gruondnut production technical pop dec 2013

8/13/2019 Gruondnut Production Technical POP DEC 2013

1/80

GroundnutPackage of Practices

1


2/80

Synonym: peanut, China Badam, Badam , wonder legume (for its

flowering, pegging & pod formation pattern)

Distribution: 80 countries, between 400N to 400S latitude in tropical

warm climate, upto 1000 M above sea level

Rainfall of 500 to 1250 mm

India is first in area and second in production after China,

It is a herb, erect/trailing, photo insensitive. Used as oilseed, vine

for fodder/manure

Soil type: well drained, light colored, loose, friable, sandy loam soilswell supplied with Ca & moderate amount of Organic matter

Heavy & stiff clays are unsuitable for rainfed Groundnut as they

cause difficulties in pod growth & harvesting

Importance


3/80

Peanuts as Plants After the flowers are pollinated,

the flower stalks elongate and

turn downward. They bury into

the ground a few inches, and the

fruit develops underground.

The fruits (the peanut shell)

contain 2/4 seeds.

At harvesting, the whole plant is

removed from the ground, and

the peanuts are removed by

manually or by mechanicalpickers.

3


4/80

Nutritional qualities of groundnut

Oil content 44-55%; Oil contain 30% of Linoleic acid

Protein content 22-32%, Soluble sugars 8-14%, Ca, Fe, Vit.

B & E

Cake contain 45-50% protein- rich in all amino acids except Leucine &Methionine

An adult requires protein-55g/day.

It has antinutritional factors- Trypsin inhibitor & Phytic acid (inactivated by

boiling & roasting)

4


5/80

It was first found in the Anion located in the Peruvian coast near Lima in

pre-historic cemetery.

Peanuts were domesticated in Peru, and spread throughout the world byEuropean traders after the Spanish conquest.

Cultivated as early as 1200-1500BC

Its cultivation was widely distributed in S America

Krapovickas: Peruvian type carried from American West coast, Mexico,

Philippines , China & India(16thC)

Origin:A. hypogaea center of origin near Bolivia, Uruguay, and Paraguay.

They quickly became very popular in Africa, and they were brought into the

US by Africans being enslaved in the 1700s.

Thought to be fit only for pigs and poor people until about 1850s.

Became a popular snack during the Civil War (1861-1865), and then at

baseball games and circuses after the war.

Origin

5


6/80

Area, Yield and Production

Country Area (Million ha)

Yield (MT per

hectare)

Production

(MMT)

Change in

Production from

last Yr

2012/13 2013/14 2012/13 2013/14 2012/13 2013/14 MMT Percent

United States 0.65 0.42 4.73 4.24 3.07 1.77 -1.3 -42.34

China 4.7 4.75 3.55 3.49 16.7 16.6 -0.1 -0.6

India 5 5.4 1 1.02 5 5.5 0.5 10

Sub-Saharan

Africa 10.26 10.44 0.96 0.97 9.87 10.15 0 2.81

Nigeria 2.5 2.5 1.2 1.2 3 3 0 0

Senegal 0.83 1 0.91 1 0.75 1 0.25 33.33

Sudan 1 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0 0

World 23.28 23.68 1.72 1.66 39.94 39.34 -0.6 -1.49

6


7/80

Based on growth habit

a) Spreading: branches are spreading, main shoot may erect or

bent

b) Semi-spreading: main shoot always erect

c) Bunch: branches makes acute angle with the erect main

shoot

7

CLASSIFICATION


8/80

Type

Variety

Subspecies

Genera & species A. hypogaea

hypogaea

hypogaea hirsuta

fastigiata

fastigiata vulgaris

Virginia Peruvian

runner

Valensia Spanish

8

Classification of Groundnut


9/80

Two subspecies Hypogaea

Do not flower on main stem

Mature later

Have higher water requirement

Alternate branching pattern

Larger seed

Fastigiata

Produce flowers on main stem

Have sequential branching

Mature earlier Lower water requirement

Smaller seed

9


10/80

Characters Spanish-valensia & Virginia groupsCharacters Spanish-Valencia Virginia

