniques of resource allocation, interference management and mitigation, and energy efficient routing and multihop have been studied and the means by which these methods can lead to energy savings have been described.

REFERENCES Congzheng Han, et al, “Green Radio: Radio Techniques to Enable

Energy-Efficient Wireless Networks”, IEEE Communications Magazine, May 2011.

J. Nicholas Laneman, David N. C. Tse, and Gregory W. Wornell, “Cooperative Diversity in Wireless Networks: Efficient Protocols and Outage Behavior”, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology, Vol. 50, No. 12, December 2004

Stefan Videv and Harald Haa, “Energy-Efficient Scheduling and Bandwidth–Energy Efficiency Trade-Off with Low Load”, IEEE ICC Transactions 2011.

K. Bumman, M. Junghwan, and K. Ildu “EfficientlyAmplified”, IEEE Microwave Mag., Vol. 11, No. 5, Aug.2010.

Javier Gozalvez, “Green Radio Technologies”, IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, March 2010

Thank you