gulbarga university department of p.g. studies … · thermodynamics and dynamics of atmosphere,...

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GULBARGA UNIVERSITY Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Environmental Science

M.Sc., Environmental Science: SYLLABUS: (Choice Based Credit System) effect from 2017-18

Semester

No. Code Title of the Paper

Marks Hours

Credit Sem.

Exam IA Total L T P

FIRST HCT – 1.1 Fundamentals of Environmental Science 80 20 100 4 - - 4

HCT – 1.2 Environmental Geosciences 80 20 100 4 - - 4

HCT – 1.3 Environmental Biology 80 20 100 4 - - 4

SCT – 1.1

SCT – 1.2

Natural Resources and Conservation OR

Climate Change and Current Issues 80 20 100 4 - - 4

HCP – 1.1 Practical based on HCT-1.1 40 10 50 - - 4 2



SCP – 1.1

SCP – 1.2

Practical based on SCT-1.1

Practical based on SCT-1.2 40 10 50 - - 4 2

Total Marks for First Semester: 480 120 600 24

SECOND HCT – 2.1 Environmental Chemistry 80 20 100 4 - - 4

HCT – 2.2 Environmental Microbiology 80 20 100 4 - - 4

SCT – 2.1

SCT – 2.2

Environmental Toxicology OR

Environmental Biotechnology 80 20 100 4 - -

4

OET – 2.1 Natural Resources and Management 80 20 100 5 1 - 6



SCP – 2.1 Practical based on SCT-2.1 40 10 50 - - 4 2

Total Marks for Second Semester: 440 110 550 24

THIRD HCT – 3.1 Environmental Engineering and Technology 80 20 100 4 - - 4

HCT – 3.2 Environmental Law and Audit 80 20 100 4 - - 4

SCT – 3.1

SCT – 3.2

Environmental Sampling and Statistics OR

Environmental Pollution and Control 80 20 100 4 - -

4

OET – 3.1 Solid Waste Management 80 20 100 5 1 - 6



SCP – 3.1

SCP – 3.2

Practical based on SCT-3.1

Practical based on SCT-3.2 40 10 50 - - 4 2

Total Marks for Third Semester: 440 110 550 24

FOURTH HCT – 4.1

Occupational Health and Environmental

Impact Assessment 80 20 100 4 - - 4

HCT – 4.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste Management 80 20 100 4 - - 4

SCT –4.1

SCT –4.2

Remote Sensing and Geographic

Information System OR

Disasters and Management

80 20 100 4 - - 4

HCP – 4.1 Practical based on HCT – 4.1 40 10 50 - - 4 2

HCP – 4.2 Practical based on HCT – 4.2 40 10 50 - - 4 2

SCP – 4.1

SCP – 4.2

Practical based on SCT – 4.1

Practical based on SCT – 4.2 40 10 50 - - 4 2

HCMP –

4.1

Major Project (90 Project Evaluation + 30

for Viva Voce + 30 IA = 150) 90+30 30 150 - - 6

Total Marks for Fourth Semester: 480 120 600 24

HCT: Hard Core Theory; SCT: Soft Core Theory; OET: Open Elective Theory; L= Lecture; T= Tutorials; P = Practical;

HCP: Hard Core Practical; SCP: Soft Core Practical; OEP: Open Elective Practical; IA: Internal Assessment; HCMP: Hard

Core Major Project 4 Credits of Theory = 4 hours of teaching per week; 2 Credits of Practical = 4 hours per week.

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Choice Based Credit System: Detailed Syllabus

M. Sc. Environmental Science FIRST SEMESTER

HCT 1.1: Fundamentals of Environmental Science 64 hrs

Preamble: This paper introduces to students about concept of multidisciplinary facets of environmental Science.

Disciplines associated with human ecology, environmental ethics, present and future challenges for sustainable

development for environment and finally, it makes to students think for protection of environment and earth planet.

Unit 1: Understanding of Environment - Concept, multidisciplinary facets of environment; ideas and

components of environment; historical root, nature and scope of environmental science, man -

environment interrelationships, moral and ethical issues in Environmental science, environmental

perspectives, sustainability. Environmental movements in India (Narmada Dam, Tehri Dam). -12 hrs

Unit 2: Origin and Evolution of atmosphere- Origin, evolution; Structural, physical and chemical

properties of atmosphere. Basics of lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Effect of water substance and

Green house gasses on atmosphere. Natural and Manmade hazards and its effects on environment;

Thermodynamics and dynamics of atmosphere, Seasons and climate – earth-sun relationship. -13 hrs

Unit 3: Ecosystems: Development and evolution of the ecosystems- Geographical classification and

zones, Biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Biomes: Meaning of biomes, biome type,

tropical evergreen rainforest biome, Monsoon deciduous forest biome, Savanna biome, Mediterranean

biome, temperate grassland biome, Tundra biome, Marine biome -13 hrs

Unit -4: Human ecology and environment: Introduction, Definition of Human Ecology, Disciplines

Associated with Human Ecology, Environmental Ethics, The population explosion and quality of life,

