group 1 - material analysis.docx

7/28/2019 Group 1 - Material Analysis.docx

1/16

STUDENT JOB SHEET

OF QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENTS

Arrange By:

Fitriana

A. A. Sg Noviana Aryani P

Luluk Annisa Ibni M

Enol Azizirrahim

Hardiyanto

Hilfan

PHYSICS EDUCATION

FACULITY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

MATARAM UNIVERSITY

2012

MATERIAL ANALYSIS

OF QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENTS

Arrange By:

Fitriana

A. A. Sg Noviana Aryani P

Luluk Annisa Ibni M

Enol Azizirrahim

Hardiyanto

Hilfan

PHYSICS EDUCATION

FACULITY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

MATARAM UNIVERSITY

2012


2/16

Aspect of Textbook Analysis

No Aspects of Assessment ObservedNon

ObservedComment

Component of Content Feasibility

1 Accuracy Materials

(The concept of truth)

The concept of this material seemaccurate enough, if we compare it

with another material, beside this

book also use an accurate references.

2 Currentness

(Compliance with the

development of science )

This currentness showed by thePhysics info on the special part of this

material.

3 Curiosity

(encourage to look for

more information)

In the opening part of this material,there are some question that can

make the student curious about the

matery.

Its just on the opening part, it would

be better if the author make some

question in every sub matery, so that

the student will be enthusiast to

learn.

4 Develovement of life skill By some activity of measurement, itwill give the develovement of

student skill, for life skill and

academic skill, we think its has been

completed.

5 Present concrete example

of environmental

Its already present the concreteexample of environmental as we can

see on the matery that show the

kinds, knowledge how to use it and

the function of the instrument that

we usually found in our daily life.

Languages Component

6 Suitable of develovement

level of learners

The language that author use here issimple enough. Its form in a short


3/16

sentence and make the student

getting easy to understand the

matery.

7 Illustrated suitable with

the matery

There is a lot of illustration in thismatery. Its good, a simple illustration

that can give a better understanding

for the student.

8 Creating an interactive

communication

Its interactive enough, as we can see,the author here use instructional

sentence that form by a second

subject you in a question or in the

activity. Its show the author try to

communicated with the readers.

9 The accuracy of sentence

structure

There are no serious problems withthe sentence structure, its mean that

the structure is good enough.

Supporting material presentation

10 The presentation of text,

tables, images,accompanied by the

resources reference

For images that showed in thismatery has been completed by thesources.


4/16

MATERIAL ANALYSIS

BASIC

COMPETENCE

MATERIAL

TOPIC

TEACHING - LEARNING

ACTIVITIES

INDICATOR

1.1 Describe

fundamental

quantities,

derived

quantities and

their units

Quantities units

and measurements

o Explaining the definition ofquantities and units

o Distinguish fundamentaland derived quantities

o Describing standard unitsand non standard units

o Giving some exampleabout standard units and

non standard units

o Doing experiment aboutmeasurement by using

standard unit like ruler and

measuring tape and

nonstandard unit by a

hand spans

o Giving information how toconvert units by using a

stairs conversion

o Doing a simple experimentby measure some object

like a desk, pencil, etc. And

convert the result using a

stairs conversion.

o Explaining about how toconvert fundamental

quantities to derived

quantities

o Doing a simple experimentto measure derived

quantities

o Solving a problem aboutfundamental quantities

and derived quantities

o Identify physicalquantities in daily

life and classify into

fundamental and

derive quantities

o Use SI units inmeasurement

o Conserve unit oflength , mass and

time with simple

experiment

o Conserve unit ofderived quantities


5/16

In this material we usually found the misconception in the aplication of fundamental

quantities and derived quantities. For example, in our daily life for measuring weight of body

we use kg as its units. While in our matery kg is a unit of mass. And weight is a kind of derived

quantities with Newton (N) as its units.

Student also often confuse about measure the object by using a special tools, say like a

vernier calipers and micrometer screw gauge. Its seem to be rather complicated for student.

They need a skill of using a measurment tools. So by our method that we choose, we hope

this confusness can be erase and can give better result of learning and teaching activities.

