ground water quality assessment of dhankawadi … water quality assessment of dhankawadi ward of...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES

Volume 2, No 2, 2011

© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services

Case study ISSN 0976 – 4380

Submitted on September 2011 published on November 2011 688

Ground water quality assessment of Dhankawadi ward of Pune by using

GIS Priti Singh

1, I.A. Khan

2

1- Institute of Environment Education and Research, Bharti Vidyapeeth, Pune – 411 043,

Maharashtra, India

2- Department of Geology Nowrosjee Wadia College, Pune- 411 001, Maharashtra, India

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to assess and map the spatial distribution of ground water quality of the

Dhankawadi ward of Pune by using the Geographical Information System (GIS).

Dhankawadi is experiencing rapid urbanization, this made people to depend on groundwater

resources. APHA’s standard laboratory procedure has been adopted to assess the quality of

ground water at each sampling location. Garmin GPS has been used to collect the sampling

point location. Inverse Distance Weighed (IDW) spatial interpolation technique has been

used to estimate the spatial distribution of the ground water parameters and WQI. A potable

index map has been prepared with help of WQI map. Google earth has been used for

preparation of Land use and Land class (LULC) image. Results of WQI are interpreted with

respect to the LULC. The potable Index map shows that, the groundwater in the study area is

good enough for drinking and domestic purposes except in the places of Upper Katraj nagar

and north part of Bharati Vidyapeeth University campus.

Keywords: Spatial distribution, Urbanization, GIS, Inverse distance weighted, Water quality

index, Potable index, Land use and Land class.

1. Introduction

Water is the elixir of life (Vidvan Vishvam, 2003) and plays a vital role in the earth’s

ecosystem. It is one of the most critical, scarce, precious and replenishable natural resource

which cannot be created (Prasad, 2008). The utilizable water resources of India are estimated

to be 1123 BCM, out of which, 690 BCM are surface water resources and 433 BCM occur as

ground water resources (Kumar, 2009). Groundwater serves as the main sources of water in

the urban environment, which is used for drinking, industrial and domestic purposes and

often, it is over exploited. Rapid industrialization, improper solid and toxic waste

management practices in urban areas often lead to the degradation of groundwater, which

then turns un-potable for future use. Ground water pollution not only affects the water quality

but also threats human health, economic development and social prosperity (Milovanovic,

2007). The quality of water generally is defined in terms of its physical, chemical and

biological parameters (Ketata Mouna, et al., 2011) and measured as Water Quality Index

(WQI) to assess whether water is potable or not. WQI provides a single number that

expresses overall water quality at certain location, based on several water quality parameters

(Yogendra and Puttaiah, 2008). Hence, for any city, a groundwater quality map becomes a

valuable parameter for evaluating potability and also as a precautionary indication of

potential environmental health problems (Challerjee, et al., 2009). GIS and remote sensing

has been used extensively to assess the water quality all over the world (Shomar et al., 2010;

Asadi et al., 2007; Ketata Mouna et al., 2011; Mitra, 1998; Liou sm et al., 2004). The

Ground water quality assessment of Dhankawadi ward of Pune by using GIS

Priti Singh, I A Khan

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

Volume 2 Issue 2, 2011 689

Advancement of Geographical Information System (GIS) and Spatial Analysis help to

integrate the laboratory analysis data with the geographic data and to model the spatial

distributions of water quality parameters, most robustly and accurately. The objective of the

study is to assess and map the groundwater quality of Dhankawadi ward of Pune. For this

purpose, Inverse Distance Weighed (IDW) spatial interpolation technique has been used to

estimate the spatial distribution of the water quality parameters and WQI.