Seed size Medium to small Medium to big/very big

Seeds/pod 2-4, rarely 5 2, rarely 3

Seed dormancy Very little / absent Medium to long

Flowers on main shoot Present Absent

Branching pattern Continuous Alternate

No. of branches Few to medium Medium to heavy

Length of primary branch Smaller than main shoot Bigger than main shoot

Growth habit Bunch Spreading / semi-

spreading, bunch

Duration(days) 100-125 135-175Leaf color Light green Dark green

Peak flowering stage 6-10 weeks 8-12 weeks

Leaf tip shape Round Acute

Growth of plant after podformation Absent Present10


11/80

Rain dependent cropping system. Never irrigated

Land preparation by hand, bullock and tractors Use of gypsum is necessary for compact filling of groundnut

(250 kg/ha to 500 kg/ha), source of Calcium & Sulphur.

Selection of variety according to soil type and sowing time.

Seed should be shelled 7-30 days before sowing.

Seed treatment with 3 gm Thiram or Mencozeb 2 gm/ kg seed for the

control of collar rot.

Application of Phorate (10%) or Quinalphos (5%) @ 25 kg /ha before

groundnut sowing to control the attack of white grub up to 35-40 days.

In the standing crop use of 4 lit Quinalphos 25 EC or Imidacloropid 200

S.L. @ 300 ml/ ha with irrigation control the white grub attack on later

stage.

11

Important package of practices


12/80

Primary tillage implements: Disc ploughs and discs harrow

Secondary tillage implements: cultivator. fine tilth before sowing, free from weeds, clods free,

Crop need protection from water logging and shallow furrows

should be provided at regular interval.

Drain to be laid out along slope

NPK:: 20:10:45 kg/ha

Ensure that the site selected is cleared of any debris or stubble

from previous crops before the onset of rains.

Gather and burn all the debristo avoid carry-over of pests anddiseases.

Land preparation involves ploughing, harrowing and ridging.

Land Preparation

12


13/80

Ploughing turns the soil over to cover the weeds that

are already growing in the plot to be used.

It increases soil fertility through decomposition of

weeds.

It increases porosity of the soil making the crop todevelop a big root network.

It can be done using the hoe, animal drawn ploughs

and tractor drawn ploughs.

Ploughing with oxen or tractor drawn ploughs is

recommended.

Ploughing

13


14/80

Harrowing further turns and breaks the soil after ploughing.It creates a soft bed.

It increases the capacity of the soil to absorb water thereby

increasing yield.

It can also be done with the hoe, animal-drawn harrows and

tractor-drawn harrows.

Harrowing

14


15/80

Involves heaping the top soil to form a raised ridge on which

seeds are planted.

Helps the crop to have a good bed for root establishment

and to prevent lodging.

Improves drainage in water logged areas.

It concentrates nutrients from top soil near the crop for easy

access.

Ridging can be done with the hoe, animal or tractor-drawn

implements.

Make straight ridges 30-45 cm apart

Ridging

15


16/80

For land under fallow, plough once, harrow once or twice

and ridge for best results.

For land under cultivation, plough at least once every three

years. This breaks hard pans. Harrow every year and ridge

every year.

Where available, apply farm-yard manure at 4-6 tons/ha on

the field before land preparation.

Farm yard manure improves soil fertility, soil consistency,

soil drainage, water retention and structure. It also improves

the uptake of inorganic fertilizers.

Tips on Land Preparation

16


17/80

Most suitable temperature for germination 21-28 C

For growth and flower production 25-30 C

Best adapted in areas having rainfall 500-1000 mm

Can be grown in areas with low rainfall 300-400 mm

Ripening required warm and dry period for 1 month

- Pre plant irrigation that wets the soilsignifying the importance

of adequate moisture

Rainfall during pod development is harmful to crop

Temperature and rainfall

17


18/80

Well drained

Loose and friable with high organic matter

Sandy to loamy soils are more suitable than clayey soils

pH: 5.5-7.5

Water logging and alkalinity are deterrent to pod-filling.

