1. Teacher: Miss Hanh Members group Hong Thanh Chi Huong Thuy Niem Quang Trung Thuong Tinh Huynh Thi Tuyet Ngoc Mai Thu Hang Nhat Minh Ngoc Tu 2. UNIT 4 WORDS 3. OutLine 1 Definition 2 Characteristics 3 Classification 4 Exercises 4. 1. Definition 5. The word may be described as the the basic unit of language It is composed of one or more morphemes, each consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representative [ Arnold , 1986; 27 ] A word is the smallest linguistic unit which can occur on its own in speech or writing. Thanh 6. The definition of an word is one of the most difficult in linguistic because word has many aspects [ Arnold, 1986:28] Thanh 7. ion -It has a sound form E.g: the sound form of sleep is /sli:p/ -It has its morphological structure E.g: in sleep- only one free morpheme (free base) -It may occur in different word forms E.g: the plain form sleep has four inflected forms: sleeps sleeping slept ( the past simple form) slept ( the past participle form) Thanh 8. - It has different syntatic function and signal various meanings E.g: the present participle form sleeping can be used A verbal the part of the finite verb was sleeping in The child was sleeping soundly An adverbial the adjunct of manner of stood in He stood sleeping An adjectival the pre- nominal modifier of child in a sleeping child Thanh 9. Internal stability And Positional mobility Indivisibility CHARACTERISTICS C. Hng 10. 2. CHARACTERISTICS 2.1. INDIVISIBILITY Indivisibility: It cannot be cut into without a disturbance of meaning, one or two other or both of the several parts remaining as a helpless waif . For example: A dog A word group A white dog, a dead dog, Alive A word and indivisible C. Hng 11. 2.2. INTERNAL STABILITY and POSITIONAL MOBILITY 2. CHARACTERISTICS Positional mobility is meant that words are not fixed in sentences . Can it be moved to a different position in a sentences. For example: The boys drained their teacups noisily Noisily the boys drained their teacups Their teacups the boys drained noisily The boy s noisy ly drain ed their tea cup - s C. Hng 12. Internally stable The permutation certain pairs or triples of morphemes will behave as blocks, not only occurring always together, but also in the same order relative to one another. 2.2. INTERNAL STABILITY and POSITIONAL MOBILITY 2. CHARACTERISTICS (2) The boys drained their teacups noisily (3) Noisily the boys drained their teacups (4) Their teacups the boys drained noisily E.g. (1) The boys noisily drained their teacups boys , noisily, and drained are three two-morpheme words in which the suffixes s, ly and ed must follow the base. Sboy, ilynois, lyinois, eddrain, noislyi C. Hng 13. 2.2. INTERNAL STABILITY and POSITIONAL MOBILITY 2. CHARACTERISTICS Unhappily = three morphemes un-, happy, and ly. with a rigidly fixed sequential order Unlyhappy Happyunly lyunhappy C. Hng 14. 3.CLASSIFICATION 3.1 THE CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS ACCORDING TO THEIR STRUCTURE Have two classification on the basic: + The kinds (free vs. bound morphemes) + The combination of morphemes (free + free, or free + bound, or bound + bound). Hang 15. 3.1.1 SIMPLE WORDS Simple words consist of a single free base (= a free morphemes) Example: like, long, love, sun, work, etc. Hang 16. 3.1.2 COMPLEX WORDS Complex words contain at least one bound morphemes as an immediate contituent. They fall into two subclasses: Complex words - FB( free-base) Complex words - BB(bound base) Hang 17. Complex words - FB( free-base) It have one free morphemes as an IC: Example: dis ( do the opposite of) - like = dislike FM Hang 18. Un - "not" break FM Re "again" peat FM Hang 19. Complex words - BB(bound base) It have a bound morphemes for each IC: tele- " far" -vise " see" = televise Example: tele and vise can't be uttered alone with meaning. WordBM Hang 20. ex- "out of, out from" - tract " take,get" BM termin- "end" -ate "giving(to sth) a specified quality" Hang BM 21. 3.1.3 COMPOUND WORDS It's also called COMPOUNDS and have at least two free bases ( FM ) without bound morphemes. Example: highlight high light Hang 22. second hand Secondhand COMPOUND Hang 23. English compounds may be classified in several ways such as the word classes or the semantic relationship of their components 24. 