Perceptions of environment, Sustainable human–ecosystem interaction, Examples of ecologically

sustainable development. -13 hrs

Unit -5: Development and socio-environmental issues: Resource and environmental problems &

impacts, unintended consequences, cost-benefit analysis; Free market environmentalism with special

reference to agriculture; Perception of risk, perspectives on our relationship with the environment; Real

and potential responses to present and future challenges -13 hrs

Practical

Based on Theory paper

References 1. Cunningham, W and M.A. Cunningham, 2003. Principles of Environmental Science, 2

nd Ed. McGraw-Hill,

London

2. Botkin, D. B and E. A. Keller, 2004. Environmental Science. 5th

Ed. John Wiley and Sons

3. Joseph, K and R. Nagendran, 2004. Essentials of Environmental Studies, 2nd Ed. Pearson Education, Delhi

4. Gerald G Marten, 2008. Human Ecology: Basic Concepts for Sustainable Development, published by

Earthscan in the UK and USA

5. Santra, S. C, 2008,Environmental Science, New Central Book Agency, Kolkata.

6. Cunningham & Saigo, Environmental Science; WCB McGraw Hill, 1999-5th

Den.

7. Enger & Smith, Environmental Science-. 7th Den, McGraw Hill .

8. E.P. Odum, Fundamental of Ecology, W.B. Sauders Company, USA.

9. E. J. Kormondy, Concept of Ecology, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

10. Biswarup Mukherjee, Environmental Biology, Tata McGraw Hill Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

11. E. P. Odum, Ecology a bridge between science & society, Sinauer associates.

12. Santra S.C., Environmental Science, Central Book Agency Ltd., Kolkota

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HCT 1.2: Environmental Geosciences 64 hrs

Preamble: This paper gives the information to students with the fundamental concepts of geo-science with

improved understanding of the physical earth, geological processes, geological resources and environmental

geology. Specifically, this will help to use of geologic information to solve conflicts in land use, to minimize

environmental degradation, and to maximize the beneficial results of using our natural and modified environments

and finally it enrich the students knowledge on the meteorology and climatology and other importance for the

existence of life on earth.

Unit-1: Planet Earth: Definition, Formation, evolution and Structure of the Earth; Plate Tectonics Plate Boundaries. Earth’s Materials – Minerals and their definition. Distribution and abundance of elements in

the major units of earth, Formation, Geochemical features and classification of Rocks. Mineral resources

and environment. Resources and reserves, depletion trends of natural resources. Stratigraphy and

Geologic time,Geological features of India & Karnataka. -16 hrs

Unit-2: Geological hazards and climatology: Endogenic and exogenic processes. Exogenic - geological

agents- River, Wind, Glaciers, oceans and seas. Endogenic – Earthquake process and volcanic activities.

Natural hazards:- Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Landslides, avalanches, Cyclones, Streams, Tsunami, Flooding & Floods Indian context. Climatic change in recent times; identification and characteristics of bio- and

agro-climatic regions of India; urban climatology; climate and human comfort; Nuclear and Alternative

Energy. Cold and Hot ocean currents and their affect on climate; El-Nino and La Nina effects on India.

-16 hrs

Unit-3: Land resources & management: Soil-characteristics, formation of soil, role of soil organisms in

soil formation, types of soils. Land resources, land degradation cycle, land-use pattern, land reform, land

use plan, soil surveys in relation to land use planning; methods of site selection and evaluation. -12 hrs

Unit-4: Environmental Geochemistry: Concepts of major, trace and Rare Earth Elements (REE). Trace elements mobility and their Classification. Geochemical cycles; Biochemical factors in environmental

health. World water balance, hydrogeology and geochemistry of surface and groundwater; water quality,

use of water, conservation of water resources, climate change impacts on water resource management.

-10 hrs

Unit -5: Environmental Meteorology: Meteorological parameter –Temperature, Humidity, Rainfall,

Wind speed and direction, Sunshine intensity, Atmospheric pressure, Clouds cover and characteristics,

forecasting of meteorological information. Indian climate monitoring systems, Atmospheric stability,

Adiabatic character; Fossil fuel, Air pollution and climate change, Turbulence and diffusion, Application

of meteorology to air pollution study. -10 hrs

Practical Based on Theory paper

References: 1. Valdiya, K.S. 1987, Environmental Geology: Indian Context. Tata-McGraw Hill, New Delhi

2. Keller, E.A. Environmental Geology & Turk and Turk.

3. Environmental Geology, Edward A. Keller, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

4. Geology, Environment and Society, K.S. Valdiya, University press, Hyderabad, 2005.

5. Environmental meteorology, B. Padmanabha Murthy, I.K. Interactional

6. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate, Roger G.Barry Richard J. Charley, Routledge (Taylor & Francis group)

7. Coping with natural hazards; Indian context, K.S. Valdiya, orient Longman.

8. Environmental Geology, C.W. Montgomery, Mc. Graw Hill Interactional. 9. Santra S.C., Environmental Science, Central Book Agency Ltd., Kolkota

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HCT 1.3: Environmental Biology 64 hrs

Preamble: This paper exposing the students to the various aspects of ecosystem structure and functions and enables

to understand the fundamental and applied aspects of environmental biology. Also, it emphasis on biological

conversion of solar energy into chemical energy (food), its flow in ecosystems and the consequences on it’s

desorption. From this paper students understand the importance of biodiversity conservation for sustainable earth’s

homeostasis.