2. Study Area

The study area is Dhankawadi ward (Figure 1), which is the southern part of Pune

metropolitan Area. It is one of the fastest developing areas as the suburbs of the Pune city, the

population of the study area is more than 5 lakhs. The latitude of study area ranges from

18°25'30" N to 18°28'30" N and longitude ranges from 73°50' E to 73°53' E, with area of

coverage 1160 hectares. Mean daily maximum and minimum temperatures of the study area

range from the 37°C to 12°C. The relative humidity ranges from 36% in March to 81% in

August with annual rainfall is at about 70 cm. As the development of Dhankawadi is taking

place at much rapid pace, the housing colonies have started utilizing groundwater as a means

of water supply for domestic purpose.

Figure 1: Study area

3. Methodology

3.1 Input Datasets

The boundary of the Dhankawadi ward is digitized from the Pune Municipal corporation

ward map. The location of the groundwater samples collected with the help of 12 channel

Garmin hand held GPS, while collection of groundwater samples, interviews were performed

with the local people to understand why they are utilizing the groundwater. It was noticed

that the utilization of groundwater is observed mainly in the places where there is a shortage

or no supply of municipal corporation water. Very less number of households is using





groundwater in the NE part of the study area (i.e. Balajinagar). A shape file of sampling

locations is prepared with the help GPS data and the attribute information i.e., water quality

parameters such as pH, alkalinity, TDS, Total hardness etc., joined to the respective sampling

location after the laboratory Analysis. Figure 2 shows the locations map of the study area and

table 1 shows the latitude, longitude and address of each sampling location.

Figure 2: Location of sampling stations.





Table 1: Location of sampling stations

3.2 Water Quality Index

House and Newsome, 1989, stated that the Water Quality Index (WQI) allows ‘good’ and

‘bad’ water quality to be quantified by reducing a large quantity of data on a range of physic-

chemical and biological variables to be a single number in a simple, objective and

reproducible manner (Liou sm et al., 2004). The WQI concept is based on the comparison of

the water quality parameter with respective regulatory standards (Khan F, et al., 2003) and

provides a single number that express overall water quality at certain location based on

several water quality parameters (Yogendra and Puttaiah, 2008). WQI improves

understanding of water quality issues by integrating complex data and generating a score that

describes water quality status and evaluates water quality trends (Boyacioglu, 2007). In

present study the WQI has been calculated by using standards of drinking water quality

recommended by the Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) and Indian Council for Medical

Research (ICMR) and weighted index method developed by Tiwari and Mishra 1985; Asadi

et al., 2007 to determine the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes. In the present

study ten water quality parameters, namely, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Alkalinity,

TDS, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Nitrate, Chloride and Sulphate were considered

for computing WQI by using the following formulas.

WQI = Antilog [ΣW ⁿ n=1 log10 qn] � (1)

Where,

W, Weightage factor (W) is computed using the following equation, (Table 1)

Wn = K /Sn � (2)

Where,

K, Proportionality constant is derived from,

K = [1/ (Σ ⁿ n=1 1/Sn)] � (3)

Sample Latitude Longitude Address

1 18°27'21.63"N 73°51'14.36"E Behind katraj diary

2 18°27'36.34"N 73°51'6.61"E BVIEER Campus; Dhankawadi

3 18°26'47.70"N 73°50'50.40"E Datt Niwas; Datt nagar; katraj

4 18°26'46.20"N 73°51'57.60"E R Residency; Upper Katraj

5 18°27'16.62"N 73°50'37.06"E Chintamani Garden; Ambegoan Budurk

6 18°26'54.90"N 73°51'27.00"E Manikmoti Appartment; katraj Junction

7 18°27'19.10"N 73°51'59.30"E Chaitragan Appartment; Sukh Sagar

Nagar

8 18°26'25.17"N 73°51'37.63"E Global Enterprises; Pune satra Road

9 18°27'59.55"N 73°50'47.32"E Hill Top Society; Dhankawadi

10 18°28'25.42"N 73°51'5.29"E Krishna Niwas Vanju Vasti;

Dhankawadi





Where,

Sn and Sᵢ are the BIS/ICMR standards values of the water quality parameter.