3.1.3.1 THE FEATURES OF COMPOUNDS 3.1.3.1.1 The phonological feature: The elements of a compound word are stressed. Compounds differentiated grammatical structure their patterns of stressHang 25. Example: The primary- secondary pattern enables us to contrast compound nouns bluebell redcoat greenhouse blue bell red coat green house 26. Modifier Head Compound noun noun wall paper adjective noun black board Verb noun break water preposition noun under world noun adjective snow white adjective adjective blue- green verb adjective tumbledown adjective verb highlight verb preposition take out 27. 3.1.3.1.2 THE SYNTACTIC FEATURE Order : the arrangement of the elements in a compound may differ from that of a grammatical structure in order Example: set up upset Verbs+Adverbial Particles Compounds Hang 28. Upset = a state of being unhappy Set up = arrange Hang 29. Indivisibility: Compound words are considered as solid blocks. They can't divided by the insertion of any other elements.But grammatical structures can be so divided. She is sweetheart She has a sweet heart a compound noun a grammatical structure 30. 3.1.3.1.3 THE SEMANTIC FEATURE Compound words have specialised meaning. Therefore, knowing the meaning of each element of a compound word does not make it possible to figure out the meaning of the whole combination. It is said the compound words have idiomatic status. Hang 31. GV: L Th Xun Huyn The type of compounds Compounds have two types. There are derivational compounds and repetitive compounds. 1. Derivational compounds are the compounds in which the derivational suffix is attached to the combination as a whole, not to one of its elements. E.g: kind-hearted, old-timer, tnh 32. GV: L Th Xun Huyn 1. Derivational compounds Coin derivational compounds, we are apply one of the following patterns: Noun base + noun base + -er E.g: footballer one who plays football, mill-owner one who owns a mill, left-hander left-handed person or blow Adjective base + noun base + -ed E.g: absent-minded, light-hearted, black-haired, blue eyed tnh 33. GV: L Th Xun Huyn 1. Derivational compounds Noun base + noun base + ed E.g: bow-legged, war-minded, heart-shaped, moon-shaped Number base + noun base + -ed E.g: five-coloured, two-headed, one-eyed, three-fingered tnh 34. GV: L Th Xun Huyn 2. Repetitive compounds Repetitive compounds can be subcategorized into: Reduplicative compounds are the compounds in which the second element is the proper repetition of the first element with intensifying effect. They are usually, but not always, onomatopoeic words. tnh 35. GV: L Th Xun Huyn 2. Repetitive compounds E.g: drip-drip hush-hush fifty-fifty pooh-pooh pretty-pretty never-never sound of rain drops driping down from a tree, the root of the house very secret of confidential shared or sharing between two equally sound to express contempt affectedly pretty a hire-purchase system in which the consumer may never be able to become the owner of the thing purchased tnh 36. GV: L Th Xun Huyn 2. Repetitive compounds E.g1: Should he give them half a minute of blah-blah or tell them what has been passing through his mind? E.g2: Jim: Theyve got a smashing telly, a fridge and another set of bedroom furniture in silver-grey. Alice: All on the never-never, whatll happen if he loses his jobs? tnh 37. GV: L Th Xun Huyn 2. Ablaut compounds Are twin forms consisting of one basic morpheme(usually the second), sometimes a pseudo-morpheme which is repeated in the other constituent with a different vowel. The typical changes are: [I] []: chit-chat (n) [U] (infml) chat, gossip, easy familiar talk tittle-tattle (n) [C] (infml) silly or trivial talk, petty gossip (v) [I] gossip, talk about unimportant things tnh 38. GV: L Th Xun Huyn 2. Ablaut compounds Shilly-shally (n) [I] hestitate, unable to make up ones mind Dilly-dally (v) [I] waste time,dawble [I] []: tip-top (adj) (infml) excellent, first rate Ping-pong (n) [U] table-tennis See-saw (n) [sing] up or down or to-and-pro motion (v) [I] move up-and-down or to-and-pro tnh 39. GV: L Th Xun Huyn Rhyme compounds are twin forms consisting of two elements(most often two pseudo-morphemes), which are conjoined