1

Turnagain Arm Hydroelectric Bridge energy study 222020 Henry Kroll 26571 Heavy down Drive Soldotna AK 99669

Tidal energy is a renewable source of electricity which does not result in the emission of gases responsible for global warming or acid rain associated with fossil fuel generated electricity Use of tidal energy could also decrease the need for nuclear power with its associated radiation risks

The Turnagain Arm Bridge power generator must be constructed in order to furnish clean power for the future It is predicted that in ten years half the cars and large semi-trucks on the road will electric and in thirty years practically all vehicles will be electric Oil is obsolete Instead of spending 12-billion to drill in ANWAR a two billion-dollar hydroelectric plant would propel us into the future

2

We really need to improve this this There is no tide energy on this graph

studycom rsaquo academy rsaquo tidal-energy-advantages-and-disadvantagesTidal Energy Advantages and Disadvantages - Video amp Lesson

What are the advantages and disadvantages of tidalTidal

Advantages of tidal Disadvantages of tidal

Clean renewable energy source Construction of tidal barrages is expensiveTurnagain Arm is a natural Barrage

Tidal power plants will last for a long time

Environmental impact of tidal barrages is negligible

Search for What are the advantages and disadvantages of tidalHow does tidal energy affect the environmentTidal energy is a renewable source of electricity which does not result in the emission of gases responsible for global warming or acid rain associated with fossil fuel generated electricity

2

We really need to improve this this There is no tide energy on this graph

studycom rsaquo academy rsaquo tidal-energy-advantages-and-disadvantagesTidal Energy Advantages and Disadvantages - Video amp Lesson

What are the advantages and disadvantages of tidalTidal

Advantages of tidal Disadvantages of tidal

Clean renewable energy source Construction of tidal barrages is expensiveTurnagain Arm is a natural Barrage

Tidal power plants will last for a long time

Environmental impact of tidal barrages is negligible

Search for What are the advantages and disadvantages of tidalHow does tidal energy affect the environmentTidal energy is a renewable source of electricity which does not result in the emission of gases responsible for global warming or acid rain associated with fossil fuel generated electricity

3

Use of tidal energy could also decrease the need for nuclear power with its associated radiation risks Mar 25 2014

wwwoceanenergycouncilcom rsaquo ocean-energy rsaquo tidal-energy

Tidal Energy - Ocean Energy Council

What are the positives of tidal energyClean Tidal energy does not produce greenhouse gas emissions 2 Reliable Tidalcurrents are predictable Knowledge of high and low tide cycles can help a tidal power plant construct an efficient system for generating electricity Jul 13 2015

At the time of Moses my research indicates that the oxygen content of our atmosphere was around 30 as compared with todays 20 It should be obvious by now that if mankind keeps burning things earth will eventually run out of oxygen--especially given the fact that frac34rsquos of the oxygen producing plankton in the oceans is missing and over frac34rsquos of the rain forests have been cut down

My research in my book COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES indicates that earthrsquos atmosphere at the time of the Jurassic Era 165-million years earth had an atmospheric pressure of 30 to 60

4

pounds per square inch as compared with todayrsquos 145 pounds per square inch at sea level and it also had a much higher carbon dioxide content close to 15

Scientist too plaster casts of dinosaur chest cavities and determined that their lungs were too small to exist in todayrsquos rarified 14 pound per square inch atmosphere Jurassic atmosphere had to between 30 and 60 pounds per square inch Venus still has a 117 PSI CO2 atmosphere

populationeducationorg rsaquo what-are-pros-and-cons-hydropower-and-tid

Search for What are the positives of tidal energy

COSTThe cost of hydro power is only 085 cents per KW Alaskanrsquos currently pay an average of In the US hydropower is produced for an average of 085 cents per kilowatt-hour (kwh) This is about 50 the cost of nuclear 40 the cost of fossil fuel and 25 the cost of using natural gas Alaskarsquos natural gas cost of electrical production is higher than the national average at 2058 cents per KW

How much does it cost to install a hydropower plant

5

IRENA reports average investment costs for large hydropower plants with storage typically range from as low as $1050kW to as high as $7650kW while the range for small hydropower projects is between $1300kW and $8000kW Mar 9 2016

The cost of construction could either be less or more than the national average depending on what type of turbines or mechanical devices are used to drive the dynamos wwwwviccom rsaquo content rsaquo facts_about_hydropower

Recent data shows that in Wisconsin hydropower is produced for less than one cent per kwh This is about one-half the cost of nuclear and one-third the cost of fossil fuel (2)

How do we get tidal energyTidal Power Tidal energy is produced through the use of tidal energy generators These large underwater turbines are placed in areas with high tidal movements and are designed to capture the kinetic motion of the ebbing and surging of ocean tides in order to produce electricity

wwwalternative-energy-newsinfo rsaquo technology rsaquo hydro rsaquo tidal-power

Tidal Power - Alternative Energy

Search for How do we get tidal energyHow expensive is tidal energy

6

That suggests an amortized annual cost of around $105 million USD That in turn indicates a cost of electricity of around $197 per MWH or about 197 cents USD per KWH Thats more expensive than the Hinkley nuclear plant which is projected to be up around 15 cents USD per KWH if it goes forward Jun 13 2017

Search for How expensive is tidal energyWrong Obviously we have the best locations for tide energy in Cook Inlet Alaska In fact we have enough energy in upper Cook Inlet to power most of the world

Does tidal energy affect marine lifeA study into the impacts of tidal and wave devices on marine wildlife found little evidence of long-term effects on use of the seas by birds and marine mammals as a result of the operation and installation of such devices at the test sites Jun 13 2017marineenergybiz rsaquo 20170613 rsaquo wave-and-tidal-devices-show-minor-e

We can improve on that

7

Turnagain Arm Bridge project addendum

Fish normally donrsquot travel up the middle streams where there are strong tidal currents They are smarter than that Fish travel up along stream banks taking advantage of back eddies to conserve energy After all some of them have a long way to go and they wouldnrsquot make it they swam up the middle of the stream

The Seattle Locks is a prime example where industry co-exists with fish The Seattle Locks have existed for many decades and there are still salmon runs in Lake Union and Lake Washington Tourists and locals alike can walk down a stairway into a tunnel to view salmon and trout traveling upstream thru large plate glass windows as they swim upstream into Lake Union

Large culverts placed at both ends of the Turnagain Arm Bridge to allow fish and whales to pass up and down stream with little effort A large Tesla valve molded into the concrete at either end of this passageway would create a back eddy making it easier for both fish and whales to travel upstream Whales are smart They would soon learn to avoid the turbans or revolving doors whichever type of generating mechanism is employed

I think the revolving door system would be the most cost effective because they could be manufactured locally and off-the shelf dynamos made General Electric in America could be used instead of dynamos imported from foreign countries I am currently researching the various types of equipment currently available

Four or more 40-megawatt dynamos or larger should be used to generate the electricity Large Tesla storage battery banks will be used at either end of the bridge to store electricity between tides and fed into the existing grid Switches would be employed to use power from either end

If only two of the 40-megawatt generators are used at one time then the resulting power would be about 40-megawatts per hour That would be 400000 kilowatts per hour Letrsquos say that energy is sold at 10-cents per kilowatt hour instead of the current 225 cents a kilowatt hour that power amount sold equals $4000000 an hour or $960000 for a 24-hour day This is about 320-million dollars a year running at half capacity In ten years the power generated with only two 40-megawatt generators on line would bring in approximately three-billion dollars in gross revenue Maintenance costs would be less than two-million dollars a year

To pay for the bridge construction the feds might put in half a billion and the state issue bonds to make up the rest of the money needed for construction

As the demand grows for electricity with population growth and more homes and business being heated with electricity the other two additional generating plants could be brought on line Also smaller hydroelectric generators could be brought online at Nikiski docks and

8

between the Forelands Attached is a picture of one giant propeller generator that is producing power off the coast of Scotland

If you would like to see my 30-page unfinished report on this subject please send me some money to complete it Henry Kroll 26571 Heavy Down Drive Soldotna Alaska 99669

9

10

A thirty-mile road would need to connect the Sterling Highway before it climbs up into the mountains past the town of Sterling The road would follow the gas pipeline road that already exists We need to get Donald Trump behind this to allow a four-lane highway to be built through the wildlife refuge parallel to the existing gas pipeline to the Turnagain Arm Bridge Near where the bridge causeway connects to the land power lines and large Tesla industrial batteries have to be place to store electricity between tides

11

Search for Does tidal energy affect marine lifeWave and tidal devices show minor effects on marine wildlife A study into the impacts of tidal and wave devices on marine wildlife found little evidence of long-term effects on use of the seas by birds and marine mammals as a result of the operation and installation of such devices at the test sites The report commissioned by Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) Marine Scotland and the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) looked into how species distribution and numbers had varied across the test site relative to different levels of site activity

The detailed records on marine mammal and birds present at sea in and around the test berths were collected through the Wildlife Observation Program which was running alongside device testing at EMEC

The land-based observer data collected has been extensive with over 11 years of data from the tidal energy site Falls of Warness and six years at the wave energy test site Billia Croo

The study found that no significant changes in wildlife distribution were detected around the test berths at the wave energy test site at Billia Croo

Observations at the Fall of Warness tidal test site showed slightly reduced numbers in some species in the vicinity of the test berths after construction work started

However in all cases this returned to previous levels during subsequent deployment and operation of the turbines according to Marine Scotland It is therefore possible that increased vessel activity associated with installation is likely to be causing stress to marine life

Tidal energy does not create air water or thermal pollution Once a dam barrage or tidal fence is built the energy production is free since tidal power harnesses the natural power of tides It is also sustainable because its energy comes from the lunar and solar cycle

For most other species no such pattern of change around the Falls of Warness test berths could be detected

The observations used in this study were made from land overlooking the test sites so possible wildlife interactions with turbines below the sea surface were not determined Marine Scotland noted

George Lees Marine Energy Manager at SNH said ldquoThese initial results are reassuring and show that the deployment and testing of multiple wave and tidal energy converters in the seas off Orkney over more than a decade has not had a significant impact on the diverse and abundant wildlife living thererdquo

7

Turnagain Arm Bridge project addendum

Fish normally donrsquot travel up the middle streams where there are strong tidal currents They are smarter than that Fish travel up along stream banks taking advantage of back eddies to conserve energy After all some of them have a long way to go and they wouldnrsquot make it they swam up the middle of the stream

The Seattle Locks is a prime example where industry co-exists with fish The Seattle Locks have existed for many decades and there are still salmon runs in Lake Union and Lake Washington Tourists and locals alike can walk down a stairway into a tunnel to view salmon and trout traveling upstream thru large plate glass windows as they swim upstream into Lake Union

Large culverts placed at both ends of the Turnagain Arm Bridge to allow fish and whales to pass up and down stream with little effort A large Tesla valve molded into the concrete at either end of this passageway would create a back eddy making it easier for both fish and whales to travel upstream Whales are smart They would soon learn to avoid the turbans or revolving doors whichever type of generating mechanism is employed

I think the revolving door system would be the most cost effective because they could be manufactured locally and off-the shelf dynamos made General Electric in America could be used instead of dynamos imported from foreign countries I am currently researching the various types of equipment currently available

Four or more 40-megawatt dynamos or larger should be used to generate the electricity Large Tesla storage battery banks will be used at either end of the bridge to store electricity between tides and fed into the existing grid Switches would be employed to use power from either end

If only two of the 40-megawatt generators are used at one time then the resulting power would be about 40-megawatts per hour That would be 400000 kilowatts per hour Letrsquos say that energy is sold at 10-cents per kilowatt hour instead of the current 225 cents a kilowatt hour that power amount sold equals $4000000 an hour or $960000 for a 24-hour day This is about 320-million dollars a year running at half capacity In ten years the power generated with only two 40-megawatt generators on line would bring in approximately three-billion dollars in gross revenue Maintenance costs would be less than two-million dollars a year

To pay for the bridge construction the feds might put in half a billion and the state issue bonds to make up the rest of the money needed for construction

As the demand grows for electricity with population growth and more homes and business being heated with electricity the other two additional generating plants could be brought on line Also smaller hydroelectric generators could be brought online at Nikiski docks and

8

between the Forelands Attached is a picture of one giant propeller generator that is producing power off the coast of Scotland

If you would like to see my 30-page unfinished report on this subject please send me some money to complete it Henry Kroll 26571 Heavy Down Drive Soldotna Alaska 99669

9

10

A thirty-mile road would need to connect the Sterling Highway before it climbs up into the mountains past the town of Sterling The road would follow the gas pipeline road that already exists We need to get Donald Trump behind this to allow a four-lane highway to be built through the wildlife refuge parallel to the existing gas pipeline to the Turnagain Arm Bridge Near where the bridge causeway connects to the land power lines and large Tesla industrial batteries have to be place to store electricity between tides

11

Search for Does tidal energy affect marine lifeWave and tidal devices show minor effects on marine wildlife A study into the impacts of tidal and wave devices on marine wildlife found little evidence of long-term effects on use of the seas by birds and marine mammals as a result of the operation and installation of such devices at the test sites The report commissioned by Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) Marine Scotland and the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) looked into how species distribution and numbers had varied across the test site relative to different levels of site activity

The detailed records on marine mammal and birds present at sea in and around the test berths were collected through the Wildlife Observation Program which was running alongside device testing at EMEC

The land-based observer data collected has been extensive with over 11 years of data from the tidal energy site Falls of Warness and six years at the wave energy test site Billia Croo

The study found that no significant changes in wildlife distribution were detected around the test berths at the wave energy test site at Billia Croo

Observations at the Fall of Warness tidal test site showed slightly reduced numbers in some species in the vicinity of the test berths after construction work started

However in all cases this returned to previous levels during subsequent deployment and operation of the turbines according to Marine Scotland It is therefore possible that increased vessel activity associated with installation is likely to be causing stress to marine life

Tidal energy does not create air water or thermal pollution Once a dam barrage or tidal fence is built the energy production is free since tidal power harnesses the natural power of tides It is also sustainable because its energy comes from the lunar and solar cycle

For most other species no such pattern of change around the Falls of Warness test berths could be detected

The observations used in this study were made from land overlooking the test sites so possible wildlife interactions with turbines below the sea surface were not determined Marine Scotland noted

George Lees Marine Energy Manager at SNH said ldquoThese initial results are reassuring and show that the deployment and testing of multiple wave and tidal energy converters in the seas off Orkney over more than a decade has not had a significant impact on the diverse and abundant wildlife living thererdquo

8

between the Forelands Attached is a picture of one giant propeller generator that is producing power off the coast of Scotland

If you would like to see my 30-page unfinished report on this subject please send me some money to complete it Henry Kroll 26571 Heavy Down Drive Soldotna Alaska 99669

9

10

A thirty-mile road would need to connect the Sterling Highway before it climbs up into the mountains past the town of Sterling The road would follow the gas pipeline road that already exists We need to get Donald Trump behind this to allow a four-lane highway to be built through the wildlife refuge parallel to the existing gas pipeline to the Turnagain Arm Bridge Near where the bridge causeway connects to the land power lines and large Tesla industrial batteries have to be place to store electricity between tides

11

Search for Does tidal energy affect marine lifeWave and tidal devices show minor effects on marine wildlife A study into the impacts of tidal and wave devices on marine wildlife found little evidence of long-term effects on use of the seas by birds and marine mammals as a result of the operation and installation of such devices at the test sites The report commissioned by Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) Marine Scotland and the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) looked into how species distribution and numbers had varied across the test site relative to different levels of site activity

The detailed records on marine mammal and birds present at sea in and around the test berths were collected through the Wildlife Observation Program which was running alongside device testing at EMEC

The land-based observer data collected has been extensive with over 11 years of data from the tidal energy site Falls of Warness and six years at the wave energy test site Billia Croo

The study found that no significant changes in wildlife distribution were detected around the test berths at the wave energy test site at Billia Croo

Observations at the Fall of Warness tidal test site showed slightly reduced numbers in some species in the vicinity of the test berths after construction work started

However in all cases this returned to previous levels during subsequent deployment and operation of the turbines according to Marine Scotland It is therefore possible that increased vessel activity associated with installation is likely to be causing stress to marine life

Tidal energy does not create air water or thermal pollution Once a dam barrage or tidal fence is built the energy production is free since tidal power harnesses the natural power of tides It is also sustainable because its energy comes from the lunar and solar cycle

For most other species no such pattern of change around the Falls of Warness test berths could be detected

The observations used in this study were made from land overlooking the test sites so possible wildlife interactions with turbines below the sea surface were not determined Marine Scotland noted

George Lees Marine Energy Manager at SNH said ldquoThese initial results are reassuring and show that the deployment and testing of multiple wave and tidal energy converters in the seas off Orkney over more than a decade has not had a significant impact on the diverse and abundant wildlife living thererdquo

9

10

A thirty-mile road would need to connect the Sterling Highway before it climbs up into the mountains past the town of Sterling The road would follow the gas pipeline road that already exists We need to get Donald Trump behind this to allow a four-lane highway to be built through the wildlife refuge parallel to the existing gas pipeline to the Turnagain Arm Bridge Near where the bridge causeway connects to the land power lines and large Tesla industrial batteries have to be place to store electricity between tides

11

Search for Does tidal energy affect marine lifeWave and tidal devices show minor effects on marine wildlife A study into the impacts of tidal and wave devices on marine wildlife found little evidence of long-term effects on use of the seas by birds and marine mammals as a result of the operation and installation of such devices at the test sites The report commissioned by Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) Marine Scotland and the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) looked into how species distribution and numbers had varied across the test site relative to different levels of site activity

The detailed records on marine mammal and birds present at sea in and around the test berths were collected through the Wildlife Observation Program which was running alongside device testing at EMEC

The land-based observer data collected has been extensive with over 11 years of data from the tidal energy site Falls of Warness and six years at the wave energy test site Billia Croo

The study found that no significant changes in wildlife distribution were detected around the test berths at the wave energy test site at Billia Croo

Observations at the Fall of Warness tidal test site showed slightly reduced numbers in some species in the vicinity of the test berths after construction work started

However in all cases this returned to previous levels during subsequent deployment and operation of the turbines according to Marine Scotland It is therefore possible that increased vessel activity associated with installation is likely to be causing stress to marine life

Tidal energy does not create air water or thermal pollution Once a dam barrage or tidal fence is built the energy production is free since tidal power harnesses the natural power of tides It is also sustainable because its energy comes from the lunar and solar cycle

For most other species no such pattern of change around the Falls of Warness test berths could be detected

The observations used in this study were made from land overlooking the test sites so possible wildlife interactions with turbines below the sea surface were not determined Marine Scotland noted

George Lees Marine Energy Manager at SNH said ldquoThese initial results are reassuring and show that the deployment and testing of multiple wave and tidal energy converters in the seas off Orkney over more than a decade has not had a significant impact on the diverse and abundant wildlife living thererdquo

10

A thirty-mile road would need to connect the Sterling Highway before it climbs up into the mountains past the town of Sterling The road would follow the gas pipeline road that already exists We need to get Donald Trump behind this to allow a four-lane highway to be built through the wildlife refuge parallel to the existing gas pipeline to the Turnagain Arm Bridge Near where the bridge causeway connects to the land power lines and large Tesla industrial batteries have to be place to store electricity between tides

11

Search for Does tidal energy affect marine lifeWave and tidal devices show minor effects on marine wildlife A study into the impacts of tidal and wave devices on marine wildlife found little evidence of long-term effects on use of the seas by birds and marine mammals as a result of the operation and installation of such devices at the test sites The report commissioned by Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) Marine Scotland and the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) looked into how species distribution and numbers had varied across the test site relative to different levels of site activity

The detailed records on marine mammal and birds present at sea in and around the test berths were collected through the Wildlife Observation Program which was running alongside device testing at EMEC

The land-based observer data collected has been extensive with over 11 years of data from the tidal energy site Falls of Warness and six years at the wave energy test site Billia Croo

The study found that no significant changes in wildlife distribution were detected around the test berths at the wave energy test site at Billia Croo

Observations at the Fall of Warness tidal test site showed slightly reduced numbers in some species in the vicinity of the test berths after construction work started

However in all cases this returned to previous levels during subsequent deployment and operation of the turbines according to Marine Scotland It is therefore possible that increased vessel activity associated with installation is likely to be causing stress to marine life

Tidal energy does not create air water or thermal pollution Once a dam barrage or tidal fence is built the energy production is free since tidal power harnesses the natural power of tides It is also sustainable because its energy comes from the lunar and solar cycle

For most other species no such pattern of change around the Falls of Warness test berths could be detected

The observations used in this study were made from land overlooking the test sites so possible wildlife interactions with turbines below the sea surface were not determined Marine Scotland noted

George Lees Marine Energy Manager at SNH said ldquoThese initial results are reassuring and show that the deployment and testing of multiple wave and tidal energy converters in the seas off Orkney over more than a decade has not had a significant impact on the diverse and abundant wildlife living thererdquo

11

Search for Does tidal energy affect marine lifeWave and tidal devices show minor effects on marine wildlife A study into the impacts of tidal and wave devices on marine wildlife found little evidence of long-term effects on use of the seas by birds and marine mammals as a result of the operation and installation of such devices at the test sites The report commissioned by Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) Marine Scotland and the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) looked into how species distribution and numbers had varied across the test site relative to different levels of site activity

The detailed records on marine mammal and birds present at sea in and around the test berths were collected through the Wildlife Observation Program which was running alongside device testing at EMEC

The land-based observer data collected has been extensive with over 11 years of data from the tidal energy site Falls of Warness and six years at the wave energy test site Billia Croo

The study found that no significant changes in wildlife distribution were detected around the test berths at the wave energy test site at Billia Croo

Observations at the Fall of Warness tidal test site showed slightly reduced numbers in some species in the vicinity of the test berths after construction work started

However in all cases this returned to previous levels during subsequent deployment and operation of the turbines according to Marine Scotland It is therefore possible that increased vessel activity associated with installation is likely to be causing stress to marine life

Tidal energy does not create air water or thermal pollution Once a dam barrage or tidal fence is built the energy production is free since tidal power harnesses the natural power of tides It is also sustainable because its energy comes from the lunar and solar cycle

For most other species no such pattern of change around the Falls of Warness test berths could be detected

The observations used in this study were made from land overlooking the test sites so possible wildlife interactions with turbines below the sea surface were not determined Marine Scotland noted

George Lees Marine Energy Manager at SNH said ldquoThese initial results are reassuring and show that the deployment and testing of multiple wave and tidal energy converters in the seas off Orkney over more than a decade has not had a significant impact on the diverse and abundant wildlife living thererdquo

12

Caitlin Long Consents and Project Officer for EMEC who conducted the research added ldquoThis project was set up to assist the industry in developing an understanding of the potential wildlife displacement associated with the deployment of marine energy devices

ldquoThe culmination of the extensive wildlife observation program and this statistical analysis project should aid regulators advisory bodies and developers in assessing the potential environmental effects of deploying such devices in our precious marine environmentrdquo

wwweilehighedu rsaquo learners rsaquo energy rsaquo impacts4

Tidal Energy

Search for Does tidal energy cause noise pollutionWho created tidal energyTidal energy was discovered in the year of 1966 in the area of La Rance River France M Jannaschii discovered Tidal Energy by simply watching the tides and the power of wavesFeb 28 2013

prezicom rsaquo tidal-energy

Tidal Energy by Dominique Lonsdale on Prezi

13

Search for Who created tidal energyHow efficient is tidal energyFirst off tidal energy is a clean renewable resource which is more efficient than windenergy due to the density of water and more efficient than solar energy due to its high ~80 conversion efficiency Tidal energy produces no carbon dioxide greenhouse gases or wasteMar 29 2017

wwwwoodharbingercom rsaquo tidal-energy-sustainable-resource

Tidal Energy The New Sustainable Resource - Wood Harbinger

Search for How efficient is tidal energyWhat are the pros and cons of biomassList of Pros of Biomass Energy

It is renewable It reduces dependency on fossil fuels It doesnt produce carbon It is widely available It can be used in many forms It is not 100 clean when burned It relies heavily on natural materials It is not entirely efficient

More itemsbullApr 13 2016greengarageblogorg rsaquo 10-meaningful-pros-and-cons-of-biomass-energy

10 Meaningful Pros and Cons of Biomass Energy ndash Green Garage

Search for What are the pros and cons of biomassWhy Biomass energy is bad

What are the 2 main disadvantages to solar energyDisadvantages of Solar Energy

Cost The initial cost of purchasing a solar system is fairly high Weather Dependent Although solar energy can still be collected during cloudy and

rainy days the efficiency of the solar system drops Solar Energy Storage Is Expensive Uses a Lot of Space Associated with Pollution

Sep 13 2019

14

wwwgreenmatchcouk rsaquo blog rsaquo 201408 rsaquo 5-advantages-and-5-disadva

Advantages amp Disadvantages of Solar Energy (2019) | GreenMatch

Search for What are the 2 main disadvantages to solar energy

How do we get tidal energyTidal Power Tidal energy is produced through the use of tidal energy generators These large underwater turbines are placed in areas with high tidal movements and are designed to capture the kinetic motion of the ebbing and surging of ocean tides in order to produce electricity

wwwalternative-energy-newsinfo rsaquo technology rsaquo hydro rsaquo tidal-power

Tidal Power - Alternative Energy

Search for How do we get tidal energy

cleantechnicacom rsaquo 20170613 rsaquo tidal-power-still-expensive-still-unlik

15

Search for How expensive is tidal energy

Does tidal energy affect marine lifeA study into the impacts of tidal and wave devices on marine wildlife found little evidence of long-term effects on use of the seas by birds and marine mammals as a result of the operation and installation of such devices at the test sites Jun 13 2017

marineenergybiz rsaquo 20170613 rsaquo wave-and-tidal-devices-show-minor-e

Wave and tidal devices show minor effects on - Marine Energy

Search for Does tidal energy affect marine lifeDoes tidal energy cause noise pollutionTidal energy does not create air water or thermal pollution Once a dam barrage or tidal fence is built the energy production is free since tidal power harnesses the natural power of tides It is also sustainable because its energy comes from the lunar and solar cycle

16

wwweilehighedu rsaquo learners rsaquo energy rsaquo impacts4

The United States is second listed here

Norway produces more than 99 of its electricity with hydropower New Zealand uses hydropower for 75 of its electricity

In the US hydropower produces enough electricity to serve the needs of 28 million residential customers This is equal to all the homes in Wisconsin Michigan Minnesota Indiana Iowa Ohio Missouri Nebraska Kansas North and South Dakota Kentucky and Tennessee (1)

In Wisconsin hydropower accounts for 41 of the electric generating capacity and 44 of the total electricity generated (2)

Hydropower production in Wisconsin is about 21 billion kilowatt hours (kwh) per year Based on a home using 8000 kwh of energy and 25 people per home this is enough energy to supply the residential needs of 650000 people (2)

Hydropower can come on line quickly to meet rapid increases in electric demand and respond to emergency energy needs (1)

Top of Page

Environment Hydropower is clean It prevents the burning of 22 billion gallons of oil or 120 million

tons of coal each year (1)

Hydropower does not produce greenhouse gasses or other air pollution (1)

17

Hydropower leaves behind no waste (1)

Reservoirs formed by hydropower projects in Wisconsin have expanded water-based recreation resources and they support diverse healthy and productive fisheries In fact catch rates for gamefish like walleye and smallmouth bass are substantially higher on hydropower reservoirs than natural lakes (3)

Top of Page

Cost Hydropower is the most efficient way to generate electricity Modern hydro turbines

can convert as much as 90 of the available energy into electricity The best fossil fuel plants are only about 50 efficient (1)

In the US hydropower is produced for an average of 085 cents per kilowatt-hour (kwh) This is about 50 the cost of nuclear 40 the cost of fossil fuel and 25 the cost of using natural gas

Recent data shows that in Wisconsin hydropower is produced for less than one cent per kwh This is about one-half the cost of nuclear and one-third the cost of fossil fuel (2)

Hydropower does not experience rising or unstable fuel costs From 1985 to 1990 the cost of operating a hydropower plant grew at less than the rate of inflation (1)

Only 2400 of the nations 80000 existing dams are used to generate power Installing turbines in existing dams presents a promising and cost-effective power source However in the last 10 years the Department of Energy has spent $12 billion on research and development for other renewable sources like wind solar and geothermal but only $10 million on hydropower (1)

Search for Does tidal energy cause noise pollution

18

Who created tidal energyTidal energy was discovered in the year of 1966 in the area of La Rance River France M Jannaschii discovered Tidal Energy by simply watching the tides and the power of wavesFeb 28 2013

prezicom rsaquo tidal-energy

Tidal Energy by Dominique Lonsdale on Prezi

Search for Who created tidal energyHow efficient is tidal energyFirst off tidal energy is a clean renewable resource which is more efficient than windenergy due to the density of water and more efficient than solar energy due to its high ~80 conversion efficiency Tidal energy produces no carbon dioxide greenhouse gases or wasteMar 29 2017

wwwwoodharbingercom rsaquo tidal-energy-sustainable-resource

Tidal Energy The New Sustainable Resource - Wood Harbinger

Search for How efficient is tidal energyWhat are the pros and cons of biomassList of Pros of Biomass Energy

It is renewable It reduces dependency on fossil fuels It doesnt produce carbon It is widely available It can be used in many forms It is not 100 clean when burned It relies heavily on natural materials It is not entirely efficient

More itemsbullApr 13 2016

greengarageblogorg rsaquo 10-meaningful-pros-and-cons-of-biomass-energy

10 Meaningful Pros and Cons of Biomass Energy ndash Green Garage

Search for What are the pros and cons of biomassWhy Biomass energy is bad

19

Health Groups to Congress Burning Biomass is Bad for Health When power plants use biomass as fuelmdashin particular biomass that comes from forestsmdashthey can increase carbon emissions compared to coal and other fossil fuels for decades Thebiomass industry also imperils some of our most precious forestsSep 14 2016

wwwnrdcorg rsaquo experts rsaquo sasha-stashwick rsaquo health-groups-congress-bur

Health Groups to Congress Burning Biomass is Bad for Health

Search for Why Biomass energy is badDoes biomass polluteBurning biomass emits large amounts of pollutants just like burning other solid fuels such as coal Burning organic material emits particulate matter (PM) nitrogen oxides (NOx) carbon monoxide (CO) sulfur dioxide (SO2) lead mercury and other hazardous air pollutants (HAPs)Mar 17 2011

wwwpfpinet rsaquo air-pollution-2

Air pollution | Partnership for Policy Integrity

Search for Does biomass polluteWhat are the negatives of biomass energyBiomass is relatively safer for the environment than fossil fuels but its not totally innocent It can have negative impacts on everything from soil to water resources to forests to the atmosphere and climateApr 25 2018

sciencingcom rsaquo negative-effects-biomass-19624

Negative Effects of Biomass | Sciencing

Search for What are the negatives of biomass energyWhere do we use tidal energyThe largest facility is the Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station in South Korea The United States has no tidal plants and only a few sites where tidal energy could be produced at a reasonable price China France England Canada and Russia have much more potential to use this type of energyJun 14 2011

20

wwwnationalgeographicorg rsaquo encyclopedia rsaquo tidal-energy

tidal energy | National Geographic Society

Search for Where do we use tidal energyIs tidal energy practicalIs Tidal Power a Viable Source of Energy Tidal power is a kind of hydropower that generates electric power by converting the energy of tides Tidal power although not a prime source of energy currently has a great potential to be used for electricity generation in the futureJan 22 2013

wwwazocleantechcom rsaquo article

Is Tidal Power a Viable Source of Energy - AZoCleantechcom

Search for Is tidal energy practicalHow many homes can tidal energy powerIt will produce 320 MW of power for 14 hours a day enough to power 155000 homes and making it the largest tidal energy facility in the worldSearch for How many homes can tidal energy powerWhat causes tidal energyThe gravitational pull of the moon and sun along with the rotation of the earth cause the tides In some places tides cause water levels near the shore to vary up to 40 feet Today tidal energy systems generate electricity Producing tidal energy economically requires a tidal range of at least 10 feet Aug 28 2018Here in Alaska we have a tidal range up to and over thirty feet on some days

wwweiagov rsaquo energyexplained rsaquo hydropower rsaquo tidal-power

Tidal power - US Energy Information Administration (EIA)

21

Tidal Power - Energy British Columbia - Energy BC

Search for What causes tidal energyIs tidal energy non recyclableAs per the definition a Replenishable energy source is something which can be built up again Tidal energy is formed by tides of oceansseas As these tides can be formed again so can be Tidal energy Thus it is a Replenishable resource

wwwstudyrankersonlinecom rsaquo under-which-following-type-resource-c

Under which of the following type of resource can tidal energy be put

Search for Is tidal energy non recyclableWhy is tidal energy not usedThe lack of developed supply chains for any one technology means that components are very expensive Even at plants that are already built the variability of tidal patterns can lower the efficiency of the turbines according to a brief from the International Renewable Energy Association May 20 2015

22

wwwtechnologyreviewcom rsaquo why-hasnt-tidal-power-taken-off

Why Hasnt Tidal Power Taken Off - MIT Technology Review

Search for Why is tidal energy not usedAre tidal barrages beneficial to local wildlifeTidal energy no danger to wildlife ldquoThis once again reinforces the fact that tidalpower is a predictable reliable environmentally benign low-environmental impact source of dependable renewable energy ndash and one that operates in harmony with seabirds and marine mammals alikerdquoJun 14 2017

wwwimecheorg rsaquo news rsaquo news-article rsaquo tidal-energy-no-danger-to-wil

Tidal energy no danger to wildlife - IMechE

Search for Are tidal barrages beneficial to local wildlifeWhat is wave energy definitionWave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves and the capture of that energy to do useful work Electricity generation water desalination or the pumping of water (into reservoirs)

What is the solar tax credit for 2019

Tidal power is an environmentally friendly energy source In addition to being a renewable energy it does not emit any climate gases and does not take up a lot of space However there are currently very few examples from real tidal power plants and their effects on the environment

energyinformativeorg rsaquo tidal-energy-pros-and-cons

Tidal Energy Pros and Cons - Energy Informative

Search for Is tidal energy safeWho uses the most tidal energyWith total installed tidal power capacity of 511MW South Korea is leading the way globally according to the information provided by National Energy Board of Canada South Korea is followed by France with 246MW and the United Kingdom with 139MWAug 19 2016

23

wwwmarineenergybiz rsaquo 20160819 rsaquo who-leads-the-world-in-installed

Who leads the world in installed tidal power capacity - Marine Energy

Search for Who uses the most tidal energyHow do tidal waves workTidal waves are formed by the gravitational forces of the earth sun and moon As the earth rotates the tides go in and out (the earth moves but the bulge of water remains in line with the moon giving the appearance that the tides are moving when it is in fact the earth that is moving)Oct 15 2019

wwwthoughtcocom rsaquo how-do-tides-and-waves-work-130398

How Do Tides and Waves Work - ThoughtCo

Search for How do tidal waves workIs tidal power cheapMaking tidal energy more affordable Consistent Power ndash Tides move constantly throughout the day which provides a consistent stream of electricity generation capacity Pollution-Free ndash By taking advantage of only the tide tidal power creates no greenhouse gas emissions or water pollutants

pmiindcom rsaquo making-tidal-energy-more-affordable

Making tidal energy more affordable - PMI Industries

Search for Is tidal power cheapSearch for How long does it take to build a tidal power station

How long does it take to build a tidal power stationThe La Rance tidal barrage in France took over 5 years to build

wwwesrustrathacuk rsaquo EandE rsaquo Web_sites rsaquo RE_info

Tidal power - Energy Systems Research Unit

24

How is biomass energy producedBiomass is organic material that comes from plants and animals and it is a renewable source of energy Biomass contains stored energy from the sun Plants absorb the suns energy in a process called photosynthesis When biomass is burned the chemical energy in biomass is released as heat

wwweiagov rsaquo energyexplained rsaquo biomass

Biomass explained - US Energy Information Administration (EIA)

Search for How is biomass energy producedDoes Wave Power pollute the seaBecause it uses only the energy of ocean waves wave energy does not produce greenhouse gases or other pollutants like fossil fuels do Waves are a material that cannot be used up like other conventional forms of energy such as oil natural gas and coal and we wont run out of waves any time soon Jul 4 2015

greentumblecom rsaquo advantages-and-disadvantages-of-wave-power

Advantages and Disadvantages of Wave Power | Greentumble

Search for Does Wave Power pollute the seaWhen was tidal energy first usedOn November 26 1966 French President Charles de Gaulle opened the worlds first tidal power station on the Rance Estuary in Brittany France Tidal power converts the energy of tides into electricity Dec 17 2013

Whats the catch with solar panelsTechnically the catch is that you dont own the solar panels and you ldquorentrdquo the solar panels from the solar company for reduced energy bills Of course this can still save you thousands of dollars over the years on energy savingsWhat are the 2 main disadvantages to solar energyDisadvantages of Solar Energy

Cost The initial cost of purchasing a solar system is fairly high Weather Dependent Although solar energy can still be collected during cloudy and

rainy days the efficiency of the solar system drops Solar Energy Storage Is Expensive Uses a Lot of Space

25

Associated with PollutionSep 13 2019

wwwgreenmatchcouk rsaquo blog rsaquo 201408 rsaquo 5-advantages-and-5-disadva

Advantages amp Disadvantages of Solar Energy (2019) | GreenMatch

Search for What are the 2 main disadvantages to solar energy

homeprofessionalsorg rsaquo solar rsaquo free-solar-panels-whats-the-catch-what-

Free Solar Panels Whats The Catch - HomeProfessionalsorg

Search for Whats the catch with solar panelsWhats bad about solar panelsAssociated with PollutionWhile solar power certainly is less polluting than fossil fuels some problems do exist Some manufacturing processes are associated with greenhouse gas emissions Nitrogen trifluroide and sulfur hexafluoride has been traced back to the production ofsolar panels

energyinformativeorg rsaquo solar-energy-pros-and-cons

26

Solar Energy Pros and Cons - Energy Informative

Search for Whats bad about solar panelsWhat is the solar tax credit for 20192019-The solar tax credit remains at 30 2020-Homeowners and commercial solarsystem installation will benefit from a 26 deduction 2021-Homeowners and commercial solar system installation will benefit from a 22 deductionFeb 27 2019

wwwmarketwatchcom rsaquo story rsaquo your-guide-to-the-solar-tax-credit-201

Your guide to the solar tax credit in 2019 - MarketWatch

Search for What is the solar tax credit for 2019What is the solar tax credit for 2020Now the solar investment tax credit is available to homeowners in some form through 2021 Here are the specifics 2016 ndash 2019 The tax credit remains at 30 percent of the cost of the system 2020 Owners of new residential and commercialsolar can deduct 26 percent of the cost of the system from their taxesSep 5 2019

wwwenergysagecom rsaquo solar rsaquo cost-benefit rsaquo solar-investment-tax-credit

Solar Investment Tax Credit Explained | EnergySage

Search for What is the solar tax credit for 2020Is it harder to sell a house with solar panelsSelling a House with Leased Solar PanelsIf youve leased a solar system from your local solar installer selling your home may be a bit more difficult than if you owned panels According to additional research by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory though leased panels probably wont impact your homes valueJun 26 2019

FeedbackWeb results

pmiindcom rsaquo pros-cons-tidal-energy

Pros and Cons of Tidal Energy - Power of PMI - PMI Industries

27

1 Pros and Cons of Tidal Energy 5 Key Advantages of Tidal Power Cleanliness Tidal energy is green It does not pollute the atmosphere with greenhouse gases Consistency 5 Key Disadvantages of Tidal Power Intermittence Tidal power is abundant only at specific times of day so storage is required to ensure 24-hour

wwwtriplepunditcom rsaquo story rsaquo tidal-power-pros-and-cons

Tidal Power Pros and Cons - Triple Pundit

1 Energy Options Pros and Cons May 08 44386 hero D where the power of tidal movement was used to grind grains The first modern commercial tidal power

populationeducationorg rsaquo what-are-pros-and-cons-hydropower-and-t

What are the Pros and Cons of Hydropower and Tidal Energy

1 What are the Pros and Cons of Hydropower and Tidal Energy By Lauren Boucher | July 13 2015 Welcome back This is post three of our four-part series on

28

recondoilcom rsaquo pros-cons-tidal-energy

Pros and Cons of Tidal Energy 2020 - RecondOil

1 May 30 2018 - Throughout the world the kinetic energy of tidal movements beats on the shores With estimates ranging as high as 1400TWh of power

How Does Tidal Energy Work middot The Pros of Tidal Power middot The Cons of Tidal Power

wwwrenewableresourcescoalitionorg rsaquo tidal-energy

Tidal Energy What is it Pros amp Cons Future Development

1 Dec 11 2019 - The ocean has long provided humans with a bounty of food However a new type of untapped resource is now lapping at our feet tidal energy

wwwnsenergybusinesscom rsaquo features rsaquo newsmajor-tidal-power-pros-

Profiling the top tidal power pros and cons - NS Energy

1 Feb 28 2019 - Tidal power pros and cons Here we profile the benefits and drawbacks of the power source

vittanaorg rsaquo 15-most-valid-tidal-energy-pros-and-cons

29

15 Most Valid Tidal Energy Pros and Cons ndash Vittanaorg

1 Tidal energy is a form of power generation that is created as the tides and the Here are the pros and cons of tidal energy to consider as we look at ways to

connectusfundorg rsaquo 14-main-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-tidal-

14 Main Advantages and Disadvantages of Tidal Energy

1 Jul 3 2018 - Tidal energy pertains to a form of power that particularly transforms the efficiency of the Tidal energy is already offering many advantages but put in mind that it is also linked 11 Principal Pros and Cons of Judicial Activism

wwwrenewablegreenenergypowercom rsaquo tidal-energy-tidal-power-pr

30

Tidal Energy (Tidal Power) Pros and Cons | Renewable Green

2 Jan 27 2013 - the pros and cons of Tidal Energy (Tidal Power) Tidal Energy is the renewable green energy source produced by capturing the power of the

HydroelectricityVirginia Renewables - HydroelectricityHydropower (or the energy exerted by water as it moves in response to the force of gravity) is one of the oldest sources of energy harnessed by humans The earliest hydro facilities (called mills) supplied mechanical energy Early mills ground grain powered textile mills and supported other early industrial processes Today the vast majority of the worlds hydro power facilities are used to generate electricity (see httpwww1eereenergygovwindandhydro

Hydroelectric generating facilities are essential the electrical generation both within Virginia and nationally In 1999 hydroelectric plants generated more than 8 percent of our nations electrical energy In Virginia more than 16 percent of the states combined utility and non-utility generating capacity is hydroelectric Virginia hydroelectric plants include both conventional hydroelectric generators and pumped-storage generators

Conventional Hydroelectric Generating Facilities

31

Conventional hydroelectric generating units are located on rivers primarily in the southern part of the state These units are constructed by placing a dam across a river generally in a location where its channel is constrained by mountains or hills Water flowing across the dam is sent through channels to flow through electricity-generating turbines In some cases the lakes created by the damming are sufficiently large to allow use for recreation home development and flood control Operators of hydroelectric facilities may control the flow of water through the facility (and hence the rate of electricity generation) so as to increase generation during times of day when electrical demand is highest

Pumped-Storage Hydro Facilities

The state is also home to two very large pumped-storage hydro facilities both in western Virginia Dominion Generation Companys Bath County pumped storage unit and American Electric Powers Smith Mountain Lake facility Both of these units generate energy using conventional hydroelectric turbines However they differ from conventional hydroelectric plants in that they include basins to hold water both above and below the turbines During times of peak demand water from the upper basin is moved through the turbine into the

32

lower basin generating electricity to satisfy customer demand During times of low demand for electric power excess electricity from the firms base loaded generating units (generally coal-fired and nuclear units that operate most efficiently when run continuously regardless of customer demand) is used to pump water from the lower to the upper basin This stored water can be available to generate electricity during those portions of the day or week when customer demand increases

Nikiski tide generating plants

33

Now the worldrsquos biggest tidal energy generator is being placed off the coast of Invergordon ScotlandThe new tidal generator in Scotland is huge The turbine blades are 18 meters (59 feet) across It weighs 143 tons (286600 pounds) and stands 225 meters (almost 74 feet) high It is capable of generating enough electricity to power more than 1000 homes

Turngain Arm could produce more than 100 times that

Tidal energy turbine Credit GMannaerts via Wikimedia Commons

It is important to put tidal generators near where people actually live Thatrsquos another reason Scotland and other locations around the United Kingdom are ideal for capturing clean renewable tidal energy

In the US most of the tidal energy resources are along the coast of Alaska where populations are small Still tidal energy could power their small cities

Unlike the wind the tides are very predictable So itrsquos easy to decide where to put tidal turbines and figure out how much energy they will generate

Another plus the turbines are usually completely under water so no one can complain about them spoiling the view

Alaska wind powerFire Island Wind Produces Record Energy OutputMarch 24 2017

34

A wind turbine project three miles off the coast of Anchorage Fire Island Wind is capable of supplying clean renewable energy to approximately 7000 homes The project is owned by Fire Island Wind LLC a CIRI company Operations began in 2012 In 2016 thanks to favorable wind conditions Fire Island produced record-high energy output 55580 megawatt hours (MWh) up from 50170 in 2015 and 47470 in 2014

Photo by Judy PatrickFor 2016 energy production was 86 percent above budget while operating expenses were 53 percent below budget ldquoIn addition to better-than-expected energy production we saved money on operating costs since many of the items we had budgeted for didnrsquot require maintenancerdquo said CIRIrsquos Suzanne Settle senior director Energy DevelopmentWind turbines automatically stop producing power if the monitoring computer system senses a potential mechanical problem In 2016 there was only one such stoppage causing the project to lose a mere 285 MWh (one-half of 1 percent) of energy This statistic demonstrates the impressive response time of CIRIrsquos operational staff in troubleshooting issues and quickly returning turbines to service

Through a long-term power purchase agreement with Anchorage utility Chugach Electric Association Fire Island Wind eliminates up to 500 million cubic feet of natural gas consumption annually For more information visit wwwfireislandwindcom

Fire Island Wind ProjectFire Island Wind LLC owns and operates a 176 megawatt wind turbine project on Fire Island three miles off the coast of Anchorage Alaska The project began delivering clean renewable energy in the fall of 2012 Currently the 11 wind turbines located on Fire Island have the capacity to power approximately 7000 homes

Fire Island Wind helps ease the strain on dwindling natural gas supplies in Cook Inlet eliminating the need for an estimated 500 million cubic feet of natural gas each year The project provides a viable reasonably-priced new energy source for Southcentral Alaska and generates most of its power during the winter months when the Anchorage community needs it the most

32

lower basin generating electricity to satisfy customer demand During times of low demand for electric power excess electricity from the firms base loaded generating units (generally coal-fired and nuclear units that operate most efficiently when run continuously regardless of customer demand) is used to pump water from the lower to the upper basin This stored water can be available to generate electricity during those portions of the day or week when customer demand increases

Nikiski tide generating plants

33

Now the worldrsquos biggest tidal energy generator is being placed off the coast of Invergordon ScotlandThe new tidal generator in Scotland is huge The turbine blades are 18 meters (59 feet) across It weighs 143 tons (286600 pounds) and stands 225 meters (almost 74 feet) high It is capable of generating enough electricity to power more than 1000 homes

Turngain Arm could produce more than 100 times that

Tidal energy turbine Credit GMannaerts via Wikimedia Commons

It is important to put tidal generators near where people actually live Thatrsquos another reason Scotland and other locations around the United Kingdom are ideal for capturing clean renewable tidal energy

In the US most of the tidal energy resources are along the coast of Alaska where populations are small Still tidal energy could power their small cities

Unlike the wind the tides are very predictable So itrsquos easy to decide where to put tidal turbines and figure out how much energy they will generate

Another plus the turbines are usually completely under water so no one can complain about them spoiling the view

Alaska wind powerFire Island Wind Produces Record Energy OutputMarch 24 2017

34

A wind turbine project three miles off the coast of Anchorage Fire Island Wind is capable of supplying clean renewable energy to approximately 7000 homes The project is owned by Fire Island Wind LLC a CIRI company Operations began in 2012 In 2016 thanks to favorable wind conditions Fire Island produced record-high energy output 55580 megawatt hours (MWh) up from 50170 in 2015 and 47470 in 2014

Photo by Judy PatrickFor 2016 energy production was 86 percent above budget while operating expenses were 53 percent below budget ldquoIn addition to better-than-expected energy production we saved money on operating costs since many of the items we had budgeted for didnrsquot require maintenancerdquo said CIRIrsquos Suzanne Settle senior director Energy DevelopmentWind turbines automatically stop producing power if the monitoring computer system senses a potential mechanical problem In 2016 there was only one such stoppage causing the project to lose a mere 285 MWh (one-half of 1 percent) of energy This statistic demonstrates the impressive response time of CIRIrsquos operational staff in troubleshooting issues and quickly returning turbines to service

Through a long-term power purchase agreement with Anchorage utility Chugach Electric Association Fire Island Wind eliminates up to 500 million cubic feet of natural gas consumption annually For more information visit wwwfireislandwindcom

Fire Island Wind ProjectFire Island Wind LLC owns and operates a 176 megawatt wind turbine project on Fire Island three miles off the coast of Anchorage Alaska The project began delivering clean renewable energy in the fall of 2012 Currently the 11 wind turbines located on Fire Island have the capacity to power approximately 7000 homes

Fire Island Wind helps ease the strain on dwindling natural gas supplies in Cook Inlet eliminating the need for an estimated 500 million cubic feet of natural gas each year The project provides a viable reasonably-priced new energy source for Southcentral Alaska and generates most of its power during the winter months when the Anchorage community needs it the most

33

Now the worldrsquos biggest tidal energy generator is being placed off the coast of Invergordon ScotlandThe new tidal generator in Scotland is huge The turbine blades are 18 meters (59 feet) across It weighs 143 tons (286600 pounds) and stands 225 meters (almost 74 feet) high It is capable of generating enough electricity to power more than 1000 homes

Turngain Arm could produce more than 100 times that

Tidal energy turbine Credit GMannaerts via Wikimedia Commons

It is important to put tidal generators near where people actually live Thatrsquos another reason Scotland and other locations around the United Kingdom are ideal for capturing clean renewable tidal energy

In the US most of the tidal energy resources are along the coast of Alaska where populations are small Still tidal energy could power their small cities

Unlike the wind the tides are very predictable So itrsquos easy to decide where to put tidal turbines and figure out how much energy they will generate

Another plus the turbines are usually completely under water so no one can complain about them spoiling the view

Alaska wind powerFire Island Wind Produces Record Energy OutputMarch 24 2017

34

A wind turbine project three miles off the coast of Anchorage Fire Island Wind is capable of supplying clean renewable energy to approximately 7000 homes The project is owned by Fire Island Wind LLC a CIRI company Operations began in 2012 In 2016 thanks to favorable wind conditions Fire Island produced record-high energy output 55580 megawatt hours (MWh) up from 50170 in 2015 and 47470 in 2014

Photo by Judy PatrickFor 2016 energy production was 86 percent above budget while operating expenses were 53 percent below budget ldquoIn addition to better-than-expected energy production we saved money on operating costs since many of the items we had budgeted for didnrsquot require maintenancerdquo said CIRIrsquos Suzanne Settle senior director Energy DevelopmentWind turbines automatically stop producing power if the monitoring computer system senses a potential mechanical problem In 2016 there was only one such stoppage causing the project to lose a mere 285 MWh (one-half of 1 percent) of energy This statistic demonstrates the impressive response time of CIRIrsquos operational staff in troubleshooting issues and quickly returning turbines to service

Through a long-term power purchase agreement with Anchorage utility Chugach Electric Association Fire Island Wind eliminates up to 500 million cubic feet of natural gas consumption annually For more information visit wwwfireislandwindcom

Fire Island Wind ProjectFire Island Wind LLC owns and operates a 176 megawatt wind turbine project on Fire Island three miles off the coast of Anchorage Alaska The project began delivering clean renewable energy in the fall of 2012 Currently the 11 wind turbines located on Fire Island have the capacity to power approximately 7000 homes

Fire Island Wind helps ease the strain on dwindling natural gas supplies in Cook Inlet eliminating the need for an estimated 500 million cubic feet of natural gas each year The project provides a viable reasonably-priced new energy source for Southcentral Alaska and generates most of its power during the winter months when the Anchorage community needs it the most

34

A wind turbine project three miles off the coast of Anchorage Fire Island Wind is capable of supplying clean renewable energy to approximately 7000 homes The project is owned by Fire Island Wind LLC a CIRI company Operations began in 2012 In 2016 thanks to favorable wind conditions Fire Island produced record-high energy output 55580 megawatt hours (MWh) up from 50170 in 2015 and 47470 in 2014

Photo by Judy PatrickFor 2016 energy production was 86 percent above budget while operating expenses were 53 percent below budget ldquoIn addition to better-than-expected energy production we saved money on operating costs since many of the items we had budgeted for didnrsquot require maintenancerdquo said CIRIrsquos Suzanne Settle senior director Energy DevelopmentWind turbines automatically stop producing power if the monitoring computer system senses a potential mechanical problem In 2016 there was only one such stoppage causing the project to lose a mere 285 MWh (one-half of 1 percent) of energy This statistic demonstrates the impressive response time of CIRIrsquos operational staff in troubleshooting issues and quickly returning turbines to service

Through a long-term power purchase agreement with Anchorage utility Chugach Electric Association Fire Island Wind eliminates up to 500 million cubic feet of natural gas consumption annually For more information visit wwwfireislandwindcom

Fire Island Wind ProjectFire Island Wind LLC owns and operates a 176 megawatt wind turbine project on Fire Island three miles off the coast of Anchorage Alaska The project began delivering clean renewable energy in the fall of 2012 Currently the 11 wind turbines located on Fire Island have the capacity to power approximately 7000 homes

Fire Island Wind helps ease the strain on dwindling natural gas supplies in Cook Inlet eliminating the need for an estimated 500 million cubic feet of natural gas each year The project provides a viable reasonably-priced new energy source for Southcentral Alaska and generates most of its power during the winter months when the Anchorage community needs it the most

35

Through its parent company Cook Inlet Region Inc (CIRI) Fire Island Wind entered into a long-term power purchase agreement with Anchorage utility Chugach Electric Association The 25-year agreement provides a flat net price of $97MW-hour throughout the term of the agreement CIRI is the regionrsquos first major independent power producer

PROJECT HISTORYChugach Electric Association surveyed South-central Alaska during the late 1990s for potential commercial-scale wind sites to diversify its power generation resources Chugach identified 22 potential sites and selected Fire Island as the best location based upon

Prevailing wind conditions Proximity to the existing Railbelt power grid Setback from residential and commercial customers Minimal environmental impacts Lack of conflicting land-use issues Land ownership

CIRI owns 3200 acres on Fire Island In 2000 Chugach approached CIRI about developing a wind farm on the island CIRI agreed to the concept and during the early 2000s worked with Chugach and other Railbelt utilities including Municipal Light amp Power Golden Valley Electric Association and Homer Electric Association to install wind-measurement equipment and start project development and permitting activities Many years of reliable wind data and multiple wind resource and energy assessments confirmed that Fire Island has a commercially viable wind resource

In 2008 the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) approved a limited 24-turbine project because the originally proposed 36-turbine project created potential interference problems with the FAAs VOR (short for VHF Omni-directional Radio Range) aircraft navigational aid that is located on the island The decision prompted CIRI at its own expense to build a new VOR at the Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to replace the VOR site on Fire Island

Regulators granted the projects key environmental permits in spring 2009 In 2009 and 2010 CIRI started clearing tower sites conducted an extensive geotechnical survey of the project site and constructed a road network on the island The Regulatory Commission of Alaska approved a power purchase agreement between Fire Island Wind and Chugach Electric Association on Oct 10 2011 clearing the way for major construction to begin

The new VOR at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport became operational February 2012 Parts and equipment shipped from around the world began arriving in Anchorage in the spring of 2012 for the major construction phase The project required a sea-life of 75 barge trips to move equipment to Fire Island Workers also installed a 345 kV double circuit submarine transmission line to connect Fire Island to the Anchorage electrical grid

36

On Sept 24 2012 Fire Island Wind began commercial operation In its first quarter of operation the project performed better than expected helping to relieve a critical natural gas shortage during the winter months of 2012-2013

Renewable

Hydropower is the leading source of renewable energy It provides more than 97 of all electricity generated by renewable sources Other sources including solar geothermal wind and biomass account for less than 3 of renewable electricity production(1)

Recreation Reservoirs formed by hydroelectric dams provide many water-based recreational

opportunities including fishing water sports boating and water fowl hunting (3) Hydro operators own a significant amount of land around many reservoirs that is open

to the public for uses including hiking hunting snowmobiling and skiing (3) Hydro operators provide many recreation facilities at their hydropower projects

including boat landings swimming beaches restrooms picnic areas fishing piers hiking and nature trails canoe portages and parking facilities (3)

Hydropower reservoirs contribute to local economies A study of one medium-sized hydropower project in Wisconsin showed that the recreational value to residents and visitors exceeded $65 million annually (4)

Water is a naturally recurring domestic product and is not subject to the whims of foreign suppliers (1)

37

A thirty-mile four-lane highway would connect to the Sterling Highway before it climbs up into the mountains past the town of Sterling The road would follow the existing gas pipeline road right away over to Turnagain Arm We need to get Donald Trump behind this to allow a four-lane highway to be built through the wildlife refuge parallel to the gas pipeline that already exists to the Turnagain Arm Bridge Where the bridge causeway connects to land power lines and large Tesla industrial batteries would be place to store electricity for distribution between tides

People could then drive to Anchorage from Kenai and Soldotna in about an hour crossing the new bridge The trip would cost about five dollars one way with the new electric cars You could heat you home with electricity at half the cost of current rates Electrically powered semi-trucks are already on the road Freight rates from Anchorage and other places would cost less Wersquore looking at ten cents a kilowatt Right now you are paying 235 cents a kilowatt

Cheap electricity would allow heavy industry to flourish like ship building Bauxite ore could be smelted into aluminum Aluminum scrap could be recycled into ingots and process into house siding roofing and many other things All kinds of construction welding fabrication business would be profitable to run with less expensive electricity

Oil is not a renewable resource and Alaska is running out of oil It is too expensive for the State to put money into ANWAR and the oil pipeline is running at 20 capacity The State

38

cannot make any money on oil unless the price goes up over $80 a barrel and that is not likely to happen anytime soon what with the ever increasing oil production in the lower 48-states and the increasing number of electric cars on the road Every major car manufacturer in the Unites States and elsewhere is now producing electric cars and trucks Even the head honchoes of Homer Electric association is currently driving an electric car

36

On Sept 24 2012 Fire Island Wind began commercial operation In its first quarter of operation the project performed better than expected helping to relieve a critical natural gas shortage during the winter months of 2012-2013

Renewable

Hydropower is the leading source of renewable energy It provides more than 97 of all electricity generated by renewable sources Other sources including solar geothermal wind and biomass account for less than 3 of renewable electricity production(1)

Recreation Reservoirs formed by hydroelectric dams provide many water-based recreational

opportunities including fishing water sports boating and water fowl hunting (3) Hydro operators own a significant amount of land around many reservoirs that is open

to the public for uses including hiking hunting snowmobiling and skiing (3) Hydro operators provide many recreation facilities at their hydropower projects

including boat landings swimming beaches restrooms picnic areas fishing piers hiking and nature trails canoe portages and parking facilities (3)

Hydropower reservoirs contribute to local economies A study of one medium-sized hydropower project in Wisconsin showed that the recreational value to residents and visitors exceeded $65 million annually (4)

Water is a naturally recurring domestic product and is not subject to the whims of foreign suppliers (1)

37

A thirty-mile four-lane highway would connect to the Sterling Highway before it climbs up into the mountains past the town of Sterling The road would follow the existing gas pipeline road right away over to Turnagain Arm We need to get Donald Trump behind this to allow a four-lane highway to be built through the wildlife refuge parallel to the gas pipeline that already exists to the Turnagain Arm Bridge Where the bridge causeway connects to land power lines and large Tesla industrial batteries would be place to store electricity for distribution between tides

People could then drive to Anchorage from Kenai and Soldotna in about an hour crossing the new bridge The trip would cost about five dollars one way with the new electric cars You could heat you home with electricity at half the cost of current rates Electrically powered semi-trucks are already on the road Freight rates from Anchorage and other places would cost less Wersquore looking at ten cents a kilowatt Right now you are paying 235 cents a kilowatt

Cheap electricity would allow heavy industry to flourish like ship building Bauxite ore could be smelted into aluminum Aluminum scrap could be recycled into ingots and process into house siding roofing and many other things All kinds of construction welding fabrication business would be profitable to run with less expensive electricity

Oil is not a renewable resource and Alaska is running out of oil It is too expensive for the State to put money into ANWAR and the oil pipeline is running at 20 capacity The State

38

cannot make any money on oil unless the price goes up over $80 a barrel and that is not likely to happen anytime soon what with the ever increasing oil production in the lower 48-states and the increasing number of electric cars on the road Every major car manufacturer in the Unites States and elsewhere is now producing electric cars and trucks Even the head honchoes of Homer Electric association is currently driving an electric car

37

A thirty-mile four-lane highway would connect to the Sterling Highway before it climbs up into the mountains past the town of Sterling The road would follow the existing gas pipeline road right away over to Turnagain Arm We need to get Donald Trump behind this to allow a four-lane highway to be built through the wildlife refuge parallel to the gas pipeline that already exists to the Turnagain Arm Bridge Where the bridge causeway connects to land power lines and large Tesla industrial batteries would be place to store electricity for distribution between tides

People could then drive to Anchorage from Kenai and Soldotna in about an hour crossing the new bridge The trip would cost about five dollars one way with the new electric cars You could heat you home with electricity at half the cost of current rates Electrically powered semi-trucks are already on the road Freight rates from Anchorage and other places would cost less Wersquore looking at ten cents a kilowatt Right now you are paying 235 cents a kilowatt

Cheap electricity would allow heavy industry to flourish like ship building Bauxite ore could be smelted into aluminum Aluminum scrap could be recycled into ingots and process into house siding roofing and many other things All kinds of construction welding fabrication business would be profitable to run with less expensive electricity

Oil is not a renewable resource and Alaska is running out of oil It is too expensive for the State to put money into ANWAR and the oil pipeline is running at 20 capacity The State

38

cannot make any money on oil unless the price goes up over $80 a barrel and that is not likely to happen anytime soon what with the ever increasing oil production in the lower 48-states and the increasing number of electric cars on the road Every major car manufacturer in the Unites States and elsewhere is now producing electric cars and trucks Even the head honchoes of Homer Electric association is currently driving an electric car

38

cannot make any money on oil unless the price goes up over $80 a barrel and that is not likely to happen anytime soon what with the ever increasing oil production in the lower 48-states and the increasing number of electric cars on the road Every major car manufacturer in the Unites States and elsewhere is now producing electric cars and trucks Even the head honchoes of Homer Electric association is currently driving an electric car