Unit-1: Ecosystems- Fundamental concepts and principles; Structure, functions and classification of

ecosystems – aquatic (Fresh and Marine water) and terrestrial ecology; biotic and abiotic components of

ecosystem, diversity and stability rule and Homeostasis. Ecological niche, special functional, ecological

dominance; food web; food chain, types of food chain, Food chain disruption and consequences, modern

concepts of ecosystem. -12 hrs

Unit -2: Primary and secondary productivity - Definition, measurement of biomass and productivity in

terrestrial and aquatic communities. Productivity of terrestrial ecosystem; forest and grassland

ecosystems. Ecosystem Pathways; basic laws of energy flow; Energy flow models, Lindeman model;

Energetic relations in Ecosystems -10 hrs

Unit-3: Environmental factors- Limiting factors: climatic factors, influence of light on

morphology and physiology of plants, characteristics of heliophytes and sciophytes, temperature –

thermo periodicity, effect of low and high temperature on plants and animals. Atmospheric humidity-

relative humidity in relation to metabolism of organism with suitable examples. Wind-mechanical effects

of wind; lodging, breakage, deformation, anemophily and anemochory, physiological effects of

wind. Edaphic factor-soil complex-soil erosion and soil conservation. -14 hrs

Unit-4: Biodiversity and conservation: Definition, biodiversity hot spots of world & India and strategies for

its conservation. CBD and Agenda 21, National parks. and sanctuaries, biosphere reserves. Ecological

indicators. Endemic and RET species, Concept of keystone & flagship species. Biodiversity of agro-

ecosystems and Sacred grooves. Global agreements and national concerns. RAMSAR sites, Endangered,

Endemic and Extinct Species of India : Threatened species categories of IUCN, threatened species of plants

and animals in India and their reasons, Red data books. Wildlife management and conservation. Protected

Areas Network in India: Goals of management, Strategies for planning. Role of local communities in wildlife

management. -16 hrs

Unit-5: Population ecology: Characteristics, population density, natality, mortality, age distribution,

population growth, causes for population explosion, population control. Biological interactions-

Interspecies and intraspecies interactions, types of interaction- neutralism, positive mutualism,

commensalism, parasitism and predation -12 hrs

Practical


References:

1. Nandini N., Sunitha N.& Sucharitha Tandon, (2007), Environmental Studies, Sapna Book House, Bangalore.

2. Ramesh Vijaya K. (2005), Environmental Microbiology. MGP Publishers, Chennai.

3. Kumar H.D. (1995). General Ecology, I Ed. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi

4. Singh H.R. (1989). Animal Ecology and Environmental Biology. Nagin Chand & Co.

5. Shoban Lal (1992). Ecology

6. Michael J.Pelczar et.al(1994) Microbiology-Concepts and applications, McGraw-Hill Inc.

7. Martin Alexander (1983). Introduction to Soil Microbiology, 2nd

Ed., Wiley Eastern Ltd.

8. Powar C.B and Daginwala H.F (1985). General Microbiology, Vol.I &II, 2nd

Ed., Himalaya Publishing House.

9. Bhattacharya R.N (93) Experiments with Microorganisms, Emkay Publications, New Delhi.

10. Oliver S. Owen (1980), Natural Resources conservation - An Ecological approach, 3rd Ed., Macmillan Publishing

Co.Inc. New York.


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SCT 1.1: Natural Resources and Conservation 64 Hrs

Preamble: This paper provides the students with the necessary knowledge and skills in the areas of natural

resources, conservation and management. In particular, this paper emphasis on the consequences of excessive and

unscientific utilization of natural resources for human comfort and imparts the ways of their conservation,

sustainable developments of healthy planet earth.

Unit-1: Natural Resources: Concept, Classification, current status of natural resources and their reserves.

Oceans are new areas for exploration of mineral resources, ores and recycling of resources. Natural resources

of India and their management; role of women in natural resource management. -10 hrs

Unit-2: Water and Soil Resources and Management - Concept and classification, current status, Integrated

water resource management; Participatory watershed development; rain water harvesting recharging of

resources. Soft water resources in coastal area and their conservation. Wetlands-concept, reclamation and

management, sustainable development.

Soil resources and Conservation– concept, scope, types of soils, role of organic matter in soil fertility

maintenance, diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies. Conservation of soil: protect loss of soil fertility, soil erosion

and Methods of soil conservation. Wasteland development and Conservation– concept, scope, issues and

strategies. -17 hrs

Unit-3: Biological resources and conservation: Concept, scope, types; Protection of Bio-resources and its

rational use and Human resources for sustainable development. Convention of biological diversity (CBD)

implementation in India. -10 hrs.

Unit-4: Natural Energy Sources and conservation: concept, energy content in various conventional energy

sources, Types; Principles of solar thermal energy conversion; Principles of generation of wave energy,

tidal, ocean-thermal-energy conversion, wind and geothermal energy, Power generation from waste. Biogas

plants - principles of generation, designs and application -12hrs.

Unit-5: Wildlife resource and conservation: Meaning and objectives. Relevance, threats and need for

conservation of forest resources. Forest - land use changes in India - future demand of forestlands. Community

forest management, Social forestry, agro-forestry, Eco-development committees & Eco-tourism. Gene pool

management. In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of Biodiversity in India. Role of Non-Governmental

Organizations in wildlife and forest conservation. -15 hrs.

Practical


References: 1. Oliver S. Owen. 1980. Natural resources conservation – An Ecological approach, 3rd ed., Macmillan

publishing Co. Inc. New York.