to rhyme. E.g: boogie-woogie type of blues music hoity-toity snobbish humdrum bored hurry-scurry great hurry hurdy-gurdy a small organ hurly-hurly noisy and energetic activity 3. Rhyme compounds tnh 40. Tuyt 41. COINAGE is the creation of totally news words by: E.g: Googol Pooch Nylon Inventing names for new products: Using specific brand names such as Vaseline or Frigidaire as the generic name for different brands of these types of products. Tuyt 42. Changing proper names of individuals or places to common nouns: A. People Jack Lumberjack, Jack of all trades Tom Tomcat, Tomboy, Peeping Tom B. Real people Earl of Sandwich, teddy bear, Marquis de Sade Tuyt 43. C. Places Hamburger, marathon, bikini, Shanghai, champagne, cognac. D. Mythology Tantalus tantalize Eros erotic Narcissus narcissistic Mars martial Psyche, panic, Echo E. Brand names Band - aid, Zipper, Xerox, Coke, Scotch tape, Kleenex, Vaseline,Tuyt 44. BORROWING is the process by which words in language are borrowed form another. A. Loan translation Hot dog Superman B. Transliteration Cool Dink Yuppie Tuyt 45. BLENDING is the fusion of two words into one, usually the first part of one words with the last part of another Example: brunch (breakfast+ lunch) smog (smoke+ fog) motel (motor+ hotel) newscast (news + broadcast) perma-press (permanent press) Some other blends also called blending, fusion or portmanteau words Tuyt 46. Blends, although not very numerous altogether, seem to be on the rise, especially in terminology and also in trade advertisements ( Arnold, 1986: 142) Tuyt 47. 3.2.4/ CLIPPING is the process of cutting off the beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaving a part to stand for the whole ( the full form). + Influenza and refrigerator have been clipped at both ends, producing flu and fridge ( with a slight change of spelling in the latter example). + The end of the word is deleted in exam ( from examination), ad or advert ( from advertisement ), fan ( from fanatic ), lab ( from laboratory), etc. + The beginning part of the word is removed in bus ( from omnibus ), plane ( from airplane ), phone ( from telephone), etc. N.MI 48. Clipping (Clipped forms): part of a free morpheme is cut off (i.e., shortening a polysyllabic word); often in casual speech e.g. prof. ( professor ) (also in names) lab ( laboratory ) + Liz ( Elizabeth) ad ( advertisement) + Kathy ( Katherine or Catherine) poli-sci ( political science) doc ( document) + Ron ( Ronald) auto ( automatic) +Lyn ( Evelyn or Carolyn) bike ( bicycle) sub ( submarine) N.MI 49. The clipping may not be used in the same contexts as the longer word. For example: The word exam is mostly used to refer to academic examinations or tests, not to medical examinations or check-ups. N.MI 50. 3.2.5/ ACRONYMY is the process whereby a word is formed from the initials or beginning segments of a succession of words. Acronyms: abbreviate a longer term by taking the initial letters. A. follow the pronunciation patterns of Eng + NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). + TOEFL (Test of Eng. as a Foreign Language). + AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). + NASA (National Aeronautics & Space Administration). N.MI 51. Acronyms: B. If unpronounceable each letter is sounded out separately + ATM (automatic teller machine) + I.Q. (intelligence quotient) + MRT (Mass Rapid Transit) + MTV (music television) + TVBS (television broadcasting service) + VCR (video cassette recorder) N.MI 52. Acronyms: C. Customary to sound out each letter even if the combined initials can be pronounced. + AIT (American Institute in Taiwan) + UCLA (Univ. of California at Los Angeles) N.MI 53. In other cases, we have what looks like a common noun + laser ( light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) + scuba ( self contained underwater breathing apparatus) + radar ( radio detecting and ranging) + snafu ( situation normal; all fucked up) N.MI 54. In fact, some acronyms are not often as a sequence of letters but preferably as the words they stand for. For example: e.g. is read for example; i.e. is read that is, namely; c/o is read ( in ) care of; and so on. N.MI 55. CONVERSION TRUNG Definition: In linguistics, conversion, also