And

Quality rating (q) is calculated using the formula,

qnᵢ = {[(Vactual- Videal)/(V standard – V ideal)]*100} �(4)

Where,

qnᵢ = Quality rating of ith

parameter for a total of n water quality parameters

Vactual = Value of the water quality parameter obtained from laboratory analysis

Videal = Value of that water quality parameter can be obtained from the standard tables

Videal for pH = 7 and for other parameters it is equivalent to zero

Vstandard = BIS / ICMR standard of the water quality parameter

The standard of the water quality parameter is given in Table 2. Table 3 shows values

of the all ten parameters that are experimented in the laboratory and values of WQI that is

computed by using above formulae and Table 4 shows the indexing of WQI into categories of

different types in order to assess the potability of groundwater in the study area.

Table 2: Water quality parameters, their ICMAR/BIS standards, and assigned unit weights

Parameter Standard(Sn & Si) 1/Sn K Weightage (Wn)

pH 8.5 0.117647 5.020014437 0.590589934

E.

conductivity

300 0.003333 5.020014437 0.016733381

TDS 500 0.002 5.020014437 0.010040029

T. Hardness 300 0.003333 5.020014437 0.016733381

Calcium 75 0.013333 5.020014437 0.066933526

magnesium 50 0.02 5.020014437 0.100400289

Alkalinity 120 0.008333 5.020014437 0.041833454

Chloride 250 0.004 5.020014437 0.020080058

Sulphate 200 0.005 5.020014437 0.025100072

Nitrate 45 0.022222 5.020014437 0.111555876

0.199203 1

Table 3: Water Quality Parameter

Sam

ple

pH EC Hardn

ess

Calci

um

Mag

nesiu

m

Alkal

inity

Chlo

ride

TD

S

Nitr

ate

Sulp

hate

WQI

1 7.2 700 347 92 12 300 115 50 84.4 55 24.05

2 7.8 670 320 84 11 280 85 48 10.9 30 52.49

3 7.2 668 423 95 18 300 71.7 53 8.9 35 25.25

4 7.8 552 350 68 17.5 260 80.1 16 7.0 37.5 55.62

5 7.7 498 96 28.6 16.3 300 81.8 160 14.4 28 43.08

6 7.1 726 216 47.6 41 300 181.9 140 14.4 30 23.75

7 7.3 968 202 49.2 37.3 346.7 148.5 560 30 55 35.16

8 7.2 750 217.3 48 37.2 280 106.8 420 26.7 50 25.64

9 7.2 747 217.3 53 40 306.7 135 380 22.2 38 27.68

10 7.6 158 74.7 16 14.2 193.3 68.4 40 2.22 6 32.91





All units except pH and conductivity are in mg/l

Table 4: Water Quality Index (WQI) and status of water quality

Water quality Index Water quality status

0-25 Excellent

26-50 Good

51-75 Poor

76-100 Very Poor

>100 Unsuitable

3.3 Spatial Modelling and Surface Interpolation

GIS is a powerful tool to assess the water quality parameter, determining water availability of

water, preventing flooding, understanding the natural environment, and managing water

resources on a local regional scale (Collet, 1996). GIS techniques facilitate integrate and

conjunctive analysis of large volumes of multidisciplinary data both Spatial and non – spatial

within the same geo-reference (Saraf and Choudhury, 1998). Spatial analysis extension of

GIS allows interpolation of the water quality parameter at unknown location from know

values to create a continuous surface which will help us to understand the scenarios of water

quality parameter of the study area. There are various Interpolation Techniques such as

Inverse Distance weighted (IDW), Spline, Trend surface Analysis and Kriging available in

Arc GIS Spatial Analysis extension. In the present study IDW technique adopted to create

the spatial distribution maps of water quality parameters and WQI.