2. Sapru R.K. 1987. Environment Management in India. Vol. I & II. Ashish Pub. House.

3. Agarwal & Rana S.V.S. 1985. Environment & Natural resources, society of Biosciences.

4. Sharma V.K. 1985. Water resources planning and management, Himalaya Pub. House.

5. Maheshwar dayal 1992. Renewable energy. Konark publishers Pvt. Ltd.

6. Shrikande R.P. and Varade S.R. 1991. Ecology of water and land management vol 1 & 2, Chugh publishers.

7. Raymond F. Dasmann 1984. Environmental Conservation. 5th

Ed., John Wiley & sons.

8. Mathur H.S. 1981. Environmental resources. The crisis of development, RBSA Publishers

9. Agarwal, V.G. 1985. Forests in India. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.

10. Negi, S. S. 1986. Handbook of social forestry. IBH, New delhi.

11. Singh,B.1992.Social forestry for rural rural development Anmol publication, NewDelhi

12. Wenger, K.E. 1984. forestry Handbook. Jhon Wiley and sons. New York.

13. Berthkur, S. and Ghosh, A.K. 1987. Biological pest 18. simons, I.J. eds. 1986. The ecology of natural

resources.

14. Coppel,H.C.& Mertins, J.W.1997 Biological insect pest suppression. Springer–Verlag,Heidelberg, New

York.

15. Raymond f. Dasmann 1984. Environmental conservation, 5th eds. John wiley & Sons.

16. R. Rajagopalan, (2005) Environmental Studies, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

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SCT- 1.2: Climate Change and Current Issues 64 Hrs Preamble: This paper introduces to students about the new concept of climate change. The paper also provides the

scientific background for research and other careers across a broad spectrum of meteorology-related science,

focusing particularly on the links between the atmosphere and the land surface environment.

Unit-1: Climatology: Fundamentals of climatology, Elements of weather and climate, climatic controls,

energy balance in atmospheric; elementary ideas about weather systems, climatic classifications; climates

in India; monsoons of India. 14 Hrs.

Unit-2: Air temperature- warming and cooling of air near ground, measurement of temperature;

Humidity- expressions of humidity, measurement of humidity; clouds classification and types;

Precipitation- process, types of precipitation, measurement of precipitation-recording, non-recording,

radar, satellite. Estimation of precipitation, averaging techniques- thiessen polygon and isohyets. Wind -

forces affecting wind, types of wind and measurement of wind. 14 Hrs.

Unit-3: Climate change scenarios of India: impact of climate change on agriculture, forest, water

resources, monsoon system of India. Boundary layer climates – effects of topography, energy and mass

exchange, climates of vegetated surface, urban climatology. 12 Hrs.

Unit-4: Science of Climate Change: Drivers of climate change- greenhouse gases, aerosols – reflective

and black carbon, land use changes. Energy balance, feed-back processes in climate system, concepts of

global warming potential (GWP), radiative forcing. 12 Hrs.

Unit-5: Pollution Climatology: Preliminary concepts of climate change; seasons in India; Monsoons; El

nino and ENSO; Enhanced greenhouse effect – global warming; GHGs in the atmosphere; Effects of

global warming. 12 Hrs.

Practical Based upon theory

References: 1. Arya,S.P. 1999. Air Pollution Meteorology and Dispersion, OxfordUniversity Press, London.

2. Barry,R.G. and R.J.Shorty. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate.

3. Berry.F.M. E.Bollay and N.R.Beers. Hand Book of Meteorology.

4. Bryers H.R. (1974) General Meteorology, McGraw-Hill.

5. Finlayson-Pitts. 1986. Atmospheric chemisty Fundamental and ExperimentalTechniques, John

Wiley and Sons, New Delhi.

6. Hess,S.L. 1959. Introduction to Theoritical Meteorology, Holt Renehart andWinston, New York.

7. Pal Arya. S. 1988. Introduction to Micrometeorology . Academic Press.

8. Rajan,C.K. and P.A.Menon. Climates of Kerala, Classic Printers, Cochin.

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SECOND SEMESTER:

HCT 2.1: Environmental Chemistry 64 Hrs.

Preamble: This introduce to students with the dynamics and principles of environmental Chemistry and

their toxicological effects on environment and human health. Also it provides a clear knowledge about the

principle and working of various analytical technique used in the environmental analysis to the students so that they

can work with these tools effectively.

Unit 1: Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry: Stochiometry, Gibbs’energy, chemical potential, chemical equillibria, acid bases reactions, solubility product, Solubility of Gases in Water, the Carbonate

system, Atmospheric Chemistry: Chemical composition of air, Classification of elements, chemical

speciation. Chemical processes for formation of inorganic and organic particulate matter. Thermo-

chemical and photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. CFC’s and Ozone chemistry, chemistry of air

pollutants, photochemical smog. -14 hrs

Unit 2: Soil Chemistry: Soil profile, distribution of inorganic and organic components in soil, Chemical

properties of Soil - Saline, Acidic and Alkaline soils. Major micro and macro nutrients of soil, Nutrient

Pathways - Nitrogen, Carbon, Phosphorus and Potassium pathways in the soil. -10 hrs

Unit 3: Water chemistry: properties of water, water pollutants- types sources heavy metals metalloids-

organic, biological and radioactive- types of reactions in various water bodies including marine

environment. Chemistry of oil based and water based paints, physicochemical basis of redox processes.