called zero derivation, is a kind of word formation, it is the creation of a word (of a new word class) from an existing word (of a different word class) without any change in form. E.g. the noun green in golf (referring to a putting- green) is derived ultimately from the adjective green. COMPLETE CONVERSION APPROXIMATE CONVERSION 56. COMPLETE CONVERSION Complete conversion is the process of shifting a word from one word class to another without adding an affix. Major categories of complete conversion: LexicalVerb noun: - State (from stative verbs to nouns): fear, love - Event/ activity (from dynamic verbs to nouns): laugh, walk, attack - Object of V: answer (that would be answered), catch, buy TRUNG 57. Major categories of complete conversion LexicalVerb noun - Subject of V: clone (the living being that is cloned), cheat, bore - Instrument of V: cover (something that covers things), wrap, start - Manner of V-ing: throw, walk - Place ofV: retreat, turn E.g. buy n [C] act of buying; thing bought: Best buys of the week are carrots and cabbages, which are plentiful and cheap. TRUNG 58. Major categories of complete conversion Mainly happens in well-established patterns of adjective + noun phrase. Nominalisation occurs when the noun is ellipted and the adjective is widely used as a synonym of an existing set pattern. Adjective noun E.g. Young adj immature, unseasoned: young man, young people. Young n [C] any immature animal TRUNG 59. Major categories of complete conversion Noun lexical verb - Put in/on N: bottle, corner - Deprive of N: peel (remove the peel from), skin - To with N as instrument: brake, knife (stab with a knife), campaign - Be/ Act as N with respect to : nurse, referee - Make/ change into N: cash, cripple, silence - (a) Send/ (b) Go by N: (a) mail, ship; (b) bicycle, motor - Give N, to provide N with: coat (give a coat of paint, etc to), mask, carpet TRUNG 60. Major categories of complete conversion Adjective lexical verb -Transitive verbs meaning make (more) Adj: calm, dirty, wet - Intransitive verbs meaning become Adj: dry, empty E.g. wet adj covered, soaked: wet roads, grass, clothes, etc. wet v make (sth) wet: Wet the clay a bit more before you start to mould it. Adjective lexical verb Sometimes a phrasal verb is derived from an adjective by the addition of a particle: E.g. He calmed himself down (made himself calm). He calmed down (became calm). TRUNG 61. Minor categories of complete conversion AuxiliaryVerb noun: E.g. need n demand or a condition requiring relief, etc : Theres a great need for a new book on the subject. Phrase noun: When I gamble, my horse is one of the also-rans (i.e. one of the horses which also ran but was not among the winners). TRUNG 62. Minor categories of complete conversion Phrase adjective: I feel very under-the- weather (i.e. indisposed), Have you ever experienced such an under-the weather feeling? Affix noun: Ism [noun-forming suffix countable noun] theory, doctrine, movement: Patriotism and any other isms youd like to name. TRUNG 63. Minor categories of complete conversion Non-count noun count noun: - A unit of N: two coffees (cups of coffee) - A kind of N: Some paints are more lasting than others - A instance of N (with abstract nouns): a difficulty Count noun non-count noun: N viewed in terms of a measurable extent (normally only after expressions of amount): a few square feet of floor. floor n [C, usu singular] surface of a room on which one stands, walks, etc: The bare concrete floor was cold on my feet. floor n [U] extent, range, area, length TRUNG 64. Minor categories of complete conversion Proper noun common noun - A member of the class typified by N: a Jeremiah (a gloomy prophet) - A person or place called N: There are several Cambridges (places called Cambridge) in the world. - A product of N or a sample or collection of Ns work: a Rolls Royce (a car manufactured by Rolls Royce), a Sony, a complete Shakespeare - Something associate with N: Wellingtons TRUNG 65. Minor categories of complete conversion Stative noun dynamic noun fool n [stative] person who lack in good sense or judgement; idiot: Remember that shes not a fool. fool n [dynamic] (formerly) man employed by a king, noble, etc. to amuse others with jokes and tricks; clown or jester: Hes being a fool. (Hes behaving like a fool.) TRUNG 66. Minor categories of complete conversion What are transitive verbs? Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object to receive that action. E.g. I baked some cookies. What are intransitive verbs? Intransitive verbs are action verbs but unlike transitive verbs, they do not have an object receiving the action. E.g. I cried. TRUNG 67. Minor categories of complete conversion IntransitiveVerb transitive verb run v [I] move at a speed faster than a walk : She ran out of the house to see what was happening. run v [Tn] cause toV: LondonTransport run extra trains during the rush-hour. TransitiveVerb intransitive verb - Can beV-ed (often followed by an adverb such as well or badly): Your book reads well. - V oneself: Have you washed yet? (washed yourself) - V someone/something/etc: We have eaten already. - BeV-ed: The door opened. 68. Minor categories of complete conversion Adverb or a preposition verb up prep to or in a higher position: She ran up the stairs. up adv to or in an upright position; to or in an higher place, position, condition, etc.: Stand up! Lift your head up! up v [I] (infml) get or jump up; rouse oneself: She upped and left without a word. up v [Tn] (infml) increase (sth): They upped the price. 69. APPROXIMATE COVERSION Approximate conversion is the process by which a word, in the course of changing its grammatical function, may undergo a slight change of pronunciation or spelling -Voicing of final consonants (noun verb): advice advise ( dvas dvaz ) thief thieve ( if iv ) sheath sheathe ( i i ) and (not shown in spelling) house house. - Shift of stress: when verbs of two syllables are converted into nouns, the stress is sometimes shifted from the second to the first syllable: conduct, conflict, contrast, convert, convict, export, extract, import, insult, permit, present, produce, rebel, record. TRUNG 70. PREFIXATION SUFFIXATION Nim 71. AFFIXATION DEFINITION : The process by which an affix is added to a base to form new word Nim 72. Nim PREFIXATION DEFINITION The addition of a prefix in front of a base. Example : Disagree, unhappily, overcoat Below are a number of prefixes , including some initial combining forms and initial segment. 73. PREFIXATION Nim Meanings of Some Commonly Used Prefixes:Prefix Meaning Word Examples Bi- Two; twice; double Biannual, bilingual De- away from, down undoing deport Im- in or into immobile, impossible Ab- away from absent Co- Together with Coexist 74. PREFIXATION Nim il- is used before l logical illogical legitimate illegitimate Ir- is used before r regular irregular relevant irrelevant Note: un-, il-, in-, ir-, non-, mis-, dis-, de-, mean not or opposite of in English. 75. PREFIXATION Nim Im- is placed before bilabial sounds /p, b, m/ balance imbalance possible impossible In- is used before alveolar and velar sounds /d, k, s/ and the labio-dental fricative /v/ visible invisible definite indefinite 76. SUFFIXATION The addition of a suffix at the end of a base. DEFINITION : Example Careful, drawing, freedom Below are suffixes that continue to be productive in english Nim 77. SUFFIXATION Nim Suffixes are important in determining the meanings of words in English. They change the grammatical class of words. Inflectional Suffix/Morpheme Play plays playing played Derivational Suffixes: gentle (adj) gentleness (noun) gently (adverb) Class-Maintaining Derivational Suffixes E.g. (age, -ful, -ship, -ate, - dom, -ism, - eer..) house houseful , grant grantee 78. Class-Changing Derivational Suffixes: Under the suffixes that can change word from one grammatical class to another, we have basically four groups. Noun Suffixes Verb suffixes Adjective Suffixes Adverb Suffixes SUFFIXATION Nim 79. Noun Suffixes: SUFFIXATION Nim -dom, -hood, -ness, -ice, -ation, -ion, -sion, -tion, -ment,-ship, -ance, -ence , -ancy, -ism, -ery, -eer, -ist, -or, -er friendship argument worker continuance E.g. 80. Suffix Meaning Example -ate to make perpetuate -en to make soften -fy to make dignify -ize, -ise to make sterilize SUFFIXATION Nim Verb Suffixes 81. SUFFIXATION Nim Adjective Suffixes: -ful, -ish, -ic, ical, -ive, -ous,-less, -able, -ed, -ly, -like