A. Learning ModelThe model that we choose her is a combination between cooperative learning (type STAD)

and direct instruction. Where for the first part of teaching and learning activities, teacher

share an information about the quantities units and measurements (the theory include a

definition of quantities, units, mesurments, standard units and non standard units,

fundamental and derives quantities, ). After that, the students doing a simple experiment

about the matery based on the worksheet that teacher has prepared before.

By using a cooperative model, student can help each other if one of them having a dificulties

and other confused, they can practice and feel the experience how to measure an object

using a different tools.

As we know the results of measurements between one person is not same with another one.

So, we think this method is most suitable for this matery, where students can compare the

results of their measurments with another member in that group. They can learn also, how to

accept a differencess, how to asking and accepting a knowladge from their partner.

Cooperative Learning Model type Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD)

Steps:

1. Form a group whose members around 4 people.2. The teacher presents the subject matter.3. Teachers give a worksheet that she has prepared before, then the students doing the

experiment based on the worksheet.

4. Members of the group who has a nice understanding try to help another member ofthe group in doing the experiment.

5. Teacher gives a question and the students answer the question by not helping eachother.


6/16

6. Teacher give the explanation about the experiment and discuss the questions.7. Teacher give the conclusion.

B. MethodThe method that teacher use here are discussion, group work and demonstration

C. EvaluationEvaluation used to make an assesment is including three domains of education, namely

cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. (check the apendix of worksheet)

MATERIAL

A. Quantities, Measurement, and Units1. Physical Quantities

Physical Quantities are something that can be measured and expressed with certain

value or number (quantified) and having a related unit. For example, the length of a table is

80 centimeters, length is the physical quantity with 80 as the value and centimeter as the unit

(see the table 1.1)

No Physical Quantities Values Units

1.

2.

3.

Length

Mass

Time

80

4

15

Centimeter

Kilograms

Seconds

Beauty, ugliness and kindness do not belong to physical quantities because they are

abstract. Thus, we cannot measure and quantity them.

2. MeasurementMeasurement is defined as a process of comparing a quantity with other similar

quantity that has already defined as a unit of measurement. Unit of measurement is a

standardized quantity of a physical property.

3. Unitsa.Standard units and non-standard units

Long time ago, people measured physical quantities y using different kinds of units of

measurement. In measuring length for example, they used span of their hand or step of their

feet as the unit of measurement.

Using different units of measurement cause different measurement result which makes

the unit not internationally approved. The units that are not internationally approved are

called non-standard units. In order measurements accurate and reliable measurement, it is

necessary to use units of measurements that do not change and can be adopted by

observers all over the world.


7/16

Units that have been internationally approved are called standard units. Some examples

of standard units are meter or centimeter as a unit of length, kilogram or gram as unit of

mass, and second as a unit of time.

b. The International System of UnitsNumerous kinds of measurement can cause several troubles, such as;

1) Difficulty in determining the conversion factor converting one unit to another one.2)Requirement in using many measuring instrument that are appropriate with the units.Therefore, since 1960, there has been an international agreement establishing the metric

system as The International System of Units or SI (the abbreviation for the French name Le

System International d Unites). The metric system uses meter for unit of length, kilogram for

unit of mass and second for unit of time.

A distinct advantage of the SI system is a decimal system that makes the system easy to use.

For example, 1 centimeter is equal to 0.01 meter or 1 kilogram is equal 1,000 grams.

c. Conservation of UnitsConservation of units is changing a certain units of a physical quantity to other unit

without changing its value by using a conversion factor. We often use the conservation ladder

to convert a unit.

Figure 1.1 The conservation ladder of mass, length and volume

The units of time often used in daily life are second, minutes, hour, and day.

1 day = 24 hours

1 hour = 60 minutes

1 minute = 60 seconds.


8/16

B. Base Quantities and Derived Quantities

1. Base quantitiesPhysical quantities are divided into base quantities and derived quantities. Base

quantities are physical quantities that cannot be defined in terms of other physical

quantities for they have their own units. There are seven base quantities as shown in this

table 1.2.