-10 hrs

Unit 4: Chemistry of Environmental Contaminants –Air, Water: Pesticides in water, Biochemical

aspects of As, Cd, pb, Hg, CO, O3, PAN, Pesticides, Insecticides, MIC and Carcinogens in Air, Water and

Soil. Chemical nature and properties of selected environmental contaminants; Polychlorinated biphenyls;

chloroorganic compounds (Organochlorine : DDT and BHC, organo phosphate: parathion and malathion)

-14 hrs

Unit 5: Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques: Role and importance of analytical techniques in

analysis of environmental samples. Titrimetry; Gravimetry, Conductometry, pH, Colorimetry,

Spectrometry, UV-Vis and IR Spectrophotometer and AAS. Nephelometry, Flame Spectrometry and

fluorimetry; Chromatographic techniques: Paper, Thin Layer, GCMS, LCMS, HPLC, X-ray florescence,

X-ray diffraction, PCR, SEM, TEM. -16 hrs

Practicals


Reference Books: 1. Sharma B.K and Kaur H. (1995). Environmental Chemistry, I Ed., Goel Publishing House.

2. De A.K (1989). Environmental Chemistry, II Ed., Wiley Eastern Limited.

3. Sawyer C.N, Mc Carty P.L and Perking G.F. (1994). Chemistry for Environmental Engineering, IIEd, Mc

Graw- Hill.

4. Bailey, R.A. (1978). Chemistry of the Environment, Academic Press.

5. Tyagi O.D. and Mehra M. (1990). Text Book of Environmental Chemistry, I Ed., Anmol Publications.

6. Charles R. Goldman and Alexander J. Horene. (1983). Limnology, Mc Graw- Hill.

7. Roy L. Donahue, Raymond W. Miller and John C. Shickluna. (1987). Soil-An Introduction to soils and

plant growth V.Ed., Prentice-Hall of India.

8. Biswas T.D and Mukherjee S.K. (1987). Text book of Soil Science IV Ed., Mc Graw- Hill.

9. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis. (1978). IV Ed., Longman Group Ltd.

10. Jacobs. (1969). Analytical Chemistry of Industrial poisons. Hazards and solvents, M.B. Inter Science. New

York.

11. Sawyer C.N, Mc Marty P.L. and Perkin G.F. (1994). Chemistry for Environmental Engineering (II ed), Mc

Graw Hill.

12. Tyagi O.D. and Mehra M. (1990). Environmental Chemistry, Anmol Publications.

13. Manahan S.E. (2000). Environmental Chemistry (7th Ed), Lewis Publications, Florida, U.S.A.


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HCT 2.2: Environmental Microbiology 64 hrs

Preamble: This Paper introduces to students about various microbial environments encountered in the area of soil,

water and air and how they affect the cycling of nutrients. It emphasis on identification and enumeration of

microbes in these environments and also providing a comprehensive insight of microbes as key players in the fields

of medical, agricultural, industrial and various functions of the environment.

Unit 1: Introduction: Concepts and scope of environmental microbiology, microorganisms as

components of ecosystem, Classification and characteristics of microorganisms based on their habitat.

Microbial interactions with micro- and macroorganisms, Role of microorganisms in element cycles.

-10 hrs

Unit 2: Microbial diversity of environment: Microbes in air, water, wastewater and soil; Introduction,

distribution, sampling and measurement techniques and identification. Microbes of extreme Environment.

Mechanisms of adaptation by microorganisms to environmental extremes. -12 hrs

Unit 3: Food and Medical Microbiology – Microbes as food and probiotics and for production of value

added fermented products- dairy products, beverages, and medically important enzymes, proteins and

antibiotics. Microbial diseases: air-borne allergens and diseases. Waterborne- soil borne- and food borne-

diseases. Microbial contamination in hospital environment - Nosocomial infections: salient features and

control strategies. -14 hrs

Unit 4: Microbes in the Degradation of Wastes: Bioremediation - Its role in Environmental

management, advantages and disadvantages. Control of pests and diseases by microorganisms, Treatment

of solid and liquid industrial wastes, Microbial degradation of pesticides. Microbes in metal extraction,

mineral leaching and mining, microbes in petroleum product formation. -14 hrs

Unit 5: Microbiological aspects of drinking water: Indicator microorganisms and their measurement -

MPN and MF technique. Bio-fouling- definition, sources and causes - bio-film and Bio-corrosion. Major

antibiotic resistant bacteria in drinking water and their implications. Ecological implication of genetically

modified microorganisms. Nano-technology and its applications. Biosensors and its applications. -16 hrs

Practicals :


References: 1. Environmental Microbiology Principles and Applications. Patrick K.Jemba.