E.g. Womanly, childlike, hateful, foolish 82. SUFFIXATION Nim Adverb Suffixes: Suffix Meaning Example -ly to make more quickly -ward in the direction of afterward 83. BACK - FORMATION Backformation is the process of deriving words by removing what is thought to be a suffix from an existing word. 1. From Nouns: peddle: from peddler burgle: from burglar beg: from beggar orate: from orator N.Minh 84. auth: from author emote: from emotion caretake: from caretaker free-associate: from free-association enthuse: from enthusiasm BACK - FORMATION N.Minh 85. BACK - FORMATION 2. From Adjective: peeve: from peevish gloom: from gloomy frivol: from frivolous cose or coze: from cosy laze: from lazy greed: from greedy grue: from gruesome N.Minh 86. TWO MAJOR SOURCES OF BACKFORMATION 1. Abstract Nouns: diagnose=diagnosis -is donate=donation ion enthuse=enthusiasm- iasm gloom=gloomy- y greed=greedy- y 2. Human nouns: loaf=loafer er sculpt=sculptor or burgle=burglar- ar beg=beggar- ar 3. Compound nouns and others: eavesdrop=eavesdropping ing merrymake=merrymaking ing babysit=babysitter- er N.Minh 87. COMPOUNDING Compounding is the process of combining two or more existing words to form a new one. T 88. Compounds contrast with phrases, which consist of two or more words that that are grammatically related. E.g : - A large card. - Beautiful pictures. - A tweenty years. - Too far. T 89. Compounds are found in all word classes : Nouns : Adjectives : Verbs : Adverbs : Pronouns : Numerals : Prepositions : Semi- auxiliaries : Conjunctions : pop group, whistle-blower, date-rape class-ridden, heart-breaking, homesick cold-shoulder, highlight, babysit good-naturedly, however, nowadays anyone, everything, nobody sixty-three, nine-tenths as for, because of, next to be going to, had better, have got to except that, rather than, whenever 90. Compound verbs are derived chiefly from nouns. - May be derived by conversion, simply a shift in word class from a compound noun without any other change : black-mail, cold-shoulder,daydream.. - May be derived by back-formation, the removal of a suffix: babysit, double-park, shoplift.. 91. NEW COINAGES ARE MAINLY COMPOUND NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 92. Compound Nouns A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words. A compound noun is usually [noun + noun] or [adjective + noun], but there are other combinations (see below). It is important to understand and recognize compound nouns. Each compound noun acts as a single unit and can be modified by adjectives and other nouns. - open or spaced - space between words (tennis shoe) - hyphenated - hyphen between words (six-pack) - closed or solid - no space or hyphen between words (bedroom) There are three forms for compound nouns: 93. Here are some examples of compound nouns: Noun + Noun : bus stop Is this the bus stop for the number 12 bus? football Shall we play football today? Adjective + Noun : full moon I always feel crazy at full moon. software I can't install this software on my PC. 94. Verb(-ing) + Noun : breakfast We always eat breakfast at 8am. washing machine Put the clothes in the red washing machine. Noun + Verb(-ing) : sunrise I like to get up at sunrise. train- spotting His hobby is train- spotting. 95. Verb + Preposition check-out Please remember that check-out is at 12 noon. Noun + Prepositional phrase mother-in-law My mother- in-law lives with us. 96. Preposition + Noun : underworld Do you think the police accept money from the underworld? Noun + Adjective : truckful We need 10 truckfuls of bricks. 97. Compound Adjectives Compound adjectives are adjectives that are made up of two or more words usually with hyphens (-) between them. Examples: An English-speaking country. A time-saving gadget. A thirty-floor building. 98. Compound adjectives can be formed as follows: a well-known writer a brightly-lit room deeply-rooted traditions a well-mannered girl Adverb-past participle / noun + ed Adjective-present participle (verb + ing) a good-looking boy a free-standing tower 99. Noun-past participle a tongue-tied boy a sun-dried fruit Adjective-past participle / noun + ed a short-sighted man a long-haired lady 100. Noun- adjective a world-famous singer Adjective- noun a last minute solution deep-sea diving Noun-noun a part-time job 101. Exercises: 1. Classify the following items with these symbols: S Simple C-BB Complex with two bound forms as ICs C-FB Complex with one free form as an IC Comp Compound GS Grammatical structure With three classes C-BB, C-FB, and Comp, make the first IC cut. Complete the table given below: 102. 