Ground Granulated Blastfurnce Ground Granulated Blastfurnce SlagSlag

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Presentation on:

1. What is GGBS?

2. What is PBFC?

3. Why use PBFC?

4. Most important of them all – Durability

5. Applications

6. Market Acceptance of HSPBFC

7. Job References

8. Conclusions

9. Summary

10. Recommendations

Overview of Presentation

• It is a by-product of iron production.

• Process:

•Granulation – rapid quenching with water on molten slag.

• Rapid cooling prohibits crystals and glassy, non-metallic, silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium formation.

• Granules

•Ground / milling – dried granules and ground to suitable fineness using ball mills, vertical mills or high pressure roller press mill.

• Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag

• The chemical composition is almost similar to OPC.

• Relevant Standards : BS 6699, GB/T18046

1. What is Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag, GGBS?

• Blending between Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag

(GGBS) with Portland Cement (OPC).

• Relevant Standards : BS 146, BS 4246, SS 476, SS 477

2. What is Portland Blastfurnace Cement, PBFC?

GGBSGGBS OPCOPC PBFCPBFC

=+

3.1 Cost Saving;

3.2 Appearance;

3.3 Workability;

3.4 Durability;

3.4.1 Reducing Permeability;

3.4.2 Mitigating Sulfate / Chloride Resistance;

3.4.3 Mitigating Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) Resistance; and

3.4.4 Reducing Thermal Stress in Mass Concrete.

3.5 Reduce Pollution; and

3.6 Protect Depletion of Natural Resources.

3. Why use GGBS with OPC?

• Cement usage

• S.G. of HSPBFC = 2.96;

• S.G. of OPC = 3.15; and

• 6% to 7% saving of cement for the same volume of concrete produced.

• Medical Costs

• Reduced risk of chromate allergy;

• OPC contains Hexavalent chromate, main cause of occupational allergic dermatitis; and

• Slag (GGBS) is free of Cr6.

• Lighting and Heating

• Reduced power consumption in lighting due to whiter appearance; and

• Enhanced aesthetics through softening of visual impact on large structures. Appearance

3.1 Cost Saving$$$

• Colour.

• Off-white – lighter and brighter colour;

• More aesthetically pleasing;

• Safety benefits – visibility for kerbs, traffic barriers, bridges; and

• Cost saving in utilities bills.

3.2 Appearance

3.3 Workability

• Cement paste; and

• Slag cement produces bigger cement paste, thus the concrete tends to have the following characteristics:

• Improved Uniformity – flow sluggishly into place without segregation;

• Improved Pumpability; and

• Improved Compaction.

• Higher Fineness,

• Reduced bleeding during concreting.

3.4 Durability

3.4.1 Reducing Permeability;

• Is a measure of how easy it is for water, air and other substance to penetrate concrete.

• Mitigation:

• By reducing the porosity of the concrete.

• Consequences:

• Severe corrosion of reinforcing steel – leads to expansion;

• Severe concrete cracking; and

• Concrete deterioration.

3.4 Durability

3.4.2 Mitigating Sulfate / Chloride Attack; and

• Occurs when concrete comes into contact with water containing sulfates / chloride;

• Consequences:

• Severe concrete cracking; and

• Concrete deterioration.

• Mitigation:

• By reducing C3A;

• By reducing permeability; and

• By reducing excessive Ca[OH]2.

3.4 Durability

3.4.3 Mitigating Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR).

• Occurs when a chemical reaction between the alkalis in OPC and certain siliceous aggregates;

• Consequences:

• Severe concrete cracking; and

• Concrete deterioration.

• Mitigation:

• By reducing alkalis (Na and K) in cement use concrete mix;

• By consuming alkalis in hydration process; and

• By reducing the availability for ASR.

3.4 Durability

3.4.4 Reducing Thermal Stress in Mass Concrete

• Any large volume of concrete with dimensions large enough to require that measures be taken to cope with the generation of heat and attendant volume change to minimize cracking;

• Consequences:

• Severe concrete cracking; and

• Concrete deterioration.

• Mitigation:

• By reducing cementitious content;

• By reducing the amount of OPC; and

• By reducing the early rate of heat generation and peak temperature.

• Production of OPC will produce the following

SO2 and Nox;

• Acidification of soils and surface waters; and

• Nitrogen saturation in terrestrial ecosystems.

• CO and Nox; and

• Increased ground-level ozone formation.

• CO2.

• Global Warming Gas.