18

Soils


19/80

Select good quality seeds and

adopt the seed rate depending

on variety/hybrid, fertility of soil

& moisture

Seed Treatment: Use pelletedseeds with 5 gm

Bavistin/Carbandazim, Metalaxyl

(e.g. Apron Star)

Sowing to be done after first

rains so that sufficient moisturein soil for emergence.

Seed rate 100-120 kg/ha

Spacing 30 x 10cm,

30 x15cm

Plant population 2.5 to 3.33 lakhs

plants/ha

Seed Rate, Spacing and Sowing

19

h


20/80

Planting date - rule of thumb

availability of moisture at planting & during the

vegetative/reproduction stage & its absence

after maturity and at harvest

Planting depth

Depends on seed size & soil type

2.5 to 5cm

Seeding methods

20

d


21/80

Made up of two cotyledons & embryo

Embryo

plumule

hypocotyl

primary root

21

Seed

l S d i G d i


22/80

Planting Depth2.5

1.5 of Moisture

22

Place Seed into Good Moisture


23/80

At germination and emergence, the hypocotyl

and primary root are known collectively asthe radicle.

23

S i


24/80

24

Sowing


25/80

Peanut plants are in a vegetative growth stage for

the first 35 - 40 days after planting.

25


26/80

The peanut plant is very deep rooted.

Roots can be found several feet deep.

26

Irrigation Management


27/80

Establishment 10-20 DAS

Vegetative 25-35 DAS

Flowering and pegging 35-

50 DAS

Pod formation 50-75 DAS

Pod Development

80-100

Critical water stage is 40 110 DAS

DO NOT allow stress in last 30 days

27

Irrigation ManagementCritical growth stages for irrigation

W d C t l


28/80

Traditional control

The critical period of weedcompetition was between 20-

25 and 35-40 days after

emergence (DAE).

Chemical control

Alachlor/Fluchloralin at therate of 1.5 liter per ha as a

pre-emergence application.

Apply stomp

(pendimethalin 3 L/ha) at 0-

3 day after sowing

Weeds Control

28

Carry out second weeding 5-6 weeks after planting at the time of pegging

and earthing up to be completed simultaneously.

P ti di f P ti id


29/80

Use appropriate herbicides at recommended doses.

Ensure you wear hand gloves and nose mask and

dress properly when applying pesticides.

Take proper measures to dispose cans or containersafter using the content, for safety.

Precaution regarding use of Pesticides

29

W d C t l


30/80

Pre-sowing: Fluchloralin at 2.0 l/ha soil applied and incorporatede followed

by light irrigation.

Pre-emergence: Fluchloralin 2.0 l/ha or Pendimethalin @ 3.3l/ha applied on

third day aftersowing through flat fan nozzle with 500 l of water/ha followed

by irrigation. After 35 - 40 days one hand weeding may be given.

Spray Imazethapyr @ 750 ml/ha at 20-30 days after sowing based on weed

density as post emergence spray. If no herbicide is applied two hand hoeing

and weeding are given on 20th and 40th day after sowing.

Apply, PE Oxyfluorfen @ 200 g/ha on 3rd DAS and followed by one hand

weeding on 40-45 DASApply, PE Oxadiazon @ 0.8 kg/ ha followed by one

earthing up using hoes (or) PE Metalachlor @ 1.0 kg/ha followed by one

hand weeding on 40 DAS.30

Weed ControlWeeds Control

EARTHING UP


31/80

Accomplish earthing up during second hand weeding/late hand weeding (inherbicide application).

It is an important operation in groundnut. Earthing up is to be done within

40-45 days after sowing as it helps for the penetration of pegs in the soil

and also facilitates for increased pod development.

NOTE:

Earthing up provides medium for the peg development

Use the improved hoe with long handle which can be worked more

efficiently in a standing position. Do not disturb the soil after 45th day of sowing as it will affect pod

formation adversely.

31

EARTHING UP


32/80

A peanut leaf is made up of four leaflets.

32


33/80

Peanut plants will begin to lap about mid

season providing complete canopy coverage

33


34/80

About 35 days after planting, the peanut plant

begins its reproductive stage with the onset of

blooms.