2. Environmental Microbiology By. P D Sharma

3. Environmental bioremediation technologies. Shree N. Singh, Rudra D. Tripathi

4. Introduction to Microbiology. A. S. Rao

5. Microbiological examination of water and wastewater, Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros.

6. Environmental Microbiology. Raina M. Maier, Ian L. Pepper, Charles P. Gerba -Science.

7. Text book of Environmental, Microbiology, Mohapatra – Technology & Engineering.


9. Rein Heimer G., Aquatic Microbiology, Jhon Wiley, New Yaork

10. Mason C.F Biology of Fresh Water Pollution, Long Man, Scientific and Technology, UK

11. Atlas & Bertha, Microbial Ecology.

12. Ralph Mitchell, Environmental Microbiology Wiley Ciss, Newyork

13. I.L. Pepper and C.P. Gerba, Environmental Microbiology-A Laboratory Manual, second edition: 2004,

Elsevier Academic Press 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA

14. Raju. BSN., Water supply and waste water engineering, TATA McGraw Hills.,

15. Metcalf and Eddy Waste water Engineering TATA McGraw Hills.,pvt. Ltd.

16. APHA Standard Methods, American Public Health Asscosiation

17. Gabrial, Briton watste water microbiology, John Willey and Sons , Newyorjk

18. T.D Brock , Principles of Microbial ecology,

19. Presscott, Harlay and klein –Microbiology, Mac-Grow Hill Publication

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SCT 2.1 Environmental Toxicology 64 hrs

Preamble: This paper provides an advanced, multi-disciplinary and current understanding of the effects of

chemicals on human and environmental health. It throws light on nature and types of toxins and their sources and

flow in the ecosystems and their affect on the living organisms. It also provides the knowledge about an assessment

of toxins and effective control measures to minimize the concentrations, accumulation of toxins in environments and

also their hazardous effect on living organisms.

Unit 1: Introduction to toxicology: scope of toxicology, subspecialties of toxicology, Description and

terminology of toxic effects, factors influencing toxicity, drug toxicity, biochemical basis of toxicity –

mechanism of toxicity and receptor mediated events, acute and chronic toxicity; Selective toxicity; Concentration and dose, synergism and antagonism. -14 hrs

Unit 2: Dose – Response relationships: Graded response, quantal response, Time action curves,

Threshold Limit Value (TLV); LC50; Margin of safety; Toxicity curves; Cumulative toxicity and LD50 &

CTF. -10 hrs

Unit 3: Toxicity testing; Acute Toxicity (single); Sub acute Toxicity; Chronic Toxicity; Teratogenicity,

carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Immunotoxicity, histotoxicity, cell toxicity. Bioassay – Definition,

purpose, criteria for selection of test organism, methodology, estimation of LC50, Limitation and

importance of Bioassay. -10 hrs

Unit 4: Bioaccumulation and Biomagnifications of toxic materials ( Heavy metals) in food chain,

Toxicology of major pesticides - Environmental impacts of pesticides, biotransformation, biomonitoring,

programs and parameters of biomonitoring, concept of bioindicator, bioindicator groups and examples;

Biomonitoring of toxic chemicals, concepts of bio indicators groups with examples; Basic concepts of

Environmental forensics. -14 hrs

Unit 5: Bio-transformation of Xenobiotics (Selective Toxicity); Principles, Receptor sites, absorption

and storage of xenobiotics; types of Bio transformations; microsomal oxidations, mixed function

oxygenizes, conjugation, biotransformation of organo-chlorine and organo-phosphorous pesticides,

Antidotal procedures in Toxicology. Environmental Epidemiology: Pollution related diseases and

disorders, Health Hazards. Recent Advance in toxicology. -16hrs

Practicals:


Reference:

1. Jerome O. Niragu and Lakshminarayana J.S.S. (1989). Aquatic Toxicology and Water Quality

Management, John Wiley & Sons.

2. Sharma P.D. (1994). Environmental Biology and Toxicology, Rastoggi and Company.

3. Meera Asthana and Asthana D.K. (1990). Environmental Pollution and Toxicology, Alka Printers.

4. Mettelev V.V, Kanaev A.I and Dzasokhova N.G. (1971). Water Toxicology, Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt.

Ltd.

5. Standard Methods for the Examination of water and Waste water, 17th

Ed., (1989). APHA-AWWA-WPCF.

6. Guithinier Perry. (1980). Introduction to Environmental Toxicology, Elsevier.

7. Waldron H.A. (1980). Metals in Environment. Academic Press, Toronto.

8. Butter G.C. (1988). Principles of Ecotoxicology. John Wiley and Sons.

9. Moriarty F. (1983). Ecotoxicology. Academic Press, New York.

10. Oehme W.F. (1989). Toxicity of Heavy Metals in Environment Marcel Dakkar Inc., New York.

11. Anderson, D and D.M.Conning. 1990. Experimental Toxicology: The Basic issues. Royal society of

Chemistry, London.

12. Dhaliwal, G.S. 1993. Pesticides: Their Ecological Impact in Developing Countries. Commonwealth

Publishers, New Delhi.

13. Peter Calow, 1993. Handbook of ecotoxicology, Blackwell Science, London.

14. Sharma, P.D.1995. Toxicology, Rastogi and Company, Meerut


10

SCT -2.2: Environmental Biotechnology 64 Hrs.

Preamble: This paper introduces to students about concept of Environmental biotechnology and information on

how to improve the understanding, identification and prevention of environmental problems, remediation &

restoration through biotechnological methods.

Unit-1: Introduction: Definition, principles, scope – role of biotechnology in environmental protection;

Biotechnology and biodiversity conservation ex situ; utilization of biodiversity; biotechnology vs

biodiversity. Biotechnology for solid waste management: sanitary land filling; Biocomposting – aerobic,

anaerobic; vermicomposting; Biomethanation. 12Hrs.

Unit-2: Bioremediation: Bioremediation: Concept, role of bioremediation in controlling various pollution

problems e.g. solid water, sewage water, industrial effluents, heavy metals and radioactive substances.