1 Comp sharpshooter (one who is killed at a shooting with a gun) sharp |shooter 2 GS a sharp shooter (one who shoots sharply) 3 S act 4 C-FB react re | act 5 Comp storekeeper (the keeper of a store) store | keeper 103. 6 C-FB Highlander (one who lives in the Highland) Highland | er 7 S apparatus 8 C-BB contain con | tain 9 C-BB recur re | cur 10 C-BB current cur(r) | ent 104. 2. Give the original words from which these clipped words were formed. Complete the table given below: 1 ad advertisement 2 gas gasoline 3 taxi taximeter 4 cab cabriolet 5 frat fraternity 6 photo photograph 105. 7 Gin Geneva 8 Curio curiosity 9 Wig periwig 10 Bra brassiere 11 Brandy brandy wine 12 Pike (road) turnpike 106. 3. Give the original of each of the following blends. Complete the table given below: 1 Smog smoke + fog 2 Telecast television + broadcast 3 Electrocute electricity + execute 4 Splatter splash + spatter 5 Amerindian American + Indian 6 Eurasian European + Asian 7 Newsboy newspaper boy 8 medicare medical care 107. 4. Pronounce these acronyms and give their originals. Complete the table given below: 1 UN /,ju: en/ United Nations 2 MC /,e m si:/ Master of Ceremonies 3 BBC /,bi: bi: si:/ British Broadcasting Corporation 4 AD /,e 1 di:/ (from Latin anno domini) in the year of Our Lord, of the Christian era 5 BC /,bi: si:/ before Christ 108. 6 TESL /,ti: i: es el/ or /tesl Teaching English as a Second Language 7 EFL /,i: ef el/ English as a Foreign Language 8 VIP /,vi: a 1 pi:/ very important person 9 FIFA /fi: f 6 / Federation of International Football Associations 10 NAM /,en e 1 em/ National Association of Manufacturers 109. 1 bootleg bootlegger 2 typewrite typewriter 3 coronate coronation 4 resurrect resurrection 5 baby-sit baby-sitter 6 advance-register advance-registration 7 laze lazy 8 jell jelly 5. These verbs are back-formations. Write the words from which they are formed. Complete the table given below: 110. EXERCISE 6: Indicate the meaning relation between the parts of the following English compounds. Complete the table given below: 1) chessboard = board for playing chess on 2) flycatcher = bird that catches flies for food 3) Sunlight = 4) Daybreak = 5) frostbite = bite from frost 6) Driftwood = 7) Popcorn = 8) Handshake = 9) brainwashing (fig) = 10) match maker= 111. 11) mince-meat = 12) drinking-water = 13) typing-paper = 14) sleepwalking = walking in ones sleep 15)Sunbather = 16) Homework = 17)Workbench = 18) motorcycle = cycle powered by a motor 19)Silkworm = 20)Sawdust = 112. EXERCISE 6: Indicate the meaning relation between the parts of the following English compounds. Complete the table given below: 1) chessboard = board for playing chess on 2) flycatcher = bird that catches flies for food 3) Sunlight = light given by the sun 4) Daybreak = break of the day 5) frostbite = bite from frost 6) Driftwood = wood that drifts 7) Popcorn = corn that has popped 8) Handshake = shake by the hand 9) brainwashing (fig) = washing of the brain 10) match maker= one who makes matches 113. 11) mince-meat = meat that has been minced 12) drinking-water = water for drinking 13) typing-paper = paper for typing on 14) sleepwalking = walking in ones sleep 15)Sunbather = one who bathes in the sun 16) Homework = work done at home 17)Workbench = bench for working at 18) motorcycle = cycle powered by a motor 19)Silkworm = worm that produces silk 20)Sawdust = dust produced by sawing 114. EXERCISE 7: Match each expression under A with the one statement under B that characterizes it. A B a. noisy crow 1. compound noun b. eat crow 2. base morpheme plus derivational prefix c. scarecrow 3. phrase consisting of adjective plus noun d. the crow 4. base morpheme plus inflectional suffix e. crow-like 5. base morpheme plus derivational suffix f. crows 6. idiom 7. grammatical morpheme followed by lexical morpheme a-3 b-6 c-1 d-7 e-5 f-4