No Quantities units Unit Symbols

1

2

3

4

56

7

Length

Mass

Time

Temperature

Electric currentLuminous intensity

Amount of substance

meter

kilogram

second

Kelvin

amperecandela

mol

m

kg

s

K

Acd

mol

The standard and measuring instrument of length

The SI unit of length is meter one meter is defined as a distance that light travels a vacuum

in 1/299,792,458 second. We can measure length by using a ruler, a measuring tape, a vernier

caliper, and a micrometer screw gauge.

1) Ruler and Measuring TapePay to attention to figure 1.2 the distance between two nearby thick lines n the ruler is

one centimeter, while the distance between two nearby thin lines on the ruler is one

millimeter.

If you watch carefully there are 10 thin lines or 10 millimeter on every centimeter.

Thereby the smallest scale is a ruler 1 mm or 0.1 cm; therefore the accuracy (sensitivity) of a

ruler is 1 mm or 0.1 cm. a measuring tape has the same accuracy with a ruler.

Figure 1.2


9/16

2. Vernier CaliperVernier Caliper has an accuracy of 0.1 mm (Fig 1.3). A vernier caliper consist of two steel bar

scales. One sliding over the other. It also has two pair of jaw; the convex said is used for

measuring length of an object, while the concave side is used for measuring diameter of anobject, for example of an inside the diameter of a ring.

Figure 1.3

3. Micrometer Screw GaugeWe used a micrometer screw gauge for measuring a very thin or a very small object. Such

as to measuring the thickness of an aluminum plate. A micrometer screw scale comprises an

main scale marked on the sleeve an scale marked on the thimble which is called the

thimble scale. It has an accuracy of 0.01 mm which make this instrument is suitable for

measuring the dimension of small object. The part of micrometer screw and how to read its

scale is shown in Figure 1.4.

Figure 1.4

The standard and Measuring Instrument of mass

The SI units of mass are kilogram. One kilogram is defined to be the mass of particular

cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy kept at the International Bureau of weights and

Measures at Serves., which known as international standard kilogram. The instrument

used for measuring mass is a balance. There are several types of balances, for example:


10/16

1) Traditional Two-Pan Balance

We often used this type of balance for weighing, daily need such as sugar, coconut oil,

fish, vegetables, etc.

The balances have two pans; the object to be weighed is placed on one side of the panand the weights are added on the other pan until both pans reach equilibrium. When

the equilibrium has reached, its mean both pans contain equal masses.

For example, if we place an object on the left pan and two weights of 0.5 kg and o.1 kg

in the right pan, on equilibrium, we can say that the mass of object is 0.5 kg + 0.1 kg =

0.6 kg.

2)Electrical balanceAn electrical balance is very practical to used because we can see the weighting result

directly in the screen. The balance requires electrical power to operate.

3)Beam BalanceThere are two types of beam balance, the double-beam balance and the triple-beam

balance. The work principle of double beam balance is similar with two-beam balance.

The triple-beam balance comprises of three arms scale, the first arm scale has a value of

100 gram between two nearby thick lines, the second arm has a value of 10 g between

two nearby thick lines, and the third arm has a value of 1 g between two nearby thick

lines.

Figure 1.5 Some example of balances


11/16

The Standard and Measuring Instruments of Time

The SI unit of time is second. One second is defined as the time required for cesium-133 atom

to undergo a transition 9.192.631.770 cycles. The measuring instruments for time are:

1. WatchGenerally, a watch comprises of three hands; hour hand, minute hand and second hand.

The hour hand moved one scale in an hour; while the minute hand moved one scale every

minute; and second hand moved one scale every second.one hour equals to 60 minutes

and one minute equal to 60 seconds.

Figure 1.6 watch

2. StopwatchWe use stopwatch to measure time interval of an event, usually for a labiratory oe sport

events. The time interval is measured by starting the stopwatch to count at the beginning

of the event and stopping it when the event finished.

The Standard and Measuring Instrument of Temperature

Temperature is defined as a heat degree of an object. The SI units of temperature are Kelvin.

