guía metodológica de la a21e de madrid

8/3/2019 Gua metodolgica de la A21E de Madrid

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Cg @sb}èocb}n mc E`mxom' ` }x`zt mcg xc` mc Fnhocxbn mc Ecmon @ehocb}c'njxcdc mctmc cg `n 8993 ` gnt dcb}xnt cmsd`}oznt g` nynx}sbom`m mc ynbcx cbe`xdk` sb yxndctn mc @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x" Sb yxncd}n mc cmsd`dob tndonè%hocb}`g h`t`mn cb sb yxndctn mc `yxcbmoqàc tnhxc g` xc`gom`m' mct}ob`mn ` }x`bt%jnxe`xg` ` }x`zt mc g` y`x}odoy`dob mc }nm` g` dnesbom`m cmsd`}oz` ecmo`b}c cgmctdshxoeocb}n' g` dnbzozcbdo`' g` xcjgc{ob g` `ddob y`x` dnb}xohsox ` sb mct`%xxnggn tnt}cbohgc" Mc g` eote` jnxe` psc g`t dosm`mct' ` }x`zt mc g` @fcbm` 80Gnd`g' yg`bojod`b `ddonbct cbdèob`m`t ` g` tnt}cbohogom`m' `tseocbmn dneyxn%

eotnt y`x` }ne`x ecmom`t psc tngsdonbcb gnt yxnhgce`t ` ctd`g` yg`bc}`xo`' ctyntohgc psc g` dnesbom`m ctdng`x k`f`' ` ts ctd`g`' sb yxndctn omb}odn1 `tseoxts xctynbt`hogom`m cb gnt yxnhgce`t tndonèhocb}`gct' `b`goq`x ts ct}`mn dne%yxnec}cxtc cb `d}s`donbct mc ecanx` psc ct}b ` ts `gd`bdc"

Ynx ct}c en}ozn tc yxctcb}` ct}` fs` ec}nmngfod`' psc ctycxènt toxz` dnenkcxxèocb}` mc `ynn en}oz`dob y`x` g` ysct}` cb e`xdk` mc bscz`t @fcbm`t80 Ctdng`xct' cb }nmnt `pscggnt dcb}xnt cmsd`}oznt cb gnt psc k`` sb cpsoyn

mndcb}c ob}cxct`mn cb ct}c yxncd}n h`t`mn cb g` tnt}cbohogom`m tndonèhocb}`gmcg dcb}xn mc ts cb}nxbn" @ }`g cjcd}n g` fs` yg`b}c` sb enmcgn cmsd`}ozn obbn%z`mnx sb` ec}nmngnf` psc j`dogo}` g` ob}cfx`dob mc gnt dnb}cbomnt mc tnt}cbo%hogom`m cmsd`dob èhocb}`g cb g`t mojcxcb}ct xc`t mc dnbndoeocb}n dsxxodsg`%xct' fcbcx`bmn sb` dsg}sx` mc y`x}odoy`dob cb g` dnesbom`m g` c{}cbtob mcyxd}od`t enmnt mc zom` tnt}cbohgct ` gnt mot}ob}nt dnb}c{}nt tndo`gct pscxnmc`b `g `gseb`mn"

Dnen tc c{ygod` cb g` ob}xnmsddob' ct}` fs` ct cg jxs}n mc g` c{ycxocbdo` g`dng`hnx`dob dnb}obs` mct`xxngg`m` ynx gnt dcb}xnt cmsd`}oznt gnt }dbodnt psck`b kcdkn xc`gom`m cg mct`xxnggn mc g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x mc g` dosm`m mc E`mxommctmc cg `n 8993" @ }nmnt cggnt gct `fx`mcdcent ts z`gontn ctjscxqn mctmc g`dnbzoddob mc psc k` mc dnb}xohsox ` psc gnt bont' gnt yxn}`fnbot}`t mcg yxncd%}n' dnbzoz`b cb sb esbmn ecanx"

Jx`bdotdn A`zocx Xshon mc Sxps`Moxcd}nx Fcbcx`g mc Tnt}cbohogom`m y @fcbm` 80


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9" Ob}xnmsddob ;

0" Cmsd`x y`x` g` tnt}cbohogom`m 000"0" Obtnt}cbohogom`m cb g` dosm`m mc E`mxom 08

0"8" Cmsd`x y`x` g` tnt}cbohogom`m 84

0"4" Xczotob mcg enmcgn cmsd`}ozn `d}s`g =8

8" @fcbm` 80 Gnd`g mc g` dosm`m mc E`mxom =6

8"0" G` @fcbm` 80 mc g` dosm`m mc E`mxom =?

8"8" Den tc cbe`xd` g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x mcb}xnmc g` @fcbm` 80 Gnd`g> :9

4" @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x :4

4"0" Cb ps dnbtot}c g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x> :3

4"8" Den y`x}odoy`x cb g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x> 69

4"4" Ps }ce`t tc }x`h`a`b cb g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x> 64

4"=" Dnb ps xcdsxtnt dscb}`> 6=

=" G` y`x}odoy`dob obj`b}og aszcbog 66

="0" G` y`x}odoy`dob obj`b}og aszcbog 6;

="8" Bozcgct mc y`x}odoy`dob ;8

="4" @gfsb`t dnbdgstonbct tnhxc g` y`x}odoy`dob ?9

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3" Caceygnt mc }ce`t }x`}`mnt ?4

3"0" @ds`zo`t1 `knxxn mcg `fs` cb xcg`dob dnb cg kscx}n ?:

3"8" Dngcfon cdngfodn ??

3"4" G` honmozcxtom`m cb cg O"C"T" O}sxx`gmc 09:

3"=" Cg dgoe` tndo`g g` ecanx` mc g` dnbzozcbdo`cb cg dcb}xn 004

3"3" Gnt xctomsnt 00?

:" Xcdsxtnt 086

:"0" Ob}xnmsddob 08;

:"8" Mndsecb}`dob y`x` nxf`boq`x cg Jnxn

@fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x 08?:"4" G` mobeod` mc fxsynt cb g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x 0=9

:"=" Caceygnt mc kcxx`eocb}`t y`x` }x`h`a`x

mojcxcb}ct }ce`t mc ob}cxt 0==

6" Cz`gs`dob mcg yxndctn @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x 0:6

6"0" Ps ct cz`gs`x 0:;

6"8" Ps pscxcent cz`gs`x 060

;" Hohgonfx`j` fcbcx`g 06?

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xcdsxtnt dscb}`" Cb mcjobo}oz`' dsgct tnb gnt y`tnt `tcfsox y`x` oeyg`b}`x sb yxndctn mc @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x cbsb dcb}xn cmsd`}ozn"

G` fs` }èhob `b`goq` cg enecb}n `d}s`g mc g` y`x}odoy`%dob obj`b}og aszcbog tc yxnynbc g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`xdnen z` y`x` j`dogo}`x cg mcxcdkn mc gnt bont `mngct%dcb}ct ` y`x}odoy`x cb dnbmodonbct mc ofs`gm`m asb}n ` gnt`msg}nt cb }nm`t g`t dsct}onbct psc gct `}`cb"

Cb cg d`y}sgn mc Caceygnt mc }ce`t }x`}`mnt tc xcdnfcbg`t c{ycxocbdo`t mc dobdn dcb}xnt mc mojcxcb}ct bozcgct

cmsd`}oznt psc k`b y`x}odoy`mn cb cg yxncd}n" @ynx}`bmojcxcb}ct cbjnpsct psc tc gc yscmc m`x ` g` @fcbm` 80Ctdng`x cb ts ysct}` cb e`xdk` cb gnt dcb}xnt"

Cg d`y}sgn mc Xcdsxtnt njxcdc mojcxcb}ct enmcgnt mcjodk`t mc }x`hàn' mobeod`t' caceygnt mc mo`fbt}odnt cg`%hnx`mnt cb gnt dcb}xnt' c}d" Cb ct}c `y`x}`mn ynmcent

cbdnb}x`x objnxe`dob `dcxd` mc den jnxe`x cg Jnxn'tsfcxcbdo t y`x` nxf`boq`xtc' mojcxcb}ct jnxe`}nt mc dnb%tsg}` psc tc yscmcb ceygc`x yntohgct ecd`botent necmont mc dnesbod`dob mojstob mc g` objnxe`dob"

Cg d`y}sgn mc Cz`gs`dob xczot` nhac}oznt' e}nmnt ddon%bct ` gn g`xfn mc }nmn cg yxndctn mc @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x'dnb cg job mc mc}cd}`x gnt ysb}nt mhogct g`t ècb`%

q`t `g yxncd}n ynmcx tngzcb}`xg`t dnb g`t `mcds`m`tyxnysct}`t mc ecanx`" @mcet tc esct}x`b mojcxcb}ct

kcxxèocb}`t psc j`dogo}`b cg motcn mc sb` cz`gs`dob mcgyxndctn"

Cb g` Hohgonfx`j` tc `ynx}` sb` tcgcddob' }`b}n mc xctc%

`t mc gohxnt `s}nxct' dnen mc yfob`t vch psc njxcdcbsb` ob}cxct`b}c objnxe`dob dneygcecb}`xo` y`x` }nm`t`pscgg`t ycxtnb`t ob}cxct`m`t cb èygo`x dnbndoeocb}nt`dcxd` mc mojcxcb}ct }ce`t"

Ynx g}oen tc obdgsc sb DM `bc{n dnb dnb}cbomnt dne%

ygcecb}`xont1 jodk`t mc mobeod`t mc fxsyn' mc nxf`boq`%dob mc mozcxt`t `d}ozom`mct mc mo`fbt}odn mc mozcxtnt

}ce`t" Tnb caceygnt motc`mnt ysct}nt cb yxd}od` ynxgnt mojcxcb}ct dcb}xnt ctdng`xct y`x}odoy`b}ct" ]èhob tcobdgscb enmcgnt mc cz`gs`dob motc`mnt }`b}n ynx gntdcb}xnt dnen ynx cg cpsoyn }dbodn" Dnen dneygcecb}n` g` hohgonfx`j`' tc obdgscb docx}nt mndsecb}nt cb jnxe`%}n YMJ1 g` D`x}` mc g`t Dosm`mct Tnt}cbohgct Csxnyc`t' g`D`x}` mc g` ]ocxx`' mndsecb}nt tnhxc gnt `b}cdcmcb}ct mc

g` @fcbm` 80' c}d"' psc yscmcb tcx mc ob}cxt"

Ctycxènt psc ct}c e`}cxo`g toxz` y`x` ggcz`x ` d`hn`ddonbct cmsd`}oz`t cb e`}cxo` mc mct`xxnggn tnt}cbohgcpsc jnecb}cb cg dneyxneotn obmozoms`g g` y`x}odoy`dob

xctynbt`hgc cb g` zom` ctdng`x dnesbo}`xo`"

9 Ob}xnmsddob


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Cmsd`x y`x`g` tnt}cbohogom`m

0 ]x`}` hocb ` bsct}x` ]ocxx`1bn ct sb xcf`gn mc bsct}xnt y`mxcttobn sb yxt}`en mc bsct}xnt koant"