4. Result and Discussion

4.1 Spatial Distribution of Water quality parameters

4.1.1 pH

pH is important parameter, which determines the suitability of water for various purposes. In

the study area pH level of water varies from 7.15 and 7.8 and is in desirable limit ie., 6.5 to

8.5 as specified by the BIS/ ICMR. Figure 3 shows that spatial distribution of pH in the study

area, low concentration of pH was observed in southwest part of the study area, which comes

under Datt nagar.

4.1.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC)

Electrical conductivity is the capacity of electrical current that passes through the water. It is

directly related to concentration of ionized substances in water and may also be related to

problems of excessive hardness. In study area, electrical conductivity varies from 158.031 to

967.978 µm/cm. Figure 4 shows that spatial distribution of EC of water in the study area,

high concentration of EC has been observe in East part of the study area i.e. Sukh sagar nagar.

4.1.3 Hardness

The limit of total hardness value for drinking water is to be within 300 mg/l of CaCO3.

Figure 5 shows the Spatial distribution of the ground water hardness in the study area and it

varies from 74.676 to 423.323mg/l. Higher concentration of hardness was found in





Dattanagar, Upper Katraj nagar and Bharti Vidyapeeth University (BVU) campus, this may

be due to natural accumulation of salt, or surface runoff, water enter from direct pollution by

human activities, low concentration of hardness was found in upper part of the study area i.e.,

Dhankawadi and Ambegaon Budurk which lies in west part of the area.

Figure 3: Spatial Distribution of pH Figure 4: Spatial Distribution of

Electric conductivity

4.1.4 Calcium

Calcium is one of the most abundant substances in the water. Dissolve calcium and

Magnesium in water are the two most common minerals that make water hard.

Figure 5: Spatial Distribution of Hardness Figure 6: Spatial Distribution of Calcium





Figure 6 shows the spatial distribution of Calcium in the groundwater of the study area,

which ranges from 16.034 to 95.38 mg/l. The high concentration of calcium was found in

Datt nagar which lies in south western part, and in the Bharti Vidyapeeth University campus

of the study area, which is in the central part of the study area.

4.1.5 Magnesium

Figure 7 spatial distribution of Magnesium in the groundwater of the study area and it varies

in between 10.65 mg/l to 40.92 mg/l. High concentration of magnesium was found in NW

part of the study area i.e. Adrash nagar in Dhankawadi, East part of the study area i.e., Sukh

sagar nagar and in the Katraj Junction along with surrounding area of NH- 4 in the southern

part of the study area.

Figure 7: Spatial Distribution of Figure 8: Spatial Distribution of Total

Magnesium Alkalinity

4.1.6 Total Alkalinity

The standard desirable limit of alkalinity of potable water is 120 mg/l. The maximum

Permissible level is 600 mg/l. Figure 8 shows spatial distribution of Total Alkalinity in the

groundwater of the study area, it varies from 193.339 to 346.663 mg/l. High alkaline water

has been observed in Sukh sagar nagar . Excessive alkalinity may cause eye irritation in

human and chlrosis in plants (Sisodia and Moundiotiya, 2006). Low concentration of

alkalinity was observed in edges of the northern part of the study area i.e. Balaji nagar.

4.1.7 Chloride

Chloride is one of the most important parameter in assessing the water quality and higher

concentration of chloride indicates higher degree of organic pollution (Yogendra and Puttaiah,

2008). According to BIS/ICMR the permissible limit of chloride in drinking water is 250





mg/l. Figure 9 Spatial distribution of Chloride in the study area and it is fluctuating in

between 68.411 to 181.859mg/l. High concentration of chloride was observed as 189.1 mg/l

near Katraj Junction and Sukh sagar nagar. This may be due to natural processes such as the

passage of water through natural salt formations in the earth or it may be an indication of

pollution from industrial or domestic use (Renn, 1970). In drinking water, high chloride

content may lead to laxative effects (Raviprakash and Rao, 1989; Dahiya and Kaur, 1999).

Low concentration of chloride was found in edges of the northern part of the study area.