In Indonesia we often use Celsius degree as temperature unit, while Fahrenheit degree is

generally uses in USA and UK. The measuring instrument for temperature is a thermometer.
http://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/stop-watch.png


12/16

Figure 1.7 Thermometer

2 . Derived Quantities

Derived quantities are physical quantities derived from the base quantities through

multiplication, division or both. Some example of derived quantities is shown in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3 Derived Quantities

No Quantities Units Unit Symbols

1 area square meter m2

2 volume cubic meter m3

3 velocity meter per second m/s

4 force newton N

5 mass density kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3

6 power watt W

7 work joule J

Take a look at the example below. Area is derived from length.

Area = length x width

= length quantity x length quantity

= m x m

= m2

Derived Quantities Measuring Instruments

Many derived quantities can be measured directly. For example, a barometer for measuringair pressure, a dynamometer for measuring force, and a graduated glass for measuring

derived uantities .
http://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/termomter-lab-ipa.png


13/16

Table 1.4 Two Dimensional Shape and Three Dimensional Shape Formulas

Two Dimensional

Shape

Area Formulas Three

Dimensional

Shape

Volume Formulas

Square

l

l

A = length

length

A = l l

A = l2

Cube

l

l

l

V = length length

length

V = l l l

V = l3

Rectangular

w

l

A = length width

A = l w

Block

h

w

h

V = length width

heightV = l w h

Circle A = r r

A = r2

Sphere =

Triangular

h

b

=

=

Tube/Cylinder

h

r

V = area of base

height

V = r2 t

Rhomboid

b

A = base height

A = l h

Cone =

=

r

r

r

h

r

h


14/16

We can directly measure the volume of an object having irregular form such as a stone by

using graduated glass as shown in figure 1.17.

V1 (initial volume) = 30 ml

V2 (final volume) = 50 ml

Volume of the stone = V2 V1

= 50 ml 30 ml

= 10 ml

You have to notice that when you read the scale of the graduated glass, the right position

of your eyes is in line perpendicular to the plane of the scale.

What is the volume of the rock that fully immersed in the graduated glass on the picture

below?

Solution:

Identify : Vinitial = 50 ml

Vfinal = 60 ml

Asked : Vrock?

Answer : Vrock = Vfinal Vinitial

Example

1. A stone is submerged into a funnel glass that fully filledwith water, which makes some of the water spill into an

empty graduated glass. What is the volume of the stone?

2. The volume of water in a bath-up is 50 liters. If Vera using 10.5 liters of water for bath,how much is the remaining water in the bath-up?

3.

The temperature of boiled water measured by Ani is 75 C. What is the watertemperature in Kelvin?

Exercise

Figure 1.8Measuring the

volume of an irregular shaped

object using graduated glass


15/16

SUMMARY

1. A physical quantity is something that can be measure and expressed with certainvalue or number quantified an have a related unit.

2. Measurement is defined as a process of comparing a quantity with other similarquantity that has already defined as a unit of measurement.

3. Unit of measurement is a standardized quantity of physical property. A non standardunit is a unit that is not internationally approved. While a standard unit is

internationally approved unit.

4. International system of unit or SI (the abbreviation for its French name, Le systeminternational the units) is the internationally approved standard system of units that is

use and acknowledge all around the world.

5. Conversion of units is changing certain unit of a physical quantity to another unitwithout changing its value by using a conversion factor.

6. Base quantities are physical quantities that cannot be defined in terms of otherphysical quantities and have their own units. There are seven base quantities : length,

mass, time, temperature, electric current, luminous intensity, and amount of substance

7. Derived quantities are physical quantities derived quantities from the base quantitiesthought multiplication division or both for example: area, volume, velocity and force.

8. Some instruments used for measuring length are rules, measuring tapes, verniercaliper, and micrometer screw.

9. Some instruments used for measuring weight are traditional two pan balances,electrical balance and beam balance.

10.Some instrument used for measuring time is watches and stopwatches.


16/16

Referenceces

Prasodjo, Budi. Physics for Junior High School class VII.

group 1 - material analysis.docx

Documents