growth and change part 2 1950-1969 the civil rights movement
TRANSCRIPT
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Growth and Change Part 2
1950-1969The Civil Rights Movement
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African Americans- Beginnings of a Struggle
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)-Sought to end laws that kept African Americans from voting-first chapter in Texas opened in Houston in 1912
Primary Election- voters pick the candidates-called “white primaries” because African Americans and Mexican Americans could not vote
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African Americans- Victories in Court
Smith v. Allwright 1944with the help of the NAACP, Lonnie Smith, a dentist from Houston took the case of unfair primaries to the US Supreme court and won.
Sweatt v. Painter 1950Heman Marion Sweatt was not accepted to a Texas law school because he was African American. US Supreme court ruled that the school had to admit African Americans.
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Other Court Victories for African Americans
Won the right to…-sit on juries-live in white neighborhoods-sit where they wished on buses and trains
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Change
Segregation-separating people by race
Brown v. Board of Education 1954-outlawed segregation in public places such as schools.
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African Americans- Resistance to Change
Texas Outlaws Interracial Marriage 1956
Governor Allan Shivers stops African Americans from enrolling at Mansfield High School.
It took time for attitudes to change
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African American Texans in Public Office
1966 First African Americans elected into the Texas House of Representatives since Reconstruction were:
Joe Lockridge of Dallas
Curtis Graves of Houston
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Mexian Texans- Beginnings of a Struggle
1921- Orden Hijos de America (Order of Sons of America) formed in San Antonio-helped get Mexicans placed on juries in Nueces County-forced North Beach to remove a “No Mexicans” sign
-many Mexican veterans faced discrimination once back at home.
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Mexican Texans- The Fight Against Unfair Treatment
American G.I. Forum- gained fame by protesting a whites only funeral home
Bias in Education- forced to attend “Mexican Schools”;ended with Delgado v. Bastrop ISD. Some schools punished children for speaking Spanish.
Hernandez v. Texas- court ruled it was illegal to prohibit Mexican Americans from serving on a jury.
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Mexican Texans Unite
To gain more strength in the state, Hispanic Americans began to vote as a group.
1960 “Viva Kennedy” Campaign- helped Kennedy win Texas
1963 Political Association of Spanish-speaking Organizations- work led to a city council in Crystal City of all Hispanic Americans
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Mexican Americans Run For Office
Henry B. Gonzales- 1956 he won a seat in the Texas Senate; two years later he ran for Governor; in 1960 he became the first Hispanic American to represent Texas in the US House of Representatives.
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National Civil Rights Movement
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.- led the March on Washington in 1963
Congress of Racial Equality- (CORE)- founded by Marshall, TX James Farmer; worked to integrate public facilities
Brown v. Board of Education’s separate is not equal ruling was not always enforced
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One Person, One Vote
1936- Texas changes its constitution to limit the number of representatives large cities and towns could elect.
1960’s- 30 percent of the states population elected more than half of the senators; a vote cast in a rural town was worth more than a city vote.
Courts in the 60’s began to enforce a one person, one vote rule
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Civil Rights and Voting Acts
Civil Rights Act of 1964- sought to end discrimination on the basis of race, religion, gender, or national origin, to end segregation in public places and job discrimination.
Voting Rights Act of 1965- protected the rights of voters
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Focused Writing
What are some of the civil rights gains made in the 1950s and 1960s?
Why do you think the supreme court ruled that “separate” is not “equal”?