Figure 9: Spatial Distribution of Chloride Figure 10: Spatial Distribution of TDS

4.8 Total dissolved solid(TDS)

TDS in groundwater can also be due to natural sources such as sewage, urban runoff and

industrial waste (Joseph, 2001; Swarna Latha, 2008). According to BIS and ICMR the

desirable limit of TDS is 500 mg/l. If TDS value is more than 500 mg/l, it may cause gastro

intestinal irritation. Figure 10 shows spatial distribution of TDS in the study area, which is

fluctuating between 16 to 559.97 mg/l. The high concentration of TDS was observed as

559.97 mg/l at Sukh sagar nagar which is residential area near the stream and Katraj Lake;

this indicates that Katraj Lake water is contaminated by sewage and surface runoff. In the

study two corners had high concentration of TDS in Dhankawadi and Katraj nagar which

covers north western part and southern part, which has highly dense residential area. High

TDS presence in the water decreases the quality and affects the taste of water (Guru Prasad,

2005).

4.1.9 Sulphate

According to Minnesota's Department of Health, Soil and rock formations may naturally

contain sulphates. As water moves through these, sulphates are picked up and dissolve in the

groundwater, during infiltration of rainfall and groundwater recharge. Figure 11 spatial

distribution of sulphate in the groundwater of the study area, shows that Sulphate is varying





in between 6 to 54.998 mg/l and it was found to be within permissible limit throughout the

study area.

4.1.10 Nitrate

Figure 12 shows spatial distribution of Nitrate in the study area and it is varying from 2.221

to 84.425 mg/l. High concentration of nitrate was found in central part of the area i.e. Katraj

dairy. The higher concentration of Nitrate causes illness known as infant methemoglobin.

Figure 11: Spatial Distribution of Sulphate Figure 12: Spatial Distribution of Nitrate

4.2 Water Quality Index(WQI)

Figure 13 shows Spatial Distribution of WQI in the study area and it is varying from 23.755

to 55.621. High value of WQI has been observe in Bharti Vidyapeeth University campus

Upper Katraj nagar and Ambegaon Budurk. Low values of WQI was observed in surrounding

area of behind Katraj dairy, Katraj junction and Dattnagar. Figure 14 shows the Potablity

Index map of the study area, shows that surrounding areas of the samples 2 and 4 i.e., areas

surrounding Institute of Environment, BVU and R Residency, Upper katraj are not potable.

Most of the area having ground water is potable, people can use the ground water for

drinking purpose.





Figure 13: Spatial Distribution of Water Quality Index Map

Figure 14: Spatial Distribution of Potable Index Map





4.3 Land use / Land cover Distribution

An analysis of the nature of land use is impartment to understand the groundwater quality

(Krishna et al., 2001). Google earth’s Digital globe Imagery of December 2010 has been used

to create the land use and land cover (LULC) map of the study area. In order to create the

LCLU map, each LCLU digitized manually on the Google earth and then saved into the

Keyhole Markup Language (KML) format. The KML files converted in to the shape files and

LCLU map of study area has been prepared by using open source GIS software Quantum GIS

(QGIS). Figure 15 shows the Land Use and Land Cover map of the study area. The total area

under study is 1160 hectares, contain total built up coverage at about 482.2593 hectares. High

concentration of settlement situated in Balajinagar and Dhankawdi which covers north side

of the study area. The water bodies that are present in the study area are Katraj Lake and

upper Katraj Lake which covers area 18.5253 hectares. Which is situated in east direction of

the map and streams covers 1.5998 hectares. Agricultural land occupies 32.9647 hectares,

barren land occupies 503.1623 hectares, green spaces areas is at about 76.1928 hectares and

road cover at about 45.2958 hectares. Figure 16 shows the pie chart of percentage of LULC

classes in the study area.

Figure 15: Land Use and Land Cover map





Figure 16: Percentages of LULC

4.4 Statistical analysis of WQI with respect to LULC

Statistical analysis of Water Quality Index with respect to the Land Use / Land Cover shown

presented in the Figure 16 and Table 5. These results shows that barren land, built up and

roads classes have maximum variation of WQI values than the lakes and agriculture.