Phytoremediation - Abatement of different types of pollution using plants, types of phytoremediation,

mechanism involved with case studies. Biosorption: Biotechnology and heavy metal pollution; Oil field

microbiology; Improved oil recovery; Biotechnology and oil spills; Hydrocarbon degradation 13 Hrs.

Unit-3: Biodegradation: Factors affecting process of biodegradation; Methods in determining

biodegradability; Contaminant availability for biodegradation. Xenobiotics; Persistence and

biomagnification of xenobiotic molecules; Microbial interactions with xenobiotics; Phase I and Phase II

reactions; Cyt P 450 mediated reactions; Xenobiotics and microbial biotransformation. Use of microbes

(bacteria and fungi) and plants in biodegradation and Biotransformation. 13 Hrs.

Unit-4: Mutation and Environmental mutagens: Occurrence, kinds of Mutation, spontaneous & induced Mutation, Mutagens, detection of Mutation, Lethal Mutations, Phenotypic effects of Mutation,

Mutation rate, Significance & Practical applications of Mutation. Molecular basis of Mutation, mutagenic

agents -physical, chemical, biological, Effect on genetic material, Repair mechanisms. 13 Hrs.

Unit-5: Biotechnology for Management of Resources: Role of environmental biotechnology in

management of resources; Reclamation of wasteland; Biomass production; Biogas and biofuel production;

Microorganisms in mineral and energy recovery and fuel and biomass production. Application of

Biotechnology in Environment. 13 Hrs.

Practical

Based upon theory Paper

References

1. Evano, G.H. and Furlong, J.C. Environmental Biotechnology – Theory and Application. John

Wiley and Sons, USA. 2004.

2. Jjemba, P.K. Environmental Microbiology – Theory and Application. Science Pub. Inc., USA.

2004. 3. Pepper, I.L. and Gerba, C.P. Environmental Microbiology - Laboratory Manaul. Elsevier, USA.

2005.

4. Ratledge, C. and Kristiansen, B. Basic Biotechnology. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge, UK. 2002.

5. Rittman, B. and McCarty, P. L. Environmental Biotechnology: Principles and Applications. 2nd

edition. Tata McGraw-Hill, USA. 2000.

6. Rittmann, B.E. and McCarty, P.L. Environmental Biotechnology – Theory and Application.

McGraw Hill, USA. 2001.

7. Reza Marandi and Ali Shaeri. 2009. Environmental Biotechnology. SBS Publishers and

Distributors Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

8. Pradipta Kumar Mohapatra. 2006. Text Book of Environmental Biotechnology. I.K International

Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

9. RamKumar. 2000. Environmental Biodegradation. Sarup and Sons, New Delhi.

11

OET 2.1: Natural Resources and Management 64 Hrs. Preamble: This paper will provides basic knowledge about the natural resources, their sources and reserves on the

planet earth, their role in homeostasis of environment and ecosystem and the consequence on their exploitation. It

imparts the knowledge on the importance of conservation of natural and nonrenewable resources for the sustainable

normal life on the earth. It also throws light on human’s role and methods of water, soil, minerals, forest and energy

conservations.

Unit-1: Natural Resources-Classification, concepts and approaches of natural resource conservation. Natural

resources of India. Role of women in natural resource. 8 Hrs

Unit-2: Water and Forest Resources Management - Concept and classification, Integrated water resource

management; Participatory watershed development; rain water harvesting. National Lake and River Conservation

Programmes. Wetland management; Forest resource Management: Relevance, threats and need for conservation of

forest resources. Forest management – meaning and objectives. Forest - land use changes in India - future demand

of forestlands. Community forest management, Social forestry, agro-forestry. 14 Hrs

Unit-3: Minerals and Soil Resource management : Resources and reserves. Mineral and population. oceans as

new areas for exploration of mineral resources. oceans ore and recycling of resources. Soil resource management –

Soil loss, soil erosion. Role of organic matter and its maintenance, diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies. Wasteland

development – concept scope, issues and strategies. 14 Hrs

Unit-4: Conventional and Non-conventional Energy Sources: Energy content in various conventional energy

sources, Types; Principles of solar thermal energy conversion; Principles of generation of wave energy, tidal,

ocean thermal energy conversion, wind, geothermal energy, nuclear - fission and fusion; magneto hydrodynamic

power, Power generation from waste. Biogas plants - principles of generation, designs, application of biomass

technology to increase the hydrocarbon chain. Pyrolysis. Biogas from solid waste. Biofuels. 14 Hrs

Unit-5: Pest and weed management - Definition, distribution and damage caused. Chemical Pesticides and their

demerits. Basis of biological pest suppression. Chemical vs biological control. Pest control models. Organisms used

in Classical Biological pest control – Pathogens, Nematodes, Birds Fish. Definition and distribution. Weed biology -

a brief account. Physical and Chemical Methods of Weed control and their merits and demerits. Weed Management -

Objectives of Biological control, agents of biological control. 14 Hrs

References:

1. Oliver S. Owen. 1980. Natural resources conservation – An Ecological approach, 3rd edition., Macmillan publishing Co. Inc. New York.

2. Daniel D. Chiras. 1994. Environmental Science. 4th edition

3. Sapru R.K. 1987. Environment Management in India. Vol. I & II. Ashish Pub. House.

4. The state of India’s Environment, The second citizen’s report (1984-85). Center for science and environment. New Delhi.

