GROUP : 01

INTEGRANTS :

CARRION ARCELA JEAN PIERRE CASTRO MALDONADO BETTY GASCO ARTEAGA LESLIE GONZALES VASQUEZ DEYSI MENDOZA CASTILLO FABRIZIO MORENO VASQUEZ LUIGUI

APPLICATION OF BIOCHEMESTRY

TO PHYSIOLOGY

INTRODUCCION

It BIOCHEMISTRY is a science that studies the chemical composition of living organisms, especially proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids, as well as other small molecules present in the cells and chemical reactions with these compounds (metabolism) enabling them to obtain energy (catabolism) and generate own biomolecules (anabolism).

BIOCHEMISTRY

IS THE SCIENCE THAT STUDENT LOS

BEINGS ALIVE A LEVEL MOLECULAR

THROUGH TECHNIQUES AND

METHODS PHYSICAL,

CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL.

THE OBJECT D EESTUDIO D ELA

BIOCHEMISTRY ARE SUBSTANCES THAT

CONSTITUTE E, HUMAN BODY.

GENERED DIVISION OF THE

BIOCHEMISTRY

STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY

COMPONENTS OF LIFE AND THE BIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE.

METABOLISM: MOLECULAR GENETICS:

ALL OF THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR

KNOW THE HEREDITY AND VARIATION.

The science that studies the chemical basis of life : the molecules that comprise cells and tissues , that catalyze chemical reactions of cellular metabolism such as digestion , the photosynthesis and immunity , among other things.

DEFINITI

ON:

ALL OF THE DISEASES HAVE MOLECULAR COMPONENT EXCEPT THE TRAUMÀTICAS.

THE MODERN METHODS HAS SETTLED THE BASIS OF MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY.

IMPORTANCE OF BIOCHEMESTRY IN

HEALTH

IN HEALTH

SCIENCES

This biochemical techniques to detect bacteria and viruses, before the appearance of antibodies, diagnose and prevent birth defects, making chemotherapy treatments and monitoring by detecting and amplifying cancer cells, these are just some of the profits of the biochemical the Health Sciences. 

THE FAST AND BIOCHEMISTRY PHYSIOLOGY

1. - WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU DEPRIVE AN ORGANISM OF CALORIC INTAKE? 

• Previously, we discuss in brief the metabolism of human body when it receives the normal caloric intake. This contribution is based on the so-called immediate early 3: Carbohydrates (sugars and carbohydrates), lipids (fats) and proteins.

2. - WHAT ARE THE BODY'S RESERVES? 

• The first fact we notice is that the body has reserves. Some say these are measured by weight. A man of about 70 kg. and 1.70 m. high, immediate early reservations are: 

• GLUCOSE: 300 gr. (4 cal / gr.) = 1,200 Kcal. Last 24 hours.• - FAT: 10 to 11 kg. (9 cal / gr.) = 100,000 Kcal. They last longer than 40 days • - PROTEIN: 10.5 kg. (4 Cal / g) = 45,000 Kcal.  In the fast eat the own

reserves. 

BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE FAST AND THE ROLE OF

HORMONAL PHYSIOLOGY•Depending on whether one or other immediate principle, as the main source of energy during fasting, it can be divided into three distinct phases as detailed below. 

1 .- WHAT ARE THE STAGES OF FASTING?

•The main fuel is glucose and all sugars and carbohydrates. First circulating glucose is consumed and then do the liver glycogen and muscle. In the biochemical process:

•1 º. Glucose is stored in liver and muscle.

•2 º. Out of there.

FIRST PHASE:

•The entry of the organism in hypoglycemia marks the second phase of fasting, characterized by the consumption of fat. Hypoglycemia is the same in charge of implementing the mechanisms that direct consumption of fat in this Phase 2 and will act on the hypothalamus, nerve endings, adrenal and pancreas. 

SECOND PHASE:

SECOND PHASE

HYPOTHALAMUS

Prevents glucose is consumed by the cells. It is hyperglycemic.

TSH

PANCREASCORTISOL

SOMATOTROPIC OR GROWTH HORMONE (STH):

Its main functions are to increase the level of blood sugar through gluconeogenesis to suppress the immune system and help the metabolism of  fats .

Lowers insulin. 

Decreases insulin antilipolytic hormone considered, and increases glucagon.

FAT METABOLISM

fasting, adipose tissue triglycerides are catalyzed steadily, releasing fatty acids into plasma. As this amount exceeds regarding the need of the body, a portion of free fatty acids is used as the primary source of heat and power and the other is metabolized in the liver, where those are converted into acetyl-coenzyme A, which in turn can follow three paths:

Transform into ketone bodies, which are the other major source of energy in fasting. 

Entering the Krebs cycle.

Be used for synthesis of substances that are part of the plasma triglycerides and endogenous cholesterol.

FAT METABOLIS

M

Moreover, in this second phase, the entire body undergoes a process of adaptation to fasting. In this adaptation are given:

a) Decreased basal metabolism:

b) Reduction of physical activity. The body has less weight and less work. 

-A quick step metabolic reduction.-A slow step preceded by, or accompanying weight loss.

Will begin to consume the protein that are essential for life.

THIRD PHASE:

PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSTANTS: ITS CHANGES DURING FASTING

PLASMA

Magnesium

Chlorine

Aldosterone

Plasma calcium

Plasma potassium

Plasma sodium

Leukocytes

Red blood cells

BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX

ADRENAL CORTEX

Transport of steroids

Mechanism of action of

cortisol

Regulation of cortisol secretion

Pathophysiology of glucocorticoid production

Increased gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance

Increased protein catabolism

Increase and redistribution of body fat

Increased secretion of acid by the stomach

Sodium retention and redistribution of body fluids leading to edema and hypertensionE

xcess c

ort

isol

•Involve failure of the adrenal glands: Addison's disease

PRIMARY

•Absence of ACTH, pituitary failure

SECONDARY

•The absence of CRH, hypothalamic failure

TERTIARY

GLUCOCORTICOID INSUFFICIENCY

HYPOTENSION

HYPONATREMIA AND HYPERKALEMIA

HYPERPIGMENTATION

WEAKNESS, FATIGUE, ANOREXIA, VOMITING, WEIGHT LOSS

Glucocorticoid insufficiency

REGULATION OF RENIN PRODUCTION: 1. Sympathetic stimuli reaching the juxtaglomerular apparatus2. Sodium flow through the macula densa of the distal tubule3. Transmural pressure

REGULATION OF ALDOSTERONE: •Aldosterone secretion is dependent on the

concentration of angiotensin II, plasma potassium and ACTH.

•The primary regulator is the plasma volume

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MINERALOCORTICOID EXCESS:

•Aldosterone producing tumor or hyperplasia of the adrenal glomerulosa region primary.

•Hyperactivity of the renin angiotensin •Hypokalemia

EFFECT OF MINERALOCORTICOID DEFICIENCY :

•Directly resulting from mineralocorticoid deficiency include hypertension, hyponatremia and hyperkalemia.

THA NKS…