• Since GGBS is a by-product of Iron production, no additional pollutant generated

3.5 Reduce Pollution

• GGBS can partially replaced the following for Portland clinker product:

• Limestone (CaO);

• Clay or Shale (SiO2, Al2O3 &Fe2O3); and

• Additives (SiO2, Al2O3 &Fe2O3).

• 1 mt OPC clinker = 1 mt CO2 (373 cu.M);

• Large scale replacement in concrete with slag, an industrial by-products; and

• Contribution to save the environment.

3.6 Natural Resources

Please refer to http://www.cement.org/basics/images/flashtour.html for the details of the cement making process.

4.1 Infrastructure

The public facilities and services needed to support residential development, including highways, bridges, school, sewer and water system.

www.ohiofinancialgroup.com/glossary.html

Services and facilities that support day to day economic activity. Infrastructure includes roads, electricity, telephone service, and public transportation. Infrastructure has traditionally been provided and maintained by the government. However, some nations are currently experimenting with privatization of some elements of the infrastructure as governments seek to cut their expenditures.

www.icons.umd.edu/pls/reslib/display_glossary

4. Most Important of All – Durability

4.2 Requirements

• Public transportation

MRT line

Road

Bridges

Ports

• Services

Water reclamation plant

Dam

Sewage plant

4. Most Important of All – Durability

4.2 Concerns – Environmental exposure

• Pollution

Acid rain;

Carbon monoxide;

Sulfate;

Seawater; and

Deicing chemicals.

• Exposure

Freezing and thawing;

Varying moisture conditions; and

Abrasive loading.

4. Most Important of All – Durability

4.3 Design criteria

• The longevity of the structure should depend on the following:

Quality control of materials (raw material selection);

Methods and design – concrete mix design; and

Construction practices.

4. Most Important of All – Durability

4.3 Design criteria

• Determining factors of materials selection:

Cementitious Materials:

Portland cement with flyash;

Portland cement with silica fume; or

Portland cement with GGBS.

Factors:

Exposure;

Strength requirement;

Need to reduce ASR; and

Need to reduce thermal gradient.

4. Most Important of All – Durability

4.4 Fundamental factor in creating durable concrete

• To use the following in combination with Portland cement:

Pozzolans;

Ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS);

Chemical admixtures and

Proper selection of aggregate.

Proportion;

Hardness;

Grading;

Shape;

Size; and

Phase composition.

4. Most Important of All – Durability

4.4 Performance based specification

• Definition of concrete value:

Maturity;

Permeability;

Air-void structure quantification;

Sulfate resistance;

Chloride penetration;

Strength; and

In situ performance.

• Knowledge needed:

Minimal maintenance for any desire service life in any environment.

4. Most Important of All – Durability

4.5 Reason for choosing GGBS with Portland cement

• Reasons:

High consistency – no stringent process control;

Easily available;

Low heat of hydration;

Able to reduce alkali-silica reactivity (ASR);

Sulfate resistance;

Create a much denser, less permeable concrete;

Slower setting time – helps in joint sawing and

Good workability.

4. Most Important of All – Durability

• Aggressive environment such as:

• Marine environment either Offshore, Coastal and Undersea structures

• Sewerage Treatment Plant

• Drainage Systems

• Underground Structures

• Mass Concreting such as:

• Raft Foundations

• Hot Weather Concreting

• Bored Piling

• Dams and Large Infrastructures

5. Applications

6. Market Acceptance of GGBS cement

6.1 Widely recognized and specified as an approved specialty cement by local authorities such as:

6. Market Acceptance of GGBS cement

6.2 It has also gained acceptance among local and foreign consultants such as:

6. Market Acceptance of GGBS cement

6.2 There is a growing awareness that HSPBFC is suitable for use in:

Substructure Undersea

Coastal structure Underground

• Sri Lanka

• Rantembe Dam, Sri Lanka;

• Brunei

• Brunei MLNG; and

• Jerudong Park.

• Malaysia

• Bintulu MLNG.

• Thailand

• Royal Thai Navy Dry-dock.

• China

• Tangshan-Tianjin Expressway connecting bridge ; and

• Jinan Kaiyuansi Tunnel

7. Project References

• Naval Base

• Changi Naval Base

• Undersea Structure

• Tuas Undersea Cable Tunnel.

7. Project References – Singapore

• Hospitals

• New K K; • Tan Tock Seng;

• Changi Hospital; and • Thomson Medical Centre

• Sewerage Treatment Plants

• Seletar; • Kranji;

• Ulu Pandan; and • Bedok

• Container Port

• PSA Pasir Panjang.

• MRT

• North-East Line.

7. Project References – Singapore

• Condominiums

• Scott 28; • Trellis Tower; • Costa Rhu;

• Aspen Heights; and • Grange Heights.

• Road Interchange

• Jalan Ahmad Ibrahim / Upper Jurong Road; • Holland / Farrer Road; and

• Tuas West Road Interchange.

• Commercial Buildings

• Bank of China • Biopolis • Capital Tower;

• Church Street • DBS HQ; • MOE HQ;

• NTUC; • Synergy • Twin Tower; and

• Suntec City Officer Towers.

7. Project References – Singapore

• Overseas – Reports from Slag Cement Association

• Charenton Canal Bridge – Louisiana – Bridge;

• Owner – Louisiana Dept. of Transportation and Development;

• Uses slag cement in lieu of flyash/silica fume;

• Uses 50%/50% Portland/Slag blend;

• Design criteria – low permeability (high durability);

• LaDOTD HPC specifications:

•Total air content = 5.5+1.5%;

•Slump = 5+3 inches;

•Permeability @ 56-day = <2,000 Coulombs;

•Compressive strength @ 28-day = 29 MPa;

•Minimum cement factor = 228 kg/m3; and

•Maximum w/c = 0.40.

7. Project References – From SCA

Source: http://www.slagcement.org/

• Overseas – Reports from Slag Cement Association

• Route 64 – Smithburg, Maryland – Bridge;

• Owner – Maryland Dept. of Transportation and Development; and

• Uses 60%/40% Portland/Slag blend.

• Design criteria:

•Low permeability (high durability);

•75 year service life;

•Shrinkage resistance;

•Prevent corrosion; and

•ASR resistance.

7. Project References – From SCA

Source: http://www.slagcement.org/

• Overseas – Reports from Slag Cement Association

• MarylandDOTD HPC specifications:

•Total air content = 6.5+1.5%;

•Permeability @ 28-day = <2,500 Coulombs;

•Compressive strength @ 28-day = 29 MPa;

•Minimum cement factor = 191 kg/m3; and

•Maximum w/c = 0.40.

7. Project References – From SCA

Source: http://www.slagcement.org/

• Advantages of using of GGBS/OPC

• Durability;

• Reduce peak temperature in mass concrete;

• Increase delay in peak temperature in mass concrete; and

• Reduce temperature gradient within mass pour by lowering cooling rate.

• Compressive Strength of GGBS/OPC

• 7 days 80% of OPC;

• 28 days almost the same as OPC;

• 56 days 5-8% higher than OPC; and

• Much higher in situ early strength in mass concrete as compared to the current practice in concrete testing.

8. Conclusions

• Chloride Resistance of GGBS/OPC

• Up to 5 times reduction in chloride permeability as compared to OPC; and

• Better chloride resistance than Sulphate Resisting Concrete (SRC) and comparable to silica fume concrete.

• Sulphate Resistance of GGBS/OPC

• Perform better than SRC; and

• Reduce Alkali-Sulphate Reaction of Concrete.

• Selection of GGBS/OPC

• General construction: 20-40% GGBS (OPC substitute);

• Mass concrete: 60-70% GGBS (generally 65-75%);

• Chloride/ Sulphate resisting: 70% GGBS (BRE digest 250 up to class 3); and

• ASR resisting: 65% GGBS.

8. Conclusions

Only GGBS/OPC with >65% GGBS will give you the full benefits of low heat and

durability.

8. Conclusions

• GGBS Technology:

• Durability;

• Low heat;

• High long term strength;

• Environmental friendly;

• Aesthetics;

• Less maintenance; and

• Cost/energy saving.

9. Summary

Summary

10. RecommendationsConcrete Application Slag Cement

Concrete paving 25 – 50%

Exterior flatwork not exposed to deicer salts 25 – 50%

Exterior flatwork exposed to deicer salts with w/cm </= 0.45 25 – 50%

Interior flatwork 25 – 50%

Basement floors 25 – 50%

Footings 30 – 65%

Walls & columns 25 – 50%

Tilt-up panels 25 – 50%

Pre-stressed concrete 20 – 25%

Pre-cast concrete 20 – 25%

Concrete blocks 20 – 25%

Concrete pavers 20 – 25%

High strength 25 – 50%

ASR mitigation 25 – 70%

Sulfate resistance

Type II equivalence 25 – 50%

Type V equivalence 50 – 65%

Lower permeability 25 – 65%

Mass concrete 50 – 80%

Source: http://www.slagcement.org/

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