5. Agarwal & Rana S.V.S. 1985. Environment & Natural resources, society of Biosciences.

6. Sharma V.K. 1985. Water resources planning and management, Himalaya Pub. house.

7. Maheshwar dayal 1992. Renewable energy. Konark publishers Pvt. Ltd.

8. Shrikande R.P. and Varade S.R. 1991. Ecology of water and land management vol 1 & 2, Chugh publishers.

9. Raymond F. Dasmann 1984. Environmental Conservation. 5th Ed., John Wiley & sons.

10. Mathur H.S. 1981. Environmental resources. The crisis of development, RBSA Publishers

11. Agarwal, V.G. 1985. Forests in India. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.

12. Negi, S. S. 1986. Handbook of social forestry. IBH, New delhi.

13. Singh,B.1992.Social forestry for rural rural development Anmol publication, NewDelhi

14. Wenger, K.E. 1984. forestry Handbook. Jhon Wiley and sons. New York.

15. Berthkur, S. and Ghosh, A.K. 1987. Biological pest 18. simons, I.J. eds. 1986. The ecology of natural resources.

16. Shafi, R. 1992. Forest ecosystem of the word.

17. Nalini, K.S. 1993. Environmental resources and management. Anmol publishers.

18. Aradhana, P.S. 1991. Environnemental management. Rajat publishers..

12

THIRD SEMESTER

HCT – 3.1 Environmental Engineering and Technology 64 hrs

Preamble: This paper providing to students to acquire knowledge on the technology and principles behind the

processes and techniques related to the reduction of emissions to air, land and water and the effects of pollution.

Also Engineering solutions to major environmental problems will be explored.

Unit-1: Environmental Engineering: Introduction and Scope of Environmental Engineering, Water and

Wastewater standards for specific applications. Water purification processes in natural and Engineered

Systems. Water Supply - Design and layout of water distribution systems. Ground water recharge, Watershed:

Concept, characteristics and types, Land development, water investigation and watershed management. -12 hrs

Unit-2: Water Treatment Process: Mechanism and Significance of Aeration, Coagulation, Flocculation,

Sedimentation, Filtration. Disinfection-Chlorination ( methods), Ozonation and UV; Water softening; Hardness

treatment - Desalination, Membrane Techniques Removal of Taste and Odour, Miscellaneous Treatment

Methods, (Lime, Soda Process, Zeolite Process, Demineralization Process) and their Chemical reactions,

Occurrence of Iron, Manganese and other metal ions in water, Occurrence of Fluoride in water, Significance

and methods of removal of hazardous metal ions. Chemical Treatment of Defluoridation and Mechanism

Health Effects. -14 hrs

Unit-3: Wastewater Treatment - Primary, Secondary and advanced treatment: Classification and application

of physical Unit processes with principles and process analysis, Design and layout of Industrial and Municipal

wastewater treatment systems, Wastewater Disposal and Reuse. -10 hrs

Unit- 4: Air Pollution control –Air pollution Standards, control by dilution, its limitations, control by process

changes, control by engineered systems for fixed sources. Control of particulate emissions - settling chambers,

centrifugal collectors, wet collectors, fabric filters and Electrostatic precipitators, their principles, techniques and

devices. Control of gaseous contaminants - Adsorption and Absorption techniques. Condensation and combustion

techniques. Control of Automobile emissions. Noise pollution control- Standard value for noise pollution and

methods for their measurnments-control at source, along sound transmission path and at receiver. -14hrs

Unit-5: Soil Pollution Control: – Introduction, sources, types of soil pollutants and their control measures,

Recent advances in Disposal of Hazardous Waste, Recovery and recycling of useful solid wastes control

measures for soil erosion and land reclamation- Bunding, plantion. Energy conversion from agricultural waste

generation. Advanced technology for Water, Air and Soil treatment. -14hrs

Practicals


Reference:

1. Duggal,K.N.1998.Elements of Environmental Engg..Chand and company Ltd.,New Delhi.

2. Kapoor,S.1997. Environmental Engineering. Khanna publishers,Delhi.

3. Masters ,G.M. 1991.Introduction Environmental Engineering and Science. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,

4. Metcalf and Eddy.Waster water Engineering. McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New York.

5. Rangwala,S.C, K.S.Rangwala and P.S.Rangwala. 1997. Water supply and sanitary engineering, Charotar

publicating house, Anand.

6. Rao ,C.S. 1991. Environmental Pollution Control Engineering .Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

7. Trivedy, R.K. 1994. Pollution Management in industries. Enviromedia, Karad.

8. Arcadio P. Sincer and Gregoria. A Sincers Enviromental Enginnering – A design Approach. Prentice Hall

of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

9. Birdie. (1999). Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering Dhanpat Rai Pub. Co. Charotal Publishing House,

NewDelhi.

10. Christian R.K. Chemical and Biological Methods for Water Pollution Studies, Prentice Hall of India

Press.Company, New Delhi.

11. Nandini N, Sunitha N and Sucharita Tandon. (2007). Environmental Studies, Sapna Book House, Bangalore

12. De A.K. Environmental Chemistry, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi.

13. Sharma B.K. and Kour H. Environmental Chemistry, Villa Publication.

14. Garg S.K. Sewage disposal and air Pollution Engineering Khanna Publication.

15. Gilbert M. Masters. Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, Prentice – Hall of India Pvt.,

Ltd.

16. Raju. BSN., Water supply and waste water engineering, TