guideposts for study 1. what purposes do theories serve? 2. what are three basic theoretical issues...
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Basic Theoretical Issues Issue 1: Which is More Important—Heredity or Environment?TRANSCRIPT
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Guideposts for Study 1. What purposes do theories
serve? 2. What are three basic theoretical
issues on which developmental scientists differ?
![Page 2: Guideposts for Study 1. What purposes do theories serve? 2. What are three basic theoretical issues on which developmental scientists differ?](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5a4d1b897f8b9ab0599bdde4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
______________: Coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data.
________________________: Possible explanations for phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research.
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Basic Theoretical Issues Issue 1: Which is More
Important—Heredity or Environment?
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_________________/Nature: Inborn traits and characteristics inherited from the biological parents.
Environment/______: influences, both before and after birth, including influences of family, peers, schools, neighborhoods, society and culture.
Research points to a blend of inheritance and experience
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Basic Theoretical Issues Issue 2: Are Children Active or
Passive in their Development? 1. _____________ Model: people are
like machines that react to environmental input
2. _____________ Model : people are active, growing organisms that set their own development in motion
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1. Mechanistic Model _______: children are a clean slate,
tabula rasa, upon which society writes
People are like machines that react to environmental input
Prediction of human behavior based upon __________ and _________forces at work
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2. Organismic Model _______________: Children are “noble
savages” who would develop according to positive natural tendencies unless corrupted by a repressive society
Children are _________, growing, changing organisms
People initiate events, not simply react to them
Human behavior is a complex _______ unit; it cannot be broken down into small parts
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Basic Theoretical Issues
Issue 3: Is Development Continuous, or Does It Occur in Stages?
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Continuous: Mechanistic Approach Change is quantitative, increasing in
__________ rather than changes in quality or type
Change in the frequency with which a response is made, rather than changes in the __________of response
Learning Theorists, e.g., Watson and Skinner
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Stages: Organismic Approach Change is qualitative, occurring in a
series of _____________ stages At each stage people cope with
different kinds of problems and develop different kinds of ______________
Each stage builds on the previous one and prepares the way for the next
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Is development continuous, or does it
occur in stages?
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Basic Theoretical Issues An Emerging Consensus
Developmentalists are coming to a more balanced view of active versus passive development
Influence is ___________________: children change their world even as it changes them
Example: a baby girl born with a cheerful disposition is likely to get positive responses from adults, which strengthens her trust that her smiles will be rewarded and motivates her to smile more