Yxnzcxhon mc gnt y`t}nxct be`m`t mc Lcbo`

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0 Cmsd`x y`x` g`tnt}cbohogom`m

k`do` g` tnt}cbohogom`m mc g` dosm`m" Sb` ct}x`}cfo` mc }`ge`fbo}sm y`x` cg esbodoyon mc E`mxom xcpsocxc' ynx sbg`mn' psc tc eoboeodcb gnt cjcd}nt mc gnt ysb}nt mhogct'` g` zcq psc tc xcz`gnxoq`b gnt ysb}nt jscx}ct"

Cg ysb}n jscx}c mc E`mxom' cb }xeobnt fcbcx`gct' fox` cb

}nxbn `g cac cdnbeodn" E`mxom fcbcx` xopscq` ynx cbdoe`mc g` ecmo` b`donb`g }ocbc fx`b d`y`dom`m mc `htnxdob

g`hnx`g' }`b}n cb cg tcd}nx yhgodn dnen yxoz`mn +sbozcxto%m`mct' ceyxct`t' dcb}xnt mc obzct}of`dob/" N}xn ysb}njscx}c tc cbdscb}x` cb `gfsbnt `tycd}nt mc d`gom`m mcgkho}`} dnen tnb gnt cpsoyèocb}nt cmsd`}oznt' dsg}s%x`gct mc ndon" Tob ceh`xfn' dnen }nm`t g`t fx`bmct dos%m`mct' E`mxom xcdohc sb objgsan e`tozn dnbt}`b}c mc ycx%tnb`t' e`}cxo`gct' cbcxf`' objnxe`dob' c}d" Ct}` to}s`dob

gc dnbjocxc ` g` dosm`m sb d`xd}cx bcf`}ozn cb `gfsbnt`tycd}nt1 xcpsocxc cbnxect d`b}om`mct mc e`}cxo`t yxoe`tpsc ct obd`y`q mc yxnmsdox' cacxdc tnhxc cg ecmon sbòb}cbt` c{}cbt` yxctob mc stn }x`btjnxe`dob' k` sboeynx}`b}c `secb}n mc g` enzogom`m cb zckdsgn yxoz`mn

dnb tst dnbtcdscbdo`t `tndo`m`t +dnb}èob`dob `}ent%jxod`' `dt}od`' f`t}n cbcxf}odn' f`t}n }ceynx`g' c}d"/'fcbcx` fx`bmct zngecbct mc xctomsnt' c{ot}cb mojodsg}`%

mct mc `ddctn ` g` zozocbm`' mojdog ob}cfx`dob mc mc}cxeo%b`mnt dngcd}oznt cb to}s`dob mc mctzcb}à` tndo`g' c}d"

Cg `secb}n mc g` enzogom`m cb zckdsgn yxoz`mn dnbggcz` sb`tcxoc mc dnbtcdscbdo`t `tndo`m`t +dnb}èob`dob `}entjxod`'`dt}od`' f`t}n cbcxf}odn' f`t}n }ceynx`g' c}d"/"


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M`}nt mc obtnt}cbohogom`mC{ot}cb m`}nt mc obtnt}cbohogom`m cb bsct}xn cb}nxbn pscbnt ynbcb cb `gcx}` y`x` }x`hà`x ynx sb` dosm`m ettnt}cbohgc" Gnt tb}ne`t mc obtnt}cbohogom`m cdngfod`bn tgn tc e`bojoct}`b cb cg `tycd}n èhocb}`g' }èhob

gn k`dcb cb cg cdnbeodn +`secb}n mcg y`xn fx`bmctjgsd}s`donbct mcg ecxd`mn mc z`gnxct/ cb cg eho}n

tndo`g +`secb}n mcg bmodc mc ynhxcq` mc gnt mot}sxhonttndo`gct/"

Yg`bojod`dob' nxmcb`dob mcg }cxxo}nxon cpsoyèocb}nt

Cg xctsg}`mn job`g mcg yxndctn kot}xodn tsjxomn cb E`mxom'` gn g`xfn mcg }oceyn cb ds`b}n ` g` yg`bojod`dob sxh`b`'k` tomn sb enmcgn mc dosm`m mojst` psc k` dxcdomn `yxc%

tsx`m` mctnxmcb`mècb}c ynx tst hnxmct `g ofs`g psctst bdgcnt mc ynhg`dob zcdobnt" Ct}c enmcgn mc dos%

m`m dnbtsec esdkn et tscgn' fcbcx` et dnb}èob`%dob nd`tonb` sb jscx}c obdxcecb}n mc gnt dnt}ct cbcx%f}odnt gof`mnt ` g` enzogom`m en}nxoq`m`' `t dnen mc}nmnt gnt xct}`b}ct jgsant xcpscxomnt y`x` dshxox g`t bcdc%tom`mct mo`xo`t mc g` ynhg`dob" Mctyst mc sb mctdcb%tn' g` ynhg`dob mcg esbodoyon c{ycxoecb}` sb xcysb}c ècmo`mnt mc gnt bnzcb}` `g psc bn ct àcbn cg jscx}c

obdxcecb}n mc g` ynhg`dob obeofx`b}c" Ct}c dxcdoeocb}nynhg`donb`g `jcd}` ` }nm` g` dosm`m ct ctycdo`gecb}cob}cbtn cb gnt mot}xo}nt dcb}x`gct"

G`t dnbtsg}`t xc`goq`m`t msx`b}c g` cg`hnx`dob mcg mo`f%

bt}odn mc g` @fcbm` 80 Gnd`g obmod`b psc gnt dosm`m`%bnt ct}oe`b dnen yxobdoy`gct yxonxom`mct cb e`}cxo` mczozocbm` g` dnbt}xsddob mc zozocbm`t yxn}cfom`t +3=#/' g`

xcfcbcx`dob mc qnb`t mcfx`m`m`t g` xcmsddob mc g`zozocbm` mctndsy`m` +=4#/" Cg `ddctn ` g` zozocbm` ct

0Cmsd`x y`x` g`tnt}cbohogom`m


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sb` mc g`t mchogom`mct et oeynx}`b}ct psc yxctcb}È`mxom" To hocb yxcndsy` ` }nmnt gnt dosm`m`bnt' `jcd}`cb fx`b ecmom` ` gnt azcbct"

Cb }xeobnt fcbcx`gct' g` d`gom`m mc g` cbtc`bq` yhgo%d` mc gnt dcb}xnt ctdng`xct ct} hocb z`gnx`m`' `sbpsc

}nmnt gnt mot}xo}nt dnobdomcb cb psc k`hx` psc obdomox cbg` ecanx` mc `gfsbnt cpsoyèocb}nt" C{ot}c docx}` yxcnds%

y`dob ynx g` hà`m` mcg bozcg mc c{ofcbdo` mcg dnb}xngmcg `gseb`mn" Ynx n}xn g`mn' g` obtsjodocbdo` mc ctdscg`tobj`b}ogct ct c{}cbtècb}c ecbdonb`m` dnen bcdctom`my`x` g` dnbdogo`dob mc g` zom` g`hnx`g jèogo`x"

Cb gn psc tc xcjocxc ` tcxzodont htodnt' g` ynhg`dobesct}x` sb fx`mn mc t`}otj`ddob ecbnx dnb cg ceygcn'

g` t`gsm g` zozocbm`< nh}ocbcb sb` ysb}`dob e`nx cg}x`btynx}c yhgodn' g`t qnb`t zcxmct' cg ndon' gnt mcynx%}ct' c}d"

G` z`gnx`dob mc g` yc`}nb`goq`dob dèho` ynx mot}xo}nt'

dnb bozcgct mc t`}otj`ddob cgcz`mnt cb dcb}xn' dcb}xn%bnx}c tsxct}c" Tc ycxdohcb dnen `tycd}nt ycnx xctscg%}nt g` mojodsg}`m mc stn mc g` hododgc}`' g` obtsjodocbdo` mc

yg`q`t mc `y`xdèocb}n yhgodn g` j`g}` mc enzogom`m mcgyc`}b cb `gfsb`t qnb`t"


E`mxom ct sb` dosm`m cb dnb}obsn dèhon dxcdoeocb}n' gn psctsynbc ggcz`x d`hn dnb}obs`t obzcxtonbct cb objx`ct}xsd}sx`t"


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0:

Ec}`hngoten sxh`bn

Sb tot}ce` sxh`bn ct sb tot}ce` ceobcb}cecb}c `hocx}npsc xcpsocxc y`x` ts jsbdonbèocb}n obfcb}ct `ynx}ct mce`}cxo` cbcxf` ' ynx }`b}n' mczscgzc `g ecmon fx`bmctd`b}om`mct mc mctcdknt tgomnt' gpsomnt f`tcntnt" G``d}ozom`m kse`b` cb sb` fx`b dosm`m nycx` tnhxc1

Cg òxc" Tc yxnmsdcb ob}cbt`t ceotonbct ` g` `}etjcx`

psc yxnmsdcb g` mcbneob`m` dnb}èob`dob `}entjxo%d`' jsbmècb}`gecb}c mc }oyn pseodn dt}odn" Cg yxob%doy`g `fcb}c xctynbt`hgc mc g` dnb}èob`dob `}entjxo%d` cb E`mxom ct }x`btynx}c en}nxoq`mn" G` Nxf`boq`dobEsbmo`g mc g` T`gsm +NET/ ct}`hgcdc' dnen z`gnx fs`y`x` g` yxn}cddob mc g` t`gsm' sb` dnbdcb}x`dob ecmo``bs`g mc =9 f.e4 y`x` gnt bozcgct mc BN8 :3 mcdohc%

gont +mH/ y`x` cg bozcg cpsoz`gcb}c ecmon mosxbn mc dnb}`%eob`dob `dt}od`< ynx cbdoe` mc ct}nt bozcgct' tcfb g`NET' tc yxnmsdcb obdxcecb}nt cb gnt obfxctnt kntyo}`%g`xont ynx d`st`t xctyox`}nxo`t doxdsg`}nxo t" Dnen tc yscmc nhtcxz`x cb cg e`y` `dt}odn `masb}n' cg

xsomn cb g` dosm`m ct} nxofob`mn yxobdoy`gecb}c ynx cg }x%

jodn xnm`mn" Gnt e`nxct bmodct tc dnbdcb}x`b cb g`td`ggct `zcbom`t psc `}x`zoct`b g` dosm`m g`t z`t psc g`xnmc`b< ct}`bmn' cb nd`tonbct' ynx cbdoe` mc gnt bozcgct

xcdnecbm`mnt ynx g` NET" Ct t}c sb dèyn cb cg pscbsct}x` dosm`m mchcx` ecanx`x dnb x`yomcq"

G` dnb}èob`dob `}entjxod` `dt}od` tc cbdscb}x` ynxcbdoe` mc gnt bozcgct xcdnecbm`mnt ynx g` Nxf`boq`dobEsbmo`g mc g` T`gsm' gn ds`g xcycxds}c cb sb mc}cxonxn mc g`d`gom`m mc zom` sxh`b`"



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E`y` `dt}odn mc E`mxom

Ycxnmn `bs`g' mc 6199 ` 84199 knx`t


Cg `fs`" E`mxom ct obd`y`q mc `s}n`h`t}cdcxtc mc`fs`' c{ygn}` dnen xc` mc d`y}`dob }nm` g` tsycxjo%doc Bnxnct}c mc g` Dnesbom`m @s}bne`' xcdnfocbmncg `fs` cb d`}nxdc ceh`gtct fct}onb`mnt ynx cg D`b`g

mc Ot`hcg OO" G` d`gom`m mcg `fs` mc E`mxom ct `g}`" Cgdnbtsen mc `fs` cb 899= xnbm gnt 8=6 ke4 xcy`x%}obmntc cb}xc stn mnet}odn +:?'=#/' obmst}xo`g

dnecxdo`g +83'=#/ n}xnt stnt +3'8#/" E`mxom motynbcmc ndkn mcysx`mnx`t dnb g`t psc mcysx` cg 099# mc

tst `fs`t xctoms`gct" Sb zngsecb mc 8'? ke4 .`n ctxcs}ogoq`mn jsbm`ecb}`gecb}c cb cg xocfn mc qnb`t zcx%mct" Cb ds`b}n `g dnbtsen mnet}odn' d`m` e`mxogcndnbtsec sb` ecmo` mc 0=6 g.m`' dnbtsen psc y`xcdc

enmcx`mn jxcb}c ` sb ct}`mnsbomcbtc psc f`t}` et mc399 g.m`" Cb n}x`t dosm`mct cty`ng`t' dnen ynx cace%ygn H`xdcgnb`' cg dnbtsen ct toeog`x +0=9 g.m` ynx k`ho%

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18/192

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Tob ceh`xfn' g` NET dnbtomcx` psc g` d`b}om`m `mcds`%m` mc `fs` y`x` dnbtsen kse`bn +hchcx' dndob`x' kofoc%bc ycxtnb`g goeyocq` mcg knf`x/ ct mc 39 g.m` ynx k`ho%}`b}c" Cb g` ]ocxx` k`ho}`b `d}s`gecb}c tcot eog eoggnbct mcycxtnb`t' mc g`t ds`gct dcxd` mcg 89# zozcb cb dobdscb}`y`tct psc d`xcdcb mc ct}c gpsomn zo}`g" Cg xo}en mc dnb%

tsen cb gnt y`tct mct`xxngg`mnt ` ct} objgscbmn cbcg js}sxn mc g` mozcxtom`m hongfod` cb esdk`t qnb`t mcg

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fcbcx` fx`bmct yxnhgce`t mc }oyn tndo`g cdngfodn `gnt psc d`m` zcq xctsg}` et mojdog k`dcx jxcb}c" Bn ctsb enmcgn c{}x`yng`hgc' ynxpsc to }nm`t g`t tndocm`mctmc bsct}xn esbmn mcdomocx`b `mny}`xgn tc bcdcto}`x`b}xct yg`bc}`t ]ocxx`" Cg yxnhgce` mc gnt xctomsnt bn ct

tobn sb` mc g`t dnbtcdscbdo`t bcf`}oz`t mc ct}c enmc%gn mc zom`" G` x`q mcg yxnhgce` tc cbdscb}x` cb bsct}x`jnxe` mc zom` bsct}xnt kho}nt mc dnbtsen< bsct}x`t

bcdctom`mct htod`t ct}b dshocx}`t zozoent obecx%tnt cb sb yxndctn dnbt}`b}c mc dxc`dob mc bscz`t

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bcdctom`mct et `ddctnxo`t psc k`dcb psc bsct}xntbozcgct mc dnbtsen dxcqd`b c{ynbcbdo`gecb}c" G`tdojx`t mc yxnmsddob mc xctomsnt mc sb` ynhg`dob xct%ynbmcb ` z`xont y`xec}xnt' bozcg tndoncdnbeodn'}è`n mc g` ynhg`dob' ynd` mcg `n' c}d" Cb g` `d}s`%gom`m' tcfb cg Yg`b B`donb`g mc Xctomsnt 8999%899:'

tc ct}oe` psc g` yxnmsddob ecmo` mc X"T"S" +XctomsntTgomnt Sxh`bnt/ cb Cty`` ct `gfn et mc 0'8 lf.m`"

Cb y`tct mcg bnx}c mc Csxny`' `gd`bq`b }`t`t mc 0'3 `8'3 lf.m`' cb CC"SS" tc `gd`bq`b gnt 8 lf.m`' eocb}x`tpsc cb qnb`t mc @exod` mcg Tsx' ntdog`b cb}xc 9'= 9';lf.m`" Cb cg esbodoyon mc E`mxom' d`m` k`ho}`b}c fcbc%x` `yxn{oe`mècb}c 0'8 lf mc xctomsnt ynx m`' gn psctsynbc d`to ds`}xn eoggnbct mc lf mc xctomsnt `g m`" To}cbcent cb dscb}` psc tnent et mc }xct eoggnbct mce`mxogcnt' `g job`g nh}cbcent psc cb bsct}x` dosm`m tcfcbcx`b d`to ds`}xn eog }nbcg`m`t mo`xo`t mc xctomsntmnet}odnt' cg cpsoz`gcb}c cb yctn ` ds`}xn eog dndkctmc }è`n ecmon `g m`" G`t cb}om`mct gnd`gct mchcbcbd`xf`xtc mc g` xcdnfom`' cg }x`btynx}c g` cgoeob`dob

mc gnt mctcdknt sxh`bnt" @ }`g cjcd}n' cg @sb}èocb}nmc E`mxom `tsec g` fct}ob cb ct}` e`}cxo`' `jxnb}`bmng`t c{ofcbdo`t bnxe`}oz`t mc g` Sbob Csxnyc` dnb}`b%

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m`bn' ` psc ` g` knx` mc fct}onb`x gnt xctomsnt' g` y`x}o%doy`dob dosm`m`b` ct jsbmècb}`g"

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`yxn{oe`mècb}c 0'8 lf mc xctomsnt ynx m`' gn psc tsynbc d`tods`}xn eoggnbct mc lf mc xctomsnt `g m`"



20/192

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G` cbcxf`" G` yxd}od` }n}`gom`m mc g` cbcxf` dnbtseo%m` cb cg esbodoyon mc E`mxom yxnzocbc mc jscb}ct c{}cx%b`t" Cb 8994 cg dnbtsen cbcxf}odn mcg esbodoyon jscmc 0'63 }cy.k`h" `n +}nbcg`m`t cpsoz`gcb}ct mc yc}x%gcn/" Ct}c z`gnx xctsg}` et cgndscb}c to tc dney`x`bdnb gnt m`}nt mc `gfsbnt y`tct csxnycnt xcjcxomnt `g

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gcn +FGY/ ynx tst}o}sdob dnb f`t b`}sx`g d`b`goq`mn psck` c{ycxoecb}`mn sb jscx}c obdxcecb}n' ctycdo`gecb}c cbcg tcd}nx mnet}odn c obmst}xo`g" Tngècb}c sb 9';=# mc

g` cbcxf` }n}`g dnbtseom` ynx cg esbodoyon mc E`mxom yxn%dcmc mc jscb}ct xcbnz`hgct" G` yxnmsddob yhgod` mc

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Cg }xeobn mct`xxnggn tc k` s}ogoq`mn mctmc sb yg`bn cdn%beodn' cb}cbmomn dnen g` ecanx` mc g` d`gom`m mc zom` cbh`tc ` g` d`b}om`m mc hocbct psc tc yntccb" Ycxn gnt xo}%ent `d}s`gct mc dnbtsen tnb obdney`}ohgct dnb cg jsb%

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25/192

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]cbcx sb` `d}o}sm yxczcb}oz` `b}ct psc xcy`x`mnx`"Ynx caceygn' ct ecanx yxczcbox gnt mct`t}xct cdngfodntpsc }cbcx psc k`dcx jxcb}c ` tst dnbtcdscbdo`t< ct yxc%jcxohgc xcmsdox bsct}xn dnbtsen czo}`x yxnmsdox h`ts%x`t psc dnb}xohsox ` g` yxnhgce}od` psc fcbcx`b gntxctomsnt"

@mny}`x ecmom`t mc cjodocbdo` `ygod`dob mc bscz`t}cdbngnf`t' `dney``m`t mc g` goeo}`dob cb bsct}x`

jnxe` mc dnbtseox" Ynx caceygn' ynmcent motynbcx mcjscb}ct mc cbcxf` xcbnz`hgc' dneyx`x hnehogg`t mc hàn

dnbtsen cgcd}xnmnet}odnt cjodocb}ct' ycxn k` psc`dney``x ct}`t ecmom`t dnb kho}nt mc `knxxn"

Dnbndcx gnt dodgnt b`}sx`gct `yxcbmcx mc cggnt y`x`psc bsct}x`t `ddonbct ct}b ob}cfx`m`t cb `xenb`dnb cg xct}n mc tcxct zoznt dnb gnt psc dney`x}oent cgyg`bc}`"

K`t}` k`dc sb`t md`m`t cb bsct}x` tndocm`m }nm`z` tc

e`b}cb` sb` xcg`dob ct}xcdk` dnb g` b`}sx`gcq`1 cg nxofcbmc gnt xcdsxtnt cx` gnd`g< gnt dodgnt mc }x`btjnxe`dob stn cx`b dcxx`mnt' ` psc tc `yxnzcdk`h`b ecanx gnte`}cxo`gct `ycb`t tc yxnmsd`b xctomsnt< g` jnxe` mczom` cx` et dnnycx`}oz`' c}d" Cb g` `d}s`gom`m motjxs}`%ent mc esdk`t zcb}à`t hcbcjodont mcg yxnfxctn' ycxnmchcent cbdnb}x`x sb enmcgn mc mct`xxnggn psc `tcfsxcbsct}x` tsycxzozcbdo` dnen ctycdoc" Ycxn bn ynmcentmcjobox sb caceygn yxd}odn fcbcx`g y`x` ynbcx cb e`x%dk` `d}s`donbct h`t`m`t cb sb mct`xxnggn tnt}cbohgc' ynx%psc cb d`m` dnb}c{}n k` psc `ygod`x yxndctnt `m`y}`%mnt ` ts xc`gom`m ` tst bcdctom`mct"



26/192

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]x`hà`x ynx sb enmcgn mc mct`xxnggn tnt}cbohgc bnt ggcz`` hstd`x mot}ob}nt enmcgnt' ` mot}ob}`t ctd`g`t' cb mojc%xcb}ct gsf`xct' dnb obfxcmocb}ct }`b bcdct`xont dnen g`dxc`}ozom`m' g` obbnz`dob' cg ob}cxdèhon dnbt}`b}c mcc{ycxocbdo`t g` dnbc{ob cb}xc mojcxcb}ct ycxtnb`t dngcd}oznt" Gnt yxnhgce`t psc tsxa`b mchcb }x`btjnxe`x%

tc cb bscz`t nynx}sbom`mct y`x` hstd`x tngsdonbct ctbcdct`xo` sb` dnbt}`b}c `s}ndx}od` y`x` `yxcbmcx mc gnt

cxxnxct `m`y}`xtc ` g`t bscz`t doxdsbt}`bdo`t mc jnxe`dnb}obs`"

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fnhocxbnt' c{ycx}nt' NBFt fxsynt mc dosm`m`bnt k`bob}cxdèho`mn nyobonbct' cbjxcb}`mn mojcxcb}ct ynt}sx`t'`mpsoxomn dneyxneotnt' c}d" @ gn g`xfn mc gnt `nt' g`t

mot}ob}`t obodo`}oz`t k`b omn czngsdonb`bmn y`x` obdgsoxdnbtomcx`donbct mc }oyn tndo`g }odn"

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27/192

86

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mc g` Dsehxc1 g` cmsd`dob"

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èhocb}`gct psc gct `jcd}`b" Sb` mc g`t mcjobodonbct etc{}cbmom`t ob}cxb`donb`gecb}c tnhxc g` y`x}odoy`dob ct1 g`

d`y`dom`m y`x` c{yxct`x mcdotonbct psc tc`b xcdnbndom`t

ynx cg cb}nxbn tndo`g psc `jcd}`b ` g` zom` yxnyo` .n ` g`zom` mc g` dnesbom`m cb g` psc sbn zozc +Xnfcx @" K`x}/"



28/192

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G` D`x}` mc g` ]ocxx` ct n}xn mc gnt mndsecb}nt cg`hnx`%mnt ` y`x}ox mc g` Dsehxc mc Xn mc jnxe` y`x}odoy`}oz` `hocx}`" Tc }x`}` mc sb` mcdg`x`dob mc yxobdoyont jsbm`%ecb}`gct psc }ocbc cg yxnyto}n mc jnxe`x sb` tndocm`mast}`' tnt}cbohgc y`djod` cb cg tofgn [[O" ]x`}` mc obtyox`xcb gnt yschgnt sb bsczn tcb}omn mc ob}cxmcycbmcbdo`

xctynbt`hogom`m dney`x}om` y`x` cg hocb mc g` Kse`bom`m g`t mcet ctycdoct psc k`ho}`b g` ]ocxx`"

Den cmsd`x y`x` sb mct`xxnggntnt}cbohgc>

To mctcènt psc cg esbmn mcg e``b` tc` mojcxcb}c'cb}nbdct k` psc dnbt}xsox cg js}sxn mctmc kn" G` cmsd`%dob ct sb` kcxxèocb}` jsbmècb}`g' ct sb obt}xsecb}npsc ycxeo}c }x`hà`x y`x` xc`goq`x gnt dèhont bcdct`xont'enmojod`x gnt ycbtèocb}nt y`x` psc bnt `smcb ` ob}cx%yxc}`x g` dneygcaom`m g` x`yomcq mc gnt dèhont psc bntxnmc`b ' dnen dnbtcdscbdo`' }x`btjnxe`x g`t `d}o}smct"Ynx ct}c en}ozn k` psc ceycq`x ` }x`hà`x dnb nhac}oznt` g`xfn yg`qn"

G` cmsd`dob mc sb` ycxtnb` tc ggcz` ` d`hn mc jnxe`

ycxe`bcb}c ` gn g`xfn mc ts zom` g` tndocm`m ascf` sby`ycg jsbmècb}`g cb ct}c yxndctn" Ynx ct}c en}ozn' g`

cmsd`dob y`x` cg mct`xxnggn tnt}cbohgc ct sb enmcgndneygcan mnbmc tc dnbtomcx`b mojcxcb}ct ctdcb`xont mc`d}s`dob psc dnbggczcb sb` }x`btjnxe`dob tndo`g c obmo%

zoms`g" Ct' ynx }`b}n' sb yxndctn gcb}n mnbmc cmsd`x tof%bojod` cmsd`x y`x` tcx tnt}cbohgc< ct mcdox' cbtc`x d`y`%

do}`x ` g`t ycxtnb`t y`x` `mpsoxox g`t k`hogom`mct psc gctycxeo}`b zozox mc jnxe` xctynbt`hgc ` }x`btjnxe`x g` xc`%gom`m mc ts cb}nxbn dnb cg job mc `tcfsx`x g` d`gom`m mczom` tob dneyxnec}cx g` zom` mc g`t fcbcx`donbct js}sx`t"

To }x`hàènt y`x` dnbtcfsox sb mct`xxnggn tnt}cbohgc' kcent k`hg`mn mc psc ct bcdct`xo` sb` y`x}odoy`dobdosm`m`b` sb` cmsd`dob `mcds`m` y`x` j`dogo}`x ct`y`x}odoy`dob' tofbojod` psc mchcent }x`btjnxe`x g`tndocm`m cb g` psc zozoent" Y`x` cggn ct bcdct`xon sbenmcgn cmsd`}ozn psc bn tgn dnbtomcxc gnt `tycd}nt}cxodnt tobn psc ggczc xc`gecb}c ` g` yxd}od` g`t `d}s`%

donbct bcdct`xo`t `mny}`bmn yg`b}cèocb}nt tot}eodnt mc xcg`dob cb}xc }nmnt gnt `fcb}ct oeygod`mnt"



29/192

8?

Cb g` yxd}od`' cmsd`x y`x` g` tnt}cbohogom`m xcpsocxc1

D`y`do}`x ` yxnjctonb`gct mc g` cmsd`dob y`x` psc`yxcbm`b ` cbtc`x cbtccb ` `yxcbmcx"

Dnbt}xsox sb enmcgn cmsd`}ozn mojcxcb}c' mctmc yg`b}c`%eocb}nt tot}eodnt `hocx}nt ` ts cb}nxbn tndo`g"

@mny}`x ec}nmngnf`t dnbt}xsd}ozot}`t' cb g`t psc g`tycxtnb`t `yxcbm`b ` xcnxf`boq`x tst omc`t g` jnxe` mc

zcx cg esbmn ` y`x}ox mc sb` to}s`dob mc y`x}om`' ` }x`%zt mcg }x`}èocb}n fgnh`g mc gnt yxnhgce`t mctmc cgdnbndoeocb}n xcg`}ozn cb dnb}obs` czngsdob' cb g`t pscoeynx}cb gnt yxndctnt et psc gnt dnbndoeocb}nt"

Yxctcb}`x `d}o}smct kseogmct mc htpscm` ycxe`%bcb}c mc tngsdonbct dxc`}oz`t ` gnt yxnhgce`t psc tc`hnxmcb"

J`znxcdcx gnt `yxcbmoqàct mc jnxe` ob}cfx`m`'jnecb}`bmn cg mognfn cb}xc }nmnt gnt `fcb}ct oeygo%d`mnt' mc jnxe` ob}cxmotdoygob`x' ycxeo}ocbmn g` `s}n%nxf`boq`dob `mpsoxocbmn k`hogom`mct y`x` `d}s`x"

@mny}`x yxndctnt y`x}odoy`}oznt mcendx}odnt'

mnbmc }nmnt gnt `fcb}ct oeygod`mnt yscm`b `ynx}`x tstomc`t dng`hnx`x cb g`t xctngsdonbct `dnxm`m`t"

Ct}nt dnbdcy}nt tnb xcg`}ozècb}c enmcxbnt" Mctmc gnt

`nt tc}cb}`' g` Cmsd`dob @ehocb}`g }ocbc dnen nhac}oznpsc g` ynhg`dob }cbf` dnbdocbdo` mcg ecmon èhocb}c' tcob}cxctc ynx tst yxnhgce`t psc dscb}c dnb g`t `y}o}s%mct' `d}o}smct' en}oz`dob zngsb}`m bcdct`xo`t y`x` }x`%hà`x cb g` htpscm` mc tngsdonbct ` gnt yxnhgce`t

`d}s`gct y`x` yxczcbox gnt psc yscm`b `y`xcdcx cb cg js}s%xn" Cb cg Gohxn Hg`bdn mc g` Cmsd`dob @ehocb}`g cb

Cty`` +0???/ tc `mny}` g` mcjobodob `ynx}`m` cb cg Dnb%fxctn Ob}cxb`donb`g mc Cmsd`dob Jnxe`dob tnhxcEcmon @ehocb}c' +Entd' 0?;6/1 G` cmsd`dob èhocb}`gct sb yxndctn ycxe`bcb}c cb cg ds`g gnt obmozomsnt g`t

dnesbom`mct `mpsocxcb dnbdocbdo` mc ts ecmon `yxcb%

mcb gnt dnbndoeocb}nt' gnt z`gnxct' g`t mct}xcq`t' g` c{yc%

xocbdo` ' }èhob' g` mc}cxeob`dob psc gct d`y`do}c y`x`

`d}s`x' obmozoms`g dngcd}ozècb}c' cb g` xctngsdob mc gnt

yxnhgce`t èhocb}`gct yxctcb}ct js}sxnt" Cb cg d`y}s%gn 8"8"3" tc ctdxohc1 G` cmsd`dob èhocb}`g ct' `b}c}nmn' cmsd`dob y`x` g` `ddob"

Mcb}xn mcg eho}n mc g` cmsd`dob jnxe`g' g` Cmsd`dob@ehocb}`g ct sb cac }x`btzcxt`g cb cg dsxxdsgn" Gnt cact}x`btzcxt`gct }x`}`b mc mct`xxngg`x dnbdcy}nt' yxndcmoeocb%

}nt `d}o}smct mc jnxe` ob}cxmotdoygob`x' ct mcdox' ` y`x}ox mc}nm`t g`t xc`t mc dnbndoeocb}n cb gnt mot}ob}nt bozcgct



30/192

49

cmsd`}oznt" G` Cmsd`dob @ehocb}`g' cb}cbmom` dnen tc

k` mcjobomn b}cxonxecb}c' bn mchcx` pscm`x xcmsdom` sbdnbasb}n mc `d}ozom`mct ysb}s`gct' tobn psc mchcx` mct%`xxngg`xtc mctmc sb cbjnpsc psc cbfgnhc }nm`t g t `ddon%bct dsxxodsg`xct mc fct}ob mcg dcb}xn cmsd`}ozn"Mchcx` }cbcxtc cb dnbtomcx`dob cb cg yg`b}cèocb}n mc

nhac}oznt' dnb}cbomnt' nxf`boq`dob mc cty`dont }oceynt'cz`gs`dob mc gnt yxndctnt mc `yxcbmoqàc cb g` y`x}odoy`%

dob dneyxneotn mc }nmnt gnt `fcb}ct oeygod`mnt +`gse%b`mn' yxnjctnx`mn' ycxtnb`g bn mndcb}c' jèogo`t n}x`tobt}o}sdonbct `meobot}x`donbct xcg`donb`m`t/"

G` ctdscg` dnen tot}ce`

Kn cb m`' ds`bmn }`b}n tc k`hg` mc g` fgnh`goq`dob ct

obmotds}ohgc g` objgscbdo` bn gobc`g' tobn cb jnxe` mc ctyox`g' `zcdct hcbcjodont` n}x`t ycxasmodo`g' mc sbnt tnhxc n}xnt"_` bn tc yscmc k`dcx sb `bgotot mc jcbecbnt òtg`mnt'ynxpsc bn c{ot}cb" To ct}n ct czomcb}c ` ctd`g` yg`bc}`xo`'

den bn gn z` ` tcx ` ctd`g` jèogo`x' ctdng`x' esbodoy`g' c}d"Ycxn' tob ceh`xfn' b tc k`dcb bgotot gobc`gct' yndn xcjgc%{oznt' mc gnt jcbecbnt psc ndsxxcb mcb}xn mc gnt fxsynt'

ynx caceygn' cg ctdng`x" Ct}ènt `dnt}sehx`mnt' ynx cace%ygn' ` hstd`x dkoznt c{yo`}nxont' obmozoms`gct n fxsy`gct' cb

gnt psc d`xfènt g` xctynbt`hogom`m mc g` fct}ob obtnt}c%

bohgc mcg dcb}xn< n bont n bo`t cb g`t `sg`t ` g`t psc tc gctdsgy` mcg e`g jsbdonbèocb}n mcg xct}n mcg fxsyn" Ct}`tob}cxyxc}`donbct tnb toeygct ecd`botent mcjcbtoznt y`x`gohcx`x ` n}xnt fxsynt mc ts xctynbt`hogom`m" Mctmc sb`

ctdscg` oeygod`m` cb g` cmsd`dob tnt}cbohgc ct oeyxctdob%mohgc }cbcx sb ysb}n mc zot}` tot}eodn mc gnt jcbecbntpsc tc m`b cb cg dcb}xn" Tgn `t ynmxcent enzogoq`x g`t

xctot}cbdo`t psc obczo}`hgcecb}c `y`xcdcb jxcb}c `g dèhon"_ tob cg dèhon' bn ct yntohgc cg yxnfxctn"

Cmsd`x y`x` g` tnt}cbohogom`m tofbojod` j`znxcdcx gnt`yxcbmoqàct mc jnxe` ob}cfx`m`' jnecb}`bmn cg mognfn cb}xc}nmnt gnt `fcb}ct oeygod`mnt mc jnxe` ob}cxmotdoygob`x"



31/192

40

Ynx }`b}n' g` cmsd`dob èhocb}`g c{ofc sb` zotob tot}eod`

cb g` psc tc `b`goq`b bn tgn gnt dneynbcb}ct mc sb` xc`go%m`m' tobn }èhob cg bozcg mc nxf`boq`dob' g` d`gom`m mc g`dnesbod`dob g` xcg`dob cb}xc }nmnt cggnt< ct mcdox' mnbmc

cg }nmn ct et psc g` tse` mc g`t y`x}ct" Ct}c cbjnpsc'g` ob}cxmotdoygob`xom`m g` ycxdcydob fgnh`g mc g` xc`gom`m'

bnt ggcz`b ` dnbtomcx`x g` ctdscg` dnen sb tot}ce`"

Sb tot}ce` ct sb dnbasb}n mc cgcecb}nt ob}cxxcg`donb`%mnt' psc tc e`b}ocbcb moxcd}` n obmoxcd}ècb}c sbomnt mcenmn et n ecbnt ct}`hgc dsn dneynx}èocb}n fgn%h`g ycxtofsc' bnxe`gecb}c' `gfb }oyn mc nhac}ozn +}cgcngn%f`/" Toceyxc psc k`hgènt mc tot}ce`t bnt xcjcxoent `sb` }n}`gom`m ds`t yxnyocm`mct bn tnb `}xohsohgct ` g` toe%ygc `modob mc g`t yxnyocm`mct mc tst y`x}ct n dneynbcb%}ct" @gfsb`t d`x`d}cxt}od`t psc mcjobcb sb tot}ce` tnb1

0" Dneyntodob1 dnbasb}n mc cgcecb}nt ynx gnt psc ct}jnxe`mn" To tc ``mcb n pso}`b cgcecb}nt' dèho` cg tot%}ce`" To ct}smoènt cg tot}ce` ]ocxx`' ts dneyntodob

ynmx` tcx cg dnbasb}n mc cgcecb}nt ho}odnt' `ho}odnt `b}xyodnt yxctcb}ct cb g< ct mcdox' }nmnt gnt tcxct zoznt'}nm` g` e`}cxo` obcx}c }nm`t g`t nhx`t' objx`ct}xsd}sx`t'

dsg}sx`t xct}n mc e`bojct}`donbct dxc`m`t ynx cg tcxkse`bn cb cg yg`bc}`"

8" Ct}xsd}sx`1 g` jnxe` cb psc modknt cgcecb}nt tc

xcg`donb`b cb}xc t y`x` dnbtcfsox ts job`gom`m< ct gn pscgn mojcxcbdo` mc sb enb}b mc nhac}nt" To z`x` g` ct}xsd%}sx`' dèho` cg tot}ce`" Cg dneynx}èocb}n mc gnt tot}c%e`t mcycbmc mc cgg`" G` ct}xsd}sx` mc g` ]ocxx` ct g` mcsb tot}ce` dcxx`mn y`x` g` e`}cxo` +c{dcy}s`bmn gnt

`t}xnb`s}`t psc k`b t`gomn mc ts xho}`/ `hocx}n xct%ycd}n ` g` cbcxf` +ts yxobdoy`g jscb}c cbcxf}od` ct c{%

fcb`1 cg Tng/" ] g zcq ct` ct}xsd}sx` tc` g` mc sb tsycxnx%f`boten dnb d`y`dom`m `s}nxxcfsg`mnx`' dnen c{ygod`g` ]cnx` mc Fò`' yxnysct}` ynx Aèct Gnzcgndl"

4" Cb}nxbn n èhocb}c1 tc yscmc mcjobox toeygcecb}cdnen gn psc bn ct cg tot}ce`' `pscggn dnb gn psc ct}`%hgcdc gnt ob}cxdèhont ctcbdo`gct y`x` tcfsox tocbmn geoten dseygox tst nhac}oznt" Y`x` g` ]ocxx`' cg xct}n mcg

sbozcxtn"

=" Jxnb}cx`1 g` qnb` cb psc tc ct}`hgcdc g` xcg`dob cb}xccg tot}ce` ts cb}nxbn" Tc yscmc mcdox psc g` jxnb}cx`

tcy`x`' mojcxcbdo` `g tot}ce` mc ts cb}nxbn.èhocb}c"

Xctogocbdo` +Dnbdcy}nt xcg`donb`mnt dnb g` ]cnx` Fcbcx`g mc Tot}ce`t/

Xctot}cbdo` `g dèhon +Dnbdcy}nt xcg`donb`mnt dnb g` ]cnx` Fcbcx`g mc Tot}ce`t/

=0

0

0Cmsd`x y`x` g`


42/192

=8

D`m` dcb}xn cmsd`}ozn ct} obecxtn cb sb` tndocm`m

cb sb cb}nxbn psc gc objgsc" Ct` xc`gom`m mchc tcx}cbom` cb dscb}` ` g` knx` mc cg`hnx`x ts yxncd}n cmsd`%}ozn" @mcet' cg tot}ce` cmsd`}ozn xcdnbndc ` gnt dcb}xnt`s}nbne` y`x` ynmcx mcjobox gnt jobct mc ts cmsd`dob cg ct}ogn mc cbtc`bq` `yxcbmoqàc psc yxc}cbmc ggcz`x `

d`hn" Ynx cggn yscmc `tseox cg dneyxneotn mc }x`hà`xynx sb` cmsd`dob et tnt}cbohgc ynx sb` tndocm`m psc

}èhob gn tc`" Cb ct}c ceycn mchc dneyxnec}cxtc}nm` g` dnesbom`m cmsd`}oz` psc `mcet mchcx `tseoxcg dneyxneotn mc dèho`x mc}cxeob`mnt `tycd}nt mc g`nxf`boq`dob g` y`x}odoy`dob mc tst eocehxnt cb cg dcb%}xn' `g ofs`g psc ts yxncd}n cmsd`}ozn dsxxodsg`x"

Sb dcb}xn psc tc yxnynbf` yxcy`x`x ` tst bont azcbcty`x` sb` tndocm`m mojcxcb}c ` g` psc kn dnbndcent'

mchcx' tnhxc }nmn' jnxe`xgct cb cg dnbndoeocb}n stn mckcxxèocb}`t c obt}xsecb}nt psc gct toxz`b y`x` ds`gpsocxdoxdsbt}`bdo`' mchcx obtot}ox cb `d}o}smct z`gnxct pscz``b cb g` eote` moxcddob psc g`t psc tc obdgsox`b cb g`

cmsd`dob y`x` g` tnt}cbohogom`m"

Mchcent }cbcx yxctcb}c psc' cb cg d`tn mc g`t Ctdscg`t

Obj`b}ogct' g` `d}s`dob yxonxo}`xo` cb mc}cxeob`m`t `d}o}s%mct dneynx}èocb}nt xcd`cb yxobdoy`gecb}c tnhxc g`t

Xczotob mcg enmcgn

cmsd`}ozn `d}s`gC{dcmc ` g`t yxc}cbtonbct mc ct}` fs` k`dcx sb`xczotob mcg tot}ce` cmsd`}ozn cty`ng" Yxc}cbmchtodècb}c dney`x}ox `gfsb`t xcjgc{onbct tnhxc g`xc`gom`m ctdng`x psc bnt ycxeo}`b cb}cbmcx gnt ysb%}nt mhogct g`t goeo}`donbct mcg yxnyon tot}ce`' `

yct`x mc g`t ds`gct mchcent ob}cb}`x }x`hà`x ynxsb` tndocm`m sb` ctdscg` et tnt}cbohgct"

0tnt}cbohogom`m

0 Cmsd`x y`x` g`


43/192

=4

jèogo`t psc tc dnbzocx}cb cb `fcb}ct cmsd`}oznt jsbm`%

ecb}`gct cb sb` cm`m es }ceyx`b` mc gnt bont" Ts`d}o}sm dng`hnx`dob ycxeo}c' `mcet mc g` obdomcbdo` cbts koan' `z`bq`x cb g` enmojod`dob mcg dcb}xn' ecanx`x g`dnbzozcbdo` g` dng`hnx`dob cb}xc yxnjctonb`gct' y`mxct'e`mxct cb}xc cggnt"

Omc`t jscxq` psc mchcx` xcdnfcx cg yxncd}n cms%d`}ozn y`x` `z`bq`x k`do` sb` cmsd`dob sb`tndocm`m et tnt}cbohgct1

Dneyxneotn mc njxcdcx `g `gseb`mn sb dnb}c{}ncb cg psc yscm`b mct`xxngg`xtc dnen dosm`m`bntxcjgc{oznt y`x}odoy`}oznt" Cggn xcpsocxc `ddonbctnxocb}`m`t ` psc tcy`b c{yxct`x tst omc`t tcb}o%

eocb}nt' ctdsdkcb g`t mc gnt n}xnt' tcy`b bcfndo`xg`t nydonbct et `mcds`m`t cb d`m` enecb}n tcy`b `tseox g`t mcdotonbct dngcd}oz`t g`t xctynb%t`hogom`mct obmozoms`gct"

Ynbcx gnt ecmont y`x` sb yxcbmoqàc psc j`znxcqd` gnt

yxndctnt mc tndo`goq`dob mc }nmnt gnt eocehxnt mcg` dnesbom`m ctdng`x cb sb e`xdn mc fct}ob mcen%

dx}od`' d`y`q mc f`x`b}oq`x cg mognfn g` yntohogom`m mcy`x}odoy`dob mc }nmnt cggnt"

Cg`hnx`x sb yxncd}n cmsd`}ozn psc k`f` c{ygdo}n cg

xctyc}n mc gnt x`tfnt mot}ob}oznt ygsx`gct mc d`mòbmozomsn mct}`d`bmn cg z`gnx mc g` `s}nbne`' g` gohcx%}`m g` dnnycx`dob" Psc z`gnxc g` mojcxcbdo` dnenxopscq`"

Xcpsocxc sb` zobdsg`dob mcg dcb}xn dnb cg ecmonb`}sx`g tndo`g yxnyon mcg cb}nxbn"@sm`x `g `gseb`%mn ` dnbndcx z`gnx`x ts ecmon ` ob}cxzcbox cb ts dnb%

tcxz`dob ecanx`"

Cg yxncd}n dsxxodsg`x mchc nxocb}`xtc cb g` eote`moxcddob ' cb g` ecmom` mc gn yntohgc' mchc tcxdney`x}omn ynx cg dnbasb}n mc gnt yxnjctnxct n ynxsb hscb fxsyn y`x` psc k`` dnb}obsom`m cb g`cmsd`dob mc gnt dkodnt dkod`t" Tc`gènt }è%hob `gfsb`t mc tst omc`t jsbmècb}`gct1

Sb dsxxdsgn psc tc dnbt}xsc ycxe`bcb}cecb}c ` y`x%}ox mc sb` `d}o}sm `hocx}` xcjgc{oz`" Psc ycxeo}c g`dnb}c{}s`goq`dob mc sbnt kcdknt cb cg cty`don' cg

}oceyn g` dsg}sx` cb g` psc tc yxnmsdcb" Dnbcd}`x gnt t`hcxct motdoygob`xont dnb g` zom` dn}o%

mo`b`" Cb}cbmcx psc cg yg`b}cèocb}n c ob}cxzcbdob cb

g`t to}s`donbct èhocb}`gct bn yscmc k`dcxtc cb cgeho}n mc sb` tng` motdoygob`" Bcdctom`m mc yg`b}c`x

0 tnt}cbohogom`m

0Cmsd`x y`x` gòhogom m


44/192

==

yxncd}nt mc obzct}of`dob psc ob}cfxcb dnbndoeocb}nt

mc mojcxcb}ct xc`t' yxndcmoeocb}nt mc }x`hàn `d}o}s%mct mc xctynbt`hogom`m c oeygod`dob"

M`x kcxxèocb}`t `g `gseb`mn y`x` psc `ygopsc sb`ycxtycd}oz` tot}eod` cb cg `bgotot mc gnt kcdknt"@sm`x `g `gseb`mn ` dnbtomcx`x g` esg}oygodom`m mc d`s%

t`t cjcd}nt psc gnt c{ygod`b g` mozcxtom`m mc nydon%bct y`x` m`x xctysct}` ` gnt yxnhgce`t tndo`gct èhocb}`gct"

Mct`xxngg`x sb èhocb}c cendonb`gecb}c ct}oesg`b%}c cb g` psc cg `gseb`mn cbdscb}xc g`t zcb}à`t mc`d}s`x"

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psc ct sb yxndctn g`xfn psc gn psc mchcent cz`gs`xtnb gnt `z`bdct psc zènt dnbtofsocbmn"

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dnesbod`x' `xfsecb}`x' bcfndo`x' yg`bojod`x' nxf`boq`x'dnnycx`x' cz`gs`x' y`x}odoy`x"

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45/192

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0 tnt}cbohogom`m


46/192

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47/192

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48/192

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@fcbm` 80Gnd`g8


49/192

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G` @fcbm` 80 mc

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8@fcbm` 80Gnd`g


50/192

39

Dnb jcdk` 86 mc jchxcxn mc 8996 cg @sb}èocb}n mc

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8 @fcbm` 80Gnd`g


51/192

30

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m` 80 Gnd`g"

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mc E`mxom

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b`xct y`x` g` cg`hnx`dob mc g` @fcbm` 80 Gnd`g"

8@fcbm` 80Gnd`g


52/192

38

0 J`tc" Cg mo`fbt}odn

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8 @fcbm` 80Gnd`g


53/192

34

Dnb ct}`t objnxe`donbct dneygcecb}`xo`t tc cg`hnx cg

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d`y}sgn 0"0" Obtnt}cbohogom`m cb g` dosm`m"

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8@fcbm` 80Gnd`g


54/192

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8 @fcbm` 80Gnd`g


55/192

33

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8@fcbm` 80Gnd`g


56/192

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8 @fcbm` 80Gnd`g


57/192

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8@fcbm` 80Gnd`g


58/192

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8 @fcbm` 80Gnd`g


59/192

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8@fcbm` 80Gnd`g


60/192

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8 @fcbm` 80Gnd`g


61/192

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62/192

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@fcbm` 80


63/192

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64/192

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dnbt}o}sc sb yxndctn mc `yxcbmoqàc tnhxc g` xc`gom`m psc ct}

mct}ob`mn ` }x`btjnxe`xg` ` }x`zt mc g` y`x}odoy`dob mc }nm` g`

dnesbom`m cmsd`}oz` ecmo`b}c cg mctdshxoeocb}n' g` dnbzozcbdo`' g`

xcjgc{ob g` `ddob y`x` dnb}xohsox ` sb mct`xxnggn tnt}cbohgc"

:=

4 @fcbm` 80Ctdng`x


65/192

:3

Ct cg dneyxneotn mc }nm` g` dnesbom`m ctdng`xy`x` `yxcbmcx asb}nt ` }ne`x mcdotonbct' ggcf`x ``dscxmnt' omcb}ojod`x' `b`goq`x yxnynbcx `g}cxb`}o%z`t tnhxc g`t dsct}onbct èhocb}`gct tndo`gct `bsct}xn `gd`bdc ycxn psc dnb}xohs`b `gmct`xxn%

ggn tnt}cbohgc mc bsct}x` dosm`m' cb y`x}odsg`x mc bsct}xn yg`bc}`' cb fcbcx`g"

Dnb g` ysct}` cb e`xdk` mc sb yxndctn mc @fcbm` 80 cb g`ctdscg` tc yxc}cbmc }x`hà`x ynx g` tnt}cbohogom`m tndonè%hocb}`g mcg dcb}xn cmsd`}ozn mc ts cb}nxbn ` }x`zt mc sbenmcgn cmsd`}ozn obbnz`mnx psc j`dogo}c g` ob}cfx`dob mc gntdnb}cbomnt èhocb}`gct tndo`gct mc g`t mojcxcb}ct xc`t

dsxxodsg`xct psc obdnxynxc ` g`t eote`t g`t mot}ob}`t yxn%ysct}`t psc tc yscm`b k`dcx mctmc cg yxncd}n"

G` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x mchc jnecb}`x sb` dsg}sx` y`x}odoy`%

}oz` cb g` dnesbom`m ctdng`x' bn tgn cb g`t `d}ozom`mct zob%dsg`m`t ` ct}c yxncd}n' tobn }èhob cb }nm`t g`t mcetxc`goq`m`t cb cg dcb}xn" Ynx g}oen' tc yxc}cbmc c{}cbmcx g`yxd}od` gnt enmnt mc zom` tnt}cbohgct mctmc g`t cm`mct

et }ceyx`b`t cb gnt dnb}c{}nt et mozcxtnt"

Cb ps dnbtot}c

g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x>

Dnb g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x' gnt ctdng`xct yscmcb yxnynbcx coeygod`xtc cb g`t ecanx`t tndo`gct èhocb}`gct mc ts dcb}xn

cmsd`}ozn"

4@fcbm` 80Ctdng`x


66/192

::

Gnt yog`xct jsbmècb}`gct' ynx }`b}n' psc xctsecb

ct}c yxndctn tnb1

Mct`xxngg`x sb yxncd}n mc obbnz`dob dsxxodsg`x ` }x`%zt mc g` cmsd`dob èhocb}`g dnb cg job mc dneyxcbmcxg` yxnhgce}od` tndo`g èhocb}`g ` ctd`g` }`b}n fgnh`g

dnen gnd`g g`t yntohgct tngsdonbct ecanx`t psc tcyscmcb ggcz`x ` d`hn obmozoms`g dngcd}ozècb}c" G`yxd}od` cmsd`}oz` tsynbc g` ob}cfx`dob mc ct}nt dnb}c%

bomnt cb g`t mot}ob}`t xc`t dsxxodsg`xct"

Xc`goq`x sb` fct}ob èhocb}`g mcg dcb}xn cmsd`}ozn'dnkcxcb}c dnb cg mct`xxnggn tnt}cbohgc' psc dnb}xohs` `sb` ecanx` mc bsct}xn cb}nxbn et obecmo`}n ' ynx}`b}n' mc g` dosm`m cb g` psc zozoent"

D`y`do}`x ` g` dnesbom`m cmsd`}oz` y`x` }ne`x y`x}c cbg`t ecanx`t tndo`gct èhocb}`gct mcg dcb}xn cmsd`}ozn ts cb}nxbn ` }x`zt mc g` y`x}odoy`dob cb cg esbodoyon"

G` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x ggcz` ` g` yxd}od` gnt }xct cact jsb%

mècb}`gct mc obbnz`dob dsxxodsg`x' fct}ob èhocb}`g coeysgtn mc g` y`x}odoy`dob mc }nm` g` dnesbom`m cmsd`}o%z` +`gseb`mn' mndcb}ct' jèogo`t ycxtnb`g bn mndcb}c/ `}x`zt mcg motcn mc sb yxncd}n ctycdjodn y`x` d`m`

dcb}xn cmsd`}ozn" Sb dnbasb}n mc ycxtnb`t psc ycx}cbc%dcb ` g` dnesbom`m cmsd`}oz` ct g` psc cg`hnx` mct`xxn%gg` ts yxnyon Yg`b mc @ddob cbdèob`mn ` g` tnt}cbohogo%m`m cb cg eho}n mcg dcb}xn ctdng`x ts cb}nxbn et

obecmo`}n dnb cg job mc ecanx`xgn' n }x`btjnxe`xgn"

4 @fcbm` 80Ctdng`x


67/192

:6

Gnt `tycd}nt ` }cbcx cb dscb}` y`x` ynbcx cb

e`xdk` cg yxndctn y`x}odoy`}ozn mc `bgotot mch`%}c psc dnbjofsx`x g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x tnb1

G` oeygod`dob mc g` dnesbom`m ctdng`x" G` oeygod`dob cb g`t bcdctom`mct mcg dcb}xn cmsd`}ozn

mcg h`xxon n mot}xo}n g` yxnysct}` mc ecanx`t y`x` }x`bt%jnxe`x g` to}s`dob mc y`x}om`"

Cg jnecb}n mc d`sdct mc y`x}odoy`dob g` dxc`dob mcg

Jnxn @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x" Cg dnbndoeocb}n s}ogoq`dob mc xcdsxtnt cpsoyèocb%

}nt esbodoy`gct" G` dnesbod`dob mc }x`hànt c obzct}of`donbct xc`goq`m`t" Cg jnecb}n mc `d}o}smct mc y`x}odoy`dob mc g` dnesbo%

m`m yxnenzocbmn `d}ozom`mct mc zngsb}`xo`mn y`x}odo%y`dob cb `tndo`donbct"

Cg ob}cxdèhon mc c{ycxocbdo`t g` nxf`boq`dob mccbdscb}xnt" G` nxf`boq`dob mc t`gom`t' zoto}`t }x`hànt yxd}odnt"

Cg yxncd}n tc h`t`' `mcet' cb sb e}nmn mc }x`hànpsc j`znxcdc ycxeo}c g`t dnbmodonbct bcdct`xo`t y`x`ynbcx cb e`xdk` yxncd}nt c obodo`}oz`t mc g` dnesbom`m'ynx gn psc tsxfcb cty`dont y`x` g` dnbzozcbdo` cg mct`xxn%

ggn tndo`g"

J`tct mc mct`xxnggn mc g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x

G` ec}nmngnf` fcbcx`g tc dnbdxc}` cb z`xo`t j`tct psctc yscmcb xc}xn`goecb}`x dnb}obs`x ` gn g`xfn mcg }oceyn

` psc msx`b}c }nmn cg yxndctn tc ggcz` ` d`hn sb` obzct%

}of`dob%`ddob h`t`m` cb g` cz`gs`dob dnb}obs` pscycxeo}c mc}cd}`x yxnhgce`t' yxnynbcx tngsdonbct bsc%z`t jnxe`t mc }x`hàn dnb cg `ynn mc sb` jnxe`dob psc

tc njxcdc ` }nmnt gnt `fcb}ct oeygod`mnt cb cg yxndctn"

Cg dcb}xn cmsd`}ozn tc dnbzocx}c cb cg ctdcb`xon y`x` g` ysct}`cb e`xdk` mc d}ozom`mct ddonbct psc en}ozcb g` dnesbom`mcmsd`}oz` ` oeygod`xtc cb g`t mojcxcb}ct j`tct mcg yxncd}n" G`dnesbod`dob mc }nm`t g`t `ddonbct ct jsbmècb}`g y`xèn}oz`x g` y`x}odoy`dob mc }nmnt gnt `fcb}ct"

4@fcbm` 80Ctdng`x


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C{yntodob mcg Yg`bmc @ddob ` g` Dneotob @fcbm` 80

mc Mot}xo}n

Cgcddob mc }ce`tmc ob}cxt fcbcx`g

mo`fbt}odn

tndon`ehocb}`g

Yxctcb}`dobmcg yxncd}n Dxc`dob mcg

Jnxn @fcbm` 80Ctdng`x

En}oz`dob nxf`boq`dob

mcg fxsyn mc}x`h`an

Ysct}` cb e`xdk`mcg Yg`b mc @ddob

ecmom`t mc ecanx`

:;

4 @fcbm` 80Ctdng`x


69/192

:?

Yxctcb}`dob mcg yxncd}n

Xcsbob mcg cpsoyn }dbodn dnb g` moxcddob mc gnt dcb}xnt cmsd`}oznt y`x` yxctcb}`x cg yxncd}n @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x" Yxctcb}`dob mc g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x cb dg`st}xnt"@yxnh`dob mc g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x ynx cg Dnbtcan Ctdng`x c obdgstob cb cg Yxncd}n Cmsd`}ozn mc Dcb}xn"

En}oz`dob nxf`boq`dob mcg fxsyn mc }x`hàn

Dxc`dob mc sb fxsyn mc }x`hàn mc mndcb}ct mcg dcb}xn cpsoyn }dbodn `tctnx mcg xc` mc Fnhocxbn mc Ecmon @ehocb}c y`x`

nxf`boq`x g` mozsgf`dob mc g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x `g xct}n mc g` dnesbom`m cmsd`}oz` dnbt}o}sox cg Jnxn @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x" Yxndctn dnb}obsn mc jnxe`dob mcg yxnjctnx`mn msx`b}c }nm` g` msx`dob mcg yxncd}n" Y`x}odoy`dob cb anxb`m`t tceob`xont"

Dxc`dob mcg Jnxn @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x

Dnbt}o}sdob mc sb Jnxn jnxe`mn ynx `pscgg`t ycxtnb`t ob}cxct`m`t cb}xc gnt mot}ob}nt dngcd}oznt mc g` dnesbom`m cmsd`}oz`+`gseb`mn' mndcb}ct' ycxtnb`g bn mndcb}c jèogo`t mc gnt ctdng`xct/"

@dscxmn tnhxc gnt }ce`t gbc`t ct}x`}fod`t ts jnxe` mc nxf`boq`dob jsbdonbèocb}n"

Cgcddob mc }ce`t mc ob}cxt fcbcx`g mo`fbt}odn tndonèhocb}`g

@dscxmn tnhxc gnt }ce`t mc ob}cxt fcbcx`g mc g` dnesbom`m ctdng`x yxnenzocbmn yxndctnt mcendx}odnt tc ct}`hgcdcb g`tgbc`t mc ddob"

@ygod`dob mc g`t yxoecx`t j`tct mcg yxncd}n ctycdjodn1 mo`fbt}odn tndonèhocb}`g mcg dcb}xn dxc`dob mc yxndctnt mcy`x}odoy`dob"

Ysct}` cb e`xdk` mcg Yg`b mc @ddob ecmom`t mc ecanx`

@yxnh`dob mc sb Yg`b mc @ddob y`x` psc g` dnesbom`m ctdng`x y`x}odoyc cb g` ysct}` cb e`xdk` mc g`t ecmom`t mc ecanx` pscobdgsox g`t tofsocb}ct xc`t1 Ecmom`t mc fct}ob tnt}cbohgc mcg dcb}xn mcg cb}nxbn ctdng`x" Yxncd}nt ob}cfx`mnt cb cg dsxxodsgse" Y`x}odoy`dob dnesbo}`xo`"

C{yntodob mcg Yg`b mc @ddob ` g` Dneotob @fcbm` 80 mc Mot}xo}n

Cg Jnxn @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x yxctcb}` cg Yg`b mc @ddob ` g` Dneotob @fcbm` 80 mcg Mot}xo}n Esbodoy`g `g psc ycx}cbcdc cg dcb}xncmsd`}ozn"

Ct}`hgcdoeocb}n mc xcg`donbct cb}xc Jnxnt mc sb eoten mot}xo}n dnb g` Dneotob @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x"

4@fcbm` 80Ctdng`x


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69

Den y`x}odoy`xcb g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x>Tc yscmc y`x}odoy`x jnxe`bmn y`x}c mcg Jnxn @fcbm` 80n hocb ` }x`zt mc n}x`t jxesg`t mc y`x}odoy`dob dnendng`hnx`x dnb g`t ycxtnb`t psc ob}cfx`b cg Jnxn cb g`t`d}ozom`mct psc yxnynbc"

G` y`x}odoy`dob et moxcd}`1cg Jnxn @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x

G`t ycxtnb`t psc jnxe`b y`x}c mcg Jnxn ycx}cbcdcb ` gntmot}ob}nt dngcd}oznt mcg dcb}xn cmsd`}ozn ct}b moxcd}`%ecb}c oeygod`m`t cb g` }ne` mc mcdotonbct y`x` ggcz`x `d`hn g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x" Ds`bmn cg Jnxn ct} jnxe`mnynx sb fxsyn bsecxntn mc ycxtnb`t tc yscmcb nxf`boq`xfxsynt mc `ddob' dnb cg job mc nxf`boq`x cg }x`h`an g`

dnesbod`dob mc g`t `ddonbct mc jnxe` nycx`}oz`"

G` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x tc ynbc cb e`xdk` cb d`m` dcb%}xn cmsd`}ozn mc jnxe` ctycdjod` }cbocbmn cb dscb}`

tst y`x}odsg`xom`mct c ob}cxctct" Ynx ct}c en}ozn ct sbyxncd}n psc xcdnfc yxncd}nt y`x}odsg`xct mc d`m`dcb}xn y`x}odoy`b}c mnbmc cg Jnxn gnt fxsynt mc`ddob mcdomcb g` ec}nmngnf` y`x` ts yxndctn

@fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x cb cg dcb}xn cmsd`}ozn"

N}x`t jnxe`t mc y`x}odoy`x

N}x` e`bcx` mc y`x}odoy`x cb @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x ct dng`%hnx`x' `yn`x' `yxcbmcx motjxs}`x ` }x`zt mc g`t `d}o%zom`mct psc yxnynbcb gnt xctynbt`hgct mc `ddob mcgJnxn" @ gn g`xfn mc }nmn cg yxndctn tc obzo}` psc cg xct}nmc g`t ycxtnb`t psc jnxe`b y`x}c mc g` dnesbom`m cms%d`}oz` y`x}odoycb dnb mojcxcb}ct fx`mnt mc oeygod`dob1

@ynx}`bmn tsfcxcbdo`t' nyobonbct' yxnysct}`t mc`d}ozom`mct `g Jnxn"

Nxf`boq`bmn `d}ozom`mct dsxxodsg`xct cb g`t `sg`t n}`ggcxct c{}x`ctdng`xct"

Dng`hnx`bmn cb cg motcn mc `d}ozom`mct mc mojstob+dk`xg`t' tceob`xont' c}d"/

@sm`bmn ` xc`goq`x }`xc`t yxnysct}`t ynx cg Jnxn+anxb`m`t mc goeyocq`' }`ggcxct' cbdsct}`t y`x` cg mo`f%

bt}odn mcg dcb}xn' c}d"/

4 @fcbm` 80Ctdng`x


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60

Cg Jnxn }ocbc sb` jsbdob cmsd`}oz` tndo`goq`mnx`' ycx%e`bcb}c yxd}od`' y`x` }nm`t g`t ycxtnb`t psc cb gy`x}odoycb mc e`bcx` moxcd}` n obmoxcd}`" G` ycx}cbcbdo`` ct}c xf`bn mc y`x}odoy`dob gct `sm` ` xcdnbndcxbcdctom`mct mctcnt' yxonxom`mct' mcxcdknt d`y`do%m`mct yn}cbdo`gct' ` `s}ncz`gs`xtc dnbt}`b}cecb}c

mctmc g` y`x}odoy`dob%`ddob"

Cb}xc cg Jnxn cg cpsoyn }dbodn `tctnx tc yn}cbdo`x1

G` obzct}of`dob mc g` xc`gom`m dcxd`b` G` dnnxmob`dob cb}xc motdoygob`t' dodgnt'

mcy`x}ècb}nt Cg }x`hàn cb fxsyn Cg `yxcbmoqàc tofbojod`}ozn

G` }ne` mc dnbdocbdo` ycxtnb`g fxsy`g G` ctdsdk` `d}oz` g` dx}od` dnbt}xsd}oz` G` dnbzozcbdo` g`t xcg`donbct ycxtnb`gct G` }ne` mc mcdotonbct dnbtcbts`m`t

Cg xcy`x}n mc }`xc`t xctynbt`hogom`mct G` xctngsdob mc dnbjgod}nt ` }x`zt mcg mognfn G` fct}ob mcendx}od`

G` nxf`boq`dob mc sb Jnxn j`dogo}` g` htpscm` mc cty`dont }oceynt y`x` cg mch`}c cb}xc mot}ob}nt dneynbcb}ct mc g`dnesbom`m cmsd`}oz`"


72/192

Sb m`' cb cg C{yxctn Tnxo` Enb}czcxmc'

zo tshox ` sb knehxc dnb sb` nxca` zcxmc"

_` anzcb bn cx`' tobn e`msxn y`xcd`'

t`gzn' g` nxca` psc zcxmc tcfs`"

Ec dèho mc to}on y`x` ct}`x ` ts g`mn

nhtcxz`x cg jcbecbn hocb eox`mn"

Gc moac1 Tcnx' St}cm' }ocbc ` docx}` cm`m'

mfèc' ct` nxca` zcxmc' gc ct mc `gfsb` s}ogom`m>

Ec dnb}ct} è`hgcecb}c1 n ` tn ycxtnb` zoca`'

ysct mc anzcb tgn }cbfn ct}` nxca`"

Ct sb` nxca` mc bon' psc ec toxzc y`x` nx

dnt`t psc gnt `msg}nt bsbd` tc y`x`b ` tcb}ox1

Nofn gn psc gnt xhngct modcb' gnt ya`xnt psc d`b}`b'

g`t yocmx`t' gnt xnt g`t bshct psc y`t`b'

nofn }èhob ` gnt bont' ds`bmn dscb}`b dnt`t

psc ` sb` nxca` e`msx`' y`xcdcx`b eot}cxont`t"

@t k`hg cg Tcnx mc g` nxca` zcxmc`pscg m`' cb cg C{yxctn Tnxo` Enb}czcxmc"

G` Nxca` zcxmc@s}nx1 Fo`bbo Xnm`xo

68

4 @fcbm` 80Ctdng`x


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64

Ps }ce`t tc }x`hà`b

cb g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x>Gnt }ce`t mc }x`hàn yscmcb tcx es z`xo`mnt cb jsbdobmc gnt yxnhgce`t c{ot}cb}ct cb cg cb}nxbn' g` xc`gom`m mcgyxnyon dcb}xn n gnt ob}cxctct mc g`t ycxtnb`t psc ob}cfx`bts dnesbom`m cmsd`}oz`"

Ct oeynx}`b}c }cbcx cb dscb}` psc g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`xbn tngècb}c ct} `hocx}` ` gnt }ce`t gof`mnt `g ecmonèhocb}c +`fs`' xctomsnt' cbcxf`/' tobn psc }èhobbnt yscmc `sm`x ` yg`b}c`x n}xnt }ce`t et gof`mnt ` g`

ecanx` mc g` yxd}od` cmsd`}oz` n g` xcg`dob dnb g`dnesbom`m gnd`g g` y`x}odoy`dob"

Gnt yntohgct }ce`t ` }x`}`x tnb1

Cmojodon1 nxf`boq`dob' `dnbmodonbèocb}n mcdnx`dob mc`sg`t' y`toggnt' cty`dont dnesbct n}x`t mcycbmcbdo`t"

Y`}on1 mot}xohsdob mc qnb`t mc ascfn< ecanx` mc a`xmobct

+tot}ce`t mc xocfn' cgcddob mc yg`b}`t/< dxc`dob mc sbkscx}n

Cb}nxbn c{}cxonx1 cpsoyèocb}n sxh`bn +xhngct' h`bdnt'dnb}cbcmnxct/< dnb}èob`dob `dt}od` `}entjxod`"

G` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x bn tgn `ynx}` }ce`t èhocb}`gct cbg` ctdscg`" J`znxcdcx g` dnesbod`dob g` dnbzozcbdo` ctsbn mc gnt nhac}oznt jsbmècb}`gct"

4@fcbm` 80Ctdng`x


74/192

6=

]x`btynx}c enzogom`m1 xcmsddob mcg stn mcg zckdsgnyxoz`mn y`x` ox `g dcb}xn' jnecb}n mcg }x`btynx}c yhgo%dn' tcfsxom`m zo`xo` mc g` qnb`' yxnendob mcg mctyg`%qèocb}n ` yoc' obt}`g`dob mc `y`xdèocb}nt y`x`hododgc}`t

@goecb}`dob cb g` ctdscg`1 cg dnecmnx ctdng`x' gntecbt t`gsm`hgct' g` fct}ob mc gnt xctomsnt +xcdodgàc mc

`dco}c st`mn/' g` dneyx` mc yxnmsd}nt gnd`gct xcmsddob mc gnt cbzng}nxont' yxnmsd}nt cdngfodnt mcdnecxdon ast}n"

E`}cxo`gct1 stn mcg y`ycg xcdodg`mn< s}ogoq`dob mc yxn%msd}nt bn }{odnt +goeyocq`' ycfècb}nt' yob}sx`t/


121/192

080

8" ]`ggcx mc a`xmobcx`" Xct}nt mc e`dc}`t xct}ntzcfc}`gct" Tc xcjnxq ct}c }`ggcx dnb sb` zot}` `g dcb}xn mcdneynt}`ac Eof`t D`gocb}ct mcg @sb}`eocb}n mc E`mxom

3" ]`ggcx mc dcxeod`" Xct}nt mc yob}sx`t' cbz`tct `xdogg`"

3Caceygntmc }ce`t}x`}`mnt


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dneynt}àc Eof`t D`gocb}ct mcg @sb}èocb}n mc E`mxom"

4" Kho}nt mc dnecmnx" Cb cg dnecmnx ' dnb g` dng`%hnx`dob mc gnt }x`hà`mnxct mc dndob`' tc tcy`x`b gnt

mojcxcb}ct xctomsnt cb dnb}cbcmnx è`xoggn nxfbodn" Gnt`gsebnt y`x}odoy`b y`x` ynmcx dnfcx kho}nt mctyst cbts zom` mo`xo`"

=" ]`ggcx mc e`boysg`mn" Xct}nt mc y`ycg" Ct}c }`ggcxct}c `n tc xcjnxq dnb sb` yxd}od` mc xcdodg`mn mcy`ycg"

3" Gnt `gsebnt mcg dcb}xn cg dcb}xn eoteècb}c s}ogoqèsdk`t yog`t y`x` mojcxcb}ct `y`x`}nt cgcd}xbodnt" Tc k`jnxe`mn sb fxsyn psc tce`b`gecb}c xcdnfc g`t yog`tmc }nm`t g`t `sg`t' mcty`dknt }`ggcxct mcg dcb}xn" @dnb}obs`dob tc ggcz`b ` sb dnb}cbcmnx yhgodn mc yog`tto}s`mn cb sb` d`ggc mc @x`z`d`"

088

Mctdxoydob xctsg}`mnt mcgmo`fbt}odn n ct}smon psc ast}ojod`g` ecanx`



123/192

084

g` ecanx`

_ cg `n y`t`mn xc`goqènt sb` cdn%`smo}nx` y`x` zcx sbyndn den ct}`h` cg }ce` mc g` tcy`x`dob mc xctomsnt"Tc mc}cd}`xnb g`t tofsocb}ct bcdctom`mct1

0" Y`ycgcx`t y`x` `sg`t" Sb` è`xogg` y`x` cbz`tct'n}x` `qsg y`x` y`ycg goeyon `xxsf`mn n}x` y`x` y`ycg

tob `xxsf`x psc yscm` zngzcx ` xcs}ogoq`xtc"

8" Y`}on" Cb cg y`}on tc k`b ysct}n dobdn ascfnt mcy`ycgcx`t mnhgct +è`xogg` fxot/" t}nt jsbdonb`b

dnen ycpscn ysb}n goeyon mnbmc cg `gsebn yscmcmcynto}`x cg xct}n mcg mct`sbn mcg xcdxcn +xct}nt mcdneom` cbz`tct/"

4" Xc`goqènt z`xo`t yc}odonbct mc dnb}cbcmnxct`g @sb}èocb}n" ]cbcent ds`}xn dshnt y`x` xct}ntnxfbodnt' mnt y`x` cbz`tct sbn y`x` y`ycg psc tnb

xcdnfomnt ynx cg tcxzodon mc goeyocq` ysb}s`gecb}c"

=" Cb cg }`ggcx mc a`xmobcx`" Fcbcxènt esdknt

xct}nt zcfc}`gct +ctd`xm`t' ynm`t' xcdnx}ct' yg`b}`don%bct' c}d"/' gn ds`g bnt ggcz` ` `hst`x cb mc}cxeob`m`tynd`t mcg `n mcg stn mc gnt dnb}cbcmnxct mc nxf%bodn" Ct}n ct} k`hg`mn dnb cg @sb}èocb}n bn bntynbcb bobfsb` mojodsg}`m cb ggcb`x gnt dshnt" Ycxn ct}c



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08=

`n' dnobdomocbmn dnb g` ysct}` cb e`xdk` mc sb kscx%}n ctdng`x' k`hocbmn xc`goq`mn g` zoto}` `g ysb}n mcdneynt}àc esbodoy`g' zènt ` xc`goq`x dnb }nmntct}nt xct}nt dneynt} y`x` `hnb`x cg kscx}n gntmcet a`xmobct mcg dngcfon" Y`x` cggn bcdcto}ènt sbhon}xo}sx`mnx`' y`x` ynmcx xc`goq`x cg dneynt}"

Mctdxoydob mc g` yxnysct}` mc ecanx`

Yg`bn mcg dngcfon gsf`x mc g`t y`ycgcx`t qnb` mcdneynt}àc

Y`ycgcx`t



125/192

083

Z`gnx`dob fcbcx`g mcg yxndctn

G` z`gnx`dob ct ynto}oz` ynx g` fx`b dnbdocbdo`dob mc g`tycxtnb`t psc }x`hà`b cb cg Jnxn" Cg }x`hàn toceyxc xctsg%}` gcb}n' gnt xctsg}`mnt tnb ` g`xfn yg`qn" Bsct}xnt nhac}o%znt jscxnb g` tcy`x`dob mc xctomsnt" G` y`x}c mc objx`ct%

}xsd}sx`t t gn kcent dnbtcfsomn" Y`ycgcx`t mc dngnxctynx dg`tc' y`ycgcx`t mc dngnxct cb cg y`}on' xcdnfom`t mcyog`t dnb cg }x`hàn mc dnbdocbdo`dob" Ycxn pscm` esdknynx }x`hà`x dnb gnt `gsebnt g`t jèogo`t" Ctycxènt

dnbtcfsoxgn cg `n psc zocbc ynmcx ox `hnxm`bmn et}ce`t mc g` @fcbm`" Toceyxc pscm`b mce`to`m`t dnt`tynx k`dcx g` tcbt`dob mc psc bn g`t zènt ` dnbtcfsox"

Ycxn dnen tc modc mc g` s}ny`1 ct sb` ec}` cb cg knxo%qnb}c psc' `sbpsc bsbd` g` `gd`bq`t' toceyxc }c k`dc`bm`x k`do` cgg`" Gn oeynx}`b}c ct `bm`x"

Ct}c yobn jsc cg psc ` yxobdoyon mc dsxtn d`to tc bnt escxc

`knx` ct}` t`bn bnt m` yonbct' `xmogg`t' nxsf t esdk` tnehx`y`x` asf x"


126/192

08:

Xcdsxtnt

:Cg dnbndoeocb}n }cxodn ct sb }ctnxn

ds` dg`zc ct g` yxd}od`"


127/192

086

: ]kne`t Jsggcx

:Xcdsxtnt


128/192

08;

Ob}xnmsddobY`x` ggcz`x ` d`hn g` @fcbm` 80 Ctdng`x ct oeynx%

}`b}c }cbcx cb dscb}` gnt dnbdcy}nt cg e`xdn}cxodn psc tst}cb}` g`t `ddonbct ` ggcz`x ` d`hn"Ycxn y`x` cg`hnx`x sb` fs` ec}nmngfod` ctoeyxctdobmohgc `dney``x g` }cnx` dnb caceygntmc `ygod`dob yxd}od` cbd`eob`mnt ` `boe`x en}oz`x ` gnt oeysgtnxct mc sb yxndctn mc @fcbm`80 Ctdng`x' ` dnb}obs`xgn cb cg }oceyn ` tsycx`xmojods

guía metodológica de la a21e de madrid

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