The peanut flower is a perfect flower, with both

male and female parts present in the same

flower.

34


35/80

Reproductive Growth

Stages of Peanut

Growth stages of peanut

K. J. Boote, Peanut Science 9:35-40

Beginning podBeginning peg

R2R3

R1

Beginning bloom

R4

R7

R5 R6

Beginning seed

Beginning maturity

Full pod Full seed

35

Flowering


36/80

A flowering branch never occurs at the same node as a vegetative

branch. Indeterminate growth, better at good sunshine

Anthesis - 5.30 to 7.30am

Stigma becomes receptive about 24 h before anthesis and itsreceptivity persists for about 12 hours after anthesis

Pollination is affected 7-8 hrs before blooming If anther dehiscence gets affected due to cloudy weather, the style

continues growth & stigma become protrude & pollinated by alienpollen through insect

Pollen grains are smooth, oval, and sticky, Fertilization occurs about6h after pollination.

All flowers don not end up in forming pods 2/5 flowers- shed off at beginning

2/5 flowers- do not form pod even after pod formation

On an avg. 1/7 forms pod

36

Flowering


37/80

At the base of the

peanut flower are theovaries.

Pollen grains shed in

the petals and attach to

the stigma. The first

pollen grains that

mature and travel down

the pollen tube,

fertilize the ovaries.

37

Pegging


38/80

Within 7 days after fertilization the intercalary meristem below the ovary starts

become activate & female whorl located on the third internode also starts getting

enlarged

This in later stages takes the shape of thick root & carry the fertilized ovary in its

tipcalled peg

Movement geotropic penetrate soil up to 7cm depth & become diageotropic

The pod formation will start after growth of peg stops

Time taken by peg to reach the soil surface is 2-8 days in bunch type & 5-10days in

spreading type, Only 44% pegs form pod

Soil should be soft to facilitates peg insertion

Pods are slightly or deeply constricted (depends on variety, soil-type, season)

38

Pegging


39/80

a The fertilized ovary is

referred to as a peg.

The peg grows toward the

soil surface and pushes 1

to 3 into the soil.

The tip of the peg takes in

water and nutrients, andswells to become the

peanut pod.

39


40/80

Heat or pests can damage pegs

40


41/80

Pegs entering the soil

41


42/80

Peanut blooms

Peanut pegs and pods below grou42

Important insect pest


43/80

Leaf miner (Aproerema modicella)

White grub (Holotrichia sp.)

Hairy catterpillar (Armsacta albistraga)

Termite (Microtermus sp. & Nasutitermus sp.)

43

Important insect pest

White Grub


44/80

(Holotrichia consanguinea, Holotrichia serrata)

Identification & Monitoring

It is a polyphagus pest.

Adults are 18-20 mm long and 7-9 mm wide.

The eggs are white, almost round.

The young grubs are translucent, white and 5 mm long.

Beetles emerge out of the soil within 3-4 days after the onset of rain.

Install light traps with the onset of rains and count the number of beetles

per day.

Dig 100 X 100 X 20 cm pit @ 10 pits per ha, collect and count the number

of beetles per pt.

Damage

Both adults and larvae are damaging stage

The larvae feeds roots and damage pods.

Grubs feed on fine rootlets, resulting in pale, wilted plants dying in

patches.

44

White Grub


45/80

Cultural Control

Deep ploughing in summer.

Always use well decomposed organic manure it attracts the adult beetles.

Partial or complete lopping of host plants and retaining of a few most preferred

host trees in the area for congregation of white grub adults.

Crop rotation with sorghum/pearl millet or maize.

Early sowing to avoid damage due to insect pest.

Standing crops of fodder, sugarcane etc. are also protected.

Collection and destruction of white grub adults from host trees around the field.

Chemical Control

Apply safe chemical insecticides at recommended doses only if the insect

population crosses the ETL.

Spray should be undertaken as a community approach and should be repeated

after every rainfall till the middle of July.

Spraying the trees close to the field with Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2 ml/lit of watersoon after first monsoon showers for 3-4 days in the late evening hours kills the

adult beetles and reduces root grub infestation.