However mean WQI value of all Land Use/ Land Cover classes having approximately same

WQI value and standard deviation results shows that WQI is consistent throughout the LULC

classes in the study area.

Table 5: Statistical table of LULC

LCLU MIN MAX RANGE MEAN STD

Barren Land 23.755 55.5739 31.819 34.938 5.853169

Agriculture 25.6154 44.3824 18.767 32.0713 4.71152

Green Space 24.9979 53.9897 28.9918 34.0012 5.971439

Lake 31.0992 47.6944 16.5951 35.4926 3.576819

Built up 23.8605 55.6218 31.7613 35.1336 5.71537

Roads 23.7761 55.6137 31.8376 35.0695 6.250279

Streams 26.6938 44.5609 17.8672 35.0126 5.070109

Figure 17: Statistical Chart of LULC





5. Conclusion

This study has demonstrated the utility of GIS combined with laboratory analysis to assess

and mapping of groundwater quality. The spatial distribution map of pH, Chloride,

Magnesium and Sulphate shows that, these parameters are within the permissible limit in the

study area. The interpreted water quality with respect to EC indicates that more than 90% of

the study area groundwater lies in bad range for drinking purposes except at sample 10. The

spatial distribution map of hardness concentrations illustrates that the majority of the samples

are within the permissible limit except four samples i.e. sampling point 1, 2, 3 and 4. Calcium

ion distribution is within the maximum permissible limits, except for three samples i.e.

sampling point1, 2 and 3 which show Calcium concentration exceeding the permissible limit.

The spatial distribution map of Alkalinity concentrations illustrates that all samples are

beyond the permissible limit. TDS and Nitrate concentration in groundwater of the study area

exceeds the maximum permissible limit in one location only i.e. sample 7 and sample 1

respectively. The overall view of the WQI of the present study showed that most of the area

having a WQI value less than 50 except in the surrounding areas of sample 2 and sample 4.

People can use the ground water for Drinking and Domestic purpose in the study area except

in Upper Katraj nagar and BVU. This study has shown that the use of GIS and remote

sensing is very useful tool for the assessment of ground water quality.

Acknowledgement

We wish to thank everyone who has contributed to the progress of our research project. We

gratefully thank Lakshmi KantaKumar N, M & G GDC, Survey of India for his extensive

help and guidance in completing this project. We gratefully acknowledge Prasant Kate,

BVIEER and my brother Anjesh singh for providing necessary help. The Authors are grateful

to the Editor for his invaluable suggestions to improve the manuscript.

6. References

1. APHA (1998), Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater,

American Public Health Association, Washington D.C.

2. Asadi S. S., Vuppal P., and Reddy A. M. (2007), Remote sensing and GIS techniques

for evaluation of groundwater quality in municipal corporation of Hyderabad (Zone-V),

India, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 4(1), pp

45–52.

3. BIS (2003), Indian standards specifications for drinking water IS: 10500, Bureau of

Indian Standards, New Delhi.

4. Boyacioglu, (2007), Development of a water quality index based on a European

classification scheme, Water SA, 33(1), pp 101-106.

5. Challerjee R., Tarafder G., and Paul S. (2009), Groundwater quality assessment of

Dhanbad district, Jharkhand, India, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and Environment,

69(1), pp 137-141.

6. Collet C. (1996), Geographic Information System Needs and Software in :

Geographical Information Systems in Hydrology, 1st Edition, Kluwer Academic

Publishers, Boston, USA.





7. Dahiya S., and Kaur A. (1999), Assessment of physical and chemical characteristics

of underground water in rural areas of Tosham subdivision, Bhiwani-Haryana,

International Journal of Environment and pollution, 6(4), pp 281-288.

8. GuruPrasad B. (2005), Assessment of water quality in canals of Krishna delta area of

Andhra Pradesh, Nature of Environment and Pollution Technology, 4(4), pp 521-523.

9. House M. A., and Newsome D. H. (1989), Water quality indices for the management

of surface water quality, Water Science Technology, 21, 1137-1148

10. Joseph K. (2001), An integrated approach for management of Total Dissolved Solids

in reactive dyeing effluents, International Conference on Industrial Pollution and

Control Technologies, Hyderabad.

11. Khan F., Husain T., and Lumb A. (2003), Water quality evaluation and trend analysis

in selected watersheds of the Atlantic Region of Canada, Environmental Monitoring

and Assessment, 88, pp 221-242.

12. Ketata Mouna R., Gueddari M., and Bouhlila R. (2011), Use of Geographical

Information System and Water Quality Index to Assess Groundwater Quality in El

Khairat Deep Aquifer (Enfidha, Tunisian Sahel), Iranica Journal of Energy &

Environment, 2 (2), pp 133-144.

13. Krishna N. D. R., Maji A.K., Krishna Y. V.N., and Rao B.P.S. (2001), Remote sensing

and Geographical Information System for canopy cover mapping, Journal of Indian

Society of Remote sensing, 29(3), pp 108-113.

14. Kumar C. P. (2009), Ground water assessment methodology, National Institute of

Hydrology, Roorkee, www.angelfire.com/nh/cpkumar/publication/Lgwa.pdf, Accessed

30 August 2011.

15. Liou Sm, Liens, and Wang Sh. (2004), Generalized water quality index for Taiwan,

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 96, pp 35-52.

16. Milovanovic M. (2007), Water quality assessment and determination of pollution

sources along the Axios/ Vardar River, South-eastern Europe. Desalination, 213, pp

159–173.

17. Mitra B. K. (1998), Spatial and temporal variation of ground water quality in sand

dune area of aomori prefecture in Japan, Paper number 062023, 2006 ASAE Annual

Meeting.

18. Prasad K. (2008), Institutional Framework for Regulating Use of Ground Water in

India, Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of

India, http://cgwb.gov.in/INCGW/Kamta%20Prasad%20report.pdf, Accessed 28

September 2011.

19. Raviprakash S., and Rao G. K. (1989), The chemistry of ground water in Paravada

area with regard to their suitability for domestic and irrigational purposes, Indian

Journal of Geochemistry, 4, pp 39-54.

20. Renn C. E. (1970), Investigating water problems, A water analysis manual,

Chestertown.





21. Saraf A.K., and Choudhury P.R. (1988), Integrated remote sensing and GIS for

goundwater exploration and identification of artificial recharge sites, International

Journal of Remote sensing, 10, pp 1825-1814.

22. Shomar B., Fakher S. A., and Yahya1 A. (2010), Assessment of Groundwater Quality

in the Gaza Strip, Palestine Using GIS Mapping, Journal Water Resource and

Protection, 2, pp 93-104.

23. Sisodia R., and Moundiotiya C. (2006), Assessment of the water quality index of

wetland Kalakho lake, Rajasthan, India, Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 14(23),

pp 1-11.

24. Swarna Latha P. (2008), Studies on spatial and temporal changes of land use and land

cover, groundwater quality and shoreline of Greater Visakhapatnam municipal

corporation, Andhra Pradesh, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques, Ph.D.

Thesis Andhra University, Visakhatapatnam.

25. Tiwari T. N., and Mishra M. (1985), A Preliminary assignment of water quality index

of major Indians rivers, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 5(4), pp 276-279.

26. Vidvan Vishvam (2003), Atharvaveda Samhita, Tirumala Triupati Devasthanams,

Triupati, 1(4), pp 16-17.

27. Yogendra K., and Puttaiah E.T. (2008), Determination of water Quality Index and

Suitability of urban water body in Shimoga Town, Karnataka. The 12th

world lake

conference, pp 342-346.

ground water quality assessment of dhankawadi … water quality assessment of dhankawadi ward of...

Documents