Seed treatment with chlorpyriphos 20 EC ( 6.5 to 12.5 ml/kg seed) is found

effective. In case of severe infestation apply 10% phorate @ 10 kg/ha.

45

Groundnut leaf miner


46/80

(Stomopteryx subscecivella)


The adult is a brownish gray moth, 6 mm long with 10 mm wing

span.

The eggs are shiny white and are laid singly underside of the

leaflets.

The larvae mine in to the leaves and are about 1 mm long at first

and enlarge as the larvae grow.

Pupation takes place in the webbing.

Install pheromone trap @ 1/ha for monitoring

It is severe during August-October.

ETL is 2-3 larvae/plant or 10% leaflets damaged in central whorl

DamageYoung larvae initially mine into the leaflets, feed on the

mesophyll and form small brown

blotches on the leaf.

Later stages larvae web the leaflets together and feed on them,

remaining within the folds.

Severely attacked field looks "burnt" from a distance. 46

Groundnut leaf miner


47/80

Chemical Control

Apply safe chemical insecticides at recommended doses

only if the insect population crosses the ETL.

Effective control could be achieved if insecticide is applied

at 45 and 70 days after planting.

Carbaryl 50WP 0.2 per cent spray was found to be most

economical for controlling this pest; or

Spray Quinalphos 25 EC 2ml or Methyldemeton 25 EC

1.6ml or Dimethoate 30 EC 2ml /lit of water.

47

Bihar hairy caterpillar


48/80

(Spilosoma (Diacrisia) obliqua)Identification & Monitoring

The adult is a brown moth with a 40-50 mm wing span and a

red abdomen.

Eggs are laid in clusters of 50-100, on the lower side of leaves.

The larvae are covered with long yellowish to black hairs and

are up to 5 cm long.

Pupation takes place in the soil under dry foliage and debris.

The pupa forms a thin silken cocoon by interwoven shed hairs

of the larvae.

Damage

Young larvae feed gregariously mostly on the under surface of

the leaves. Feed on leaves and cause loss by way of defoliation.

In severe cases only stems are left behind.

In defoliated crop it also feed on capsules.

48

Bihar hairy caterpillar


49/80

Chemical Control

Apply safe chemical insecticides at recommended doses only if the insectpopulation crosses the ETL.

Dust Lindan 1.3% or Fanvalerate 0.4% 15.20 kg/ha, the early stage is easyto control.

Form a deep furrow trench around the field and dust with two per cent

methyl parathion to prevent the mass migration of hairy caterpillars. Spraying of quinalphos 25 EC (2 ml/lit), or chlorpyriphos 20 EC (2.5 ml/lit)

or endosulfan 35 EC (2.0 ml/lit) recommended when the caterpillars areyounger.

Mechanical Control

Setting up bonfires on field bunds during night. Mass collection and destruction of eggs and just emerged caterpillars.

Place the twigs and leaves of calotropis, jatropha and papaya around thefield to trap grown up caterpillars and destruction.

49

Tobacco caterpillar


50/80

(Spodoptera litura) Identification & Monitoring

The adults are light brown moths with a wing span of about 30 mm and mottled

forewings.

The egg masses about 4 X 7 mm appear golden brown on the upper surface of

leaves, Young larvae are light green in color, feed mostly during night time.

Full grown larvae are stout, cylindrical and pale greenish brown with dark

markings.

The pupae are reddish brown and is in the soil close to the plant. Monitor the flight intensity of the larvae using traps like pheromone trap.

It is one of the serious pests of groundnut.

Damage

Freshly hatched larvae feed gregariously, scraping the chlorophyll, soon disperse.

Later stages feed voraciously on the foliage at night, hiding usually in the soilaround the base of the plants during the day.

Sometimes the feeding is so heavy that only petioles and branches are left behind.

In light soil, caterpillar bores into the pods.

50

Tobacco caterpillar


51/80

ControlCultural

Deep summer ploughing.

Early sowing to escape insect pest damage.

Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid season drought

Planting castor or sunflower plants as trap crop for egg laying and

destroying eggs or 1st stage larvae help in reducing the incidence. The sunflower act as bird perches as well.

Chemical Control

Apply insecticides only if the insect population crosses the ETL.

Apply Methyl parathion 2% dust @ 20 kg/ha or spraying of

monochrotophos 36 SL or Quinolphos 25 EC @ 1500 ml or Trizophos 40EC@ 800 ml in 700-800 lit of water.

Poison bait with monocrotophos 36 SL or carbaryl, rice bran, jaggery and

water can be used to control the grown up larvae.

51

Termites


52/80

(Odontotermes spp)


The termites favour red and sandy soils.

These are social insects, live in termitaria, in distinct castes,

workers, kings and queen.

Eggs are laid on plants and in the soil.

'Workers' are small (4 mm) and have a soft, white body and a

brown head

Damage

Termites penetrate and hollow out the tap root and stem thus

kill the plant. Bore holes into pods and damage the seed.

It removes the soft corky tissue from between the veins of pods

causing scarification, weaken the shells, make them liable to

entry and growth ofAspergillus flavursthatproduces aflotoxins.

52

Termites


53/80

ControlCultural Control

Digging the termitaria and destruction of the queen is most important in termitemanagement.

Use well rotten organic manure.

Harvest the groundnuts as soon as they are matured, early removal of the produce

from the field will reduce the chances of termite damage to pods.

Clean cultivation

Irrigate the crop frequently

Thorough ploughing and frequent interculture

Mechanical Control

Avoid physical loss of the crop during harvesting.

Destruction of debris, termite nests and queen

Chemical Control

Apply safe chemical insecticides at recommended doses only if the insectpopulation crosses the ETL.

Apply chlorpyriphos 20 EC or Lindane 1.3% to control termites.

Or apply dust of chlorpyriphos @ 30-40 kg/ha in soil before sowing.

Seed dressing with insecticides such as 6.5ml of chloropyriphos /kg of seed may

reduce termite damage.53

Important diseases


54/80

Early leaf spot (Circospora arachidicola)

Late leaf spot (phaeoisariopsis personata)

Rust (Puccinia arachids)

Peanut necrosis

Root knot nematode

Bacterial leaf spot

54

Important diseases

Early Leaf spot


55/80

Cercospora arachidicola

DamageInfection starts about 1 month after sowing.

Small chlorotic spots appear on leaflets, with time they enlarge and

turn brown to black and assume sub circular shape on upper leaf

surface.

On lower surface of leaves light brown colouration is seen.

Lesions also appear on petioles, stems, stipules.In severe cases several lesions coalesce and result in premature

senescene.

Survival & Favourable Conditions

Monoculture of groundnut, lower temp (25oC), long periods of high

relative humidity and rainfall

favour the disease.

Control

Spray carbendazim 0.1% or mancozeb 0.2% or chlorothalonil 0.2%.

55

Early Leaf spot


56/80

Above: Severity of groundnut leaf spot diseases (sprayed

plants on the right of each photograph)

56

Late leaf Spot


57/80

DamageInfection starts around 55-57 days after sowing

Nearly circular spots appear on the lower surface of

the leaflets.

Lesions are rough in appearance. In extreme cases

many lesions coalesce resulting in premature

senescence and shedding of the leaflets.


Temperature of 18-30o

C, leaf wetness and a totalwetness and a late wet spell, magnesium deficiency

and heavy application of nitrogen and phosphorus

fertilizers favour the development of disease.

57

p


58/80

Control

Mechanical Control

Deep burying of crop residues in the soil, removal of

volunteer groundnut plants are important measures in

reducing the primary source of infection.

Biological Control

Foliar application of aqueous neem leaf extract (2-5%) or 5%

neem seed kernel extract at 2 weeks' interval 3 times starting

from 4 weeks after planting.

Chemical Control

Spray carbendazim 0.1% or mancozeb 0.2% or chlorothalonil

0.2%.

58

RUST


59/80

Puccinia arachidis

Damage

Rust can be readily recognized as orange coloured pustules that appear on

the lower leaflet surface and rupture to expose masses of reddish brown.

Pustules appear first on the lower surface and in highly susceptible

cultivars the original pustules may be surrounded by colonies of secondary

pustules.

Pustules may also appear on the upper surface of the leaflet.

The pustules are usually circular and range from 0.5 to 1.4 mm in

diameter.

They may be formed on all aerial plant parts apart from flower and pegs. Severely infected leaves turn necrotic and desiccate but are attached to

the plant.

59



60/80


Wet weather coupled with a temp of 22-25oC favours the disease.

Cultural Control

Crop rotation and field sanitation. Strict plant quarantine regulations should be enforced to avoid the spread

of rust on pods or seeds to disease free areas.

Early sowing in the first fortnight of June to avoid disease incidence.

Intercropping pearl millet or sorghum with groundnut (1 :3) is useful in

reducing the intensity of rust. Use resistant/tolerant varieties.

Destroy volunteer (self sown) groundnut plants and crop debris to reduce

/ limit primary source of inoculum.

Chemical Control

Spray chlorothaalonil 0.2%; or mancozeb 0.25% or

Hexaconazole/propaconazole to reduce disease incidence.

60

Bud necrosis


61/80

Peanut Bud Necrosis Virus (PBNV)Damage

Chlorotic spots appear on young leaflets and necrotic rings &

streaks are developed.

Terminal bud necrosis occurs when temperature is relatively high.

As the plant matures it becomes stunted with short internodes and proliferation of

auxiliary shoots.

The virus is mainly transmitted by thrips.


The virus survives in the hosts of thrips and acts as a source of inoculums for the

vector.

The thrips are carried by wind.

The population of vectors increases rapidly from January-March and August-

September Kharif and hence the crop suffers a heavy loss in both the seasons.

Chemical Control

Spray monocrotophos 1.6 ml/l or dimethoate 2 ml/l . 61


62/80

62


63/80

Nitrogen fixing nodules on peanut rootThis is NOT nematode damage!63


64/80

64

The seed is attached to the inner hull layer by the funiculus.


65/80

The funiculus functions as an umbilical cord, transporting

water and nutrients to the kernel.

65

Factors Affecting Peanut Maturity


66/80

Weather

Too hot

hastens Too cool slows

Pest pressure Diseases defoliation by leaf

spot, weakened vines, weak

peg stems Insects defoliation by

foliage feeders, chew pegstems

Fertility N deficiency

Mn deficiency

66

g y

Hull Scrape Maturity Profile


67/80

Based on color change of mesocarp, Exocarp canbe removed by knife or pod blaster

Color change goes from lighter (immature) to

darker (mature):white, light yellow, dark yellow,

orange, brown, black

67

p y

Harvesting


68/80

Time of harvesting depends on the variety.

Symptoms of Maturity are yellowing of leaves, shedding of

older leaves, development of proper color of testa and darktint inside the shell,

Usually matures in 120-150 DAS.

Harvested crops is left in small heaps for 2-3 days for curing

Average yields ranges from 1.0 to 3.0 MT/ Ha depending on

varieties/type/Package of practices

Average shelling is 70%

Oil to nut in shell is 28 %

Oil to Kernels crushed is 40%;

Cake to Kernels crushed is 60 %

68


69/80

69


70/80

70


71/80

71

Plucking of peanut


72/80

72


73/80

Storage of peanut hay

STORAGE OF PEANUT HAY


74/80

Storage of peanut hay

74

Storage methods of peanut


75/80

CRIB STORAGE

75

HAND SHELLING OF PEANUT


76/80

76


77/80

STORAGE OF

PEANUT INSACKS

NO

PESTICIDESARE

APPLIED

77

Steps in Postharvest management system


78/80

Harvesting: Ensure the crop has reached the

required maturity Threshing: Remove the cobs and separate the

seeds

Cleaning: Ensure the crop is free from dust and

other dirty Sorting

Grading

Drying: Dry the crop up to 5% moisture content Storagein a cool, well ventilated, moisture free

structure/Bin, Silo, Sacks, etc at 12-200C.

78


79/80

79


80/80

gruondnut production technical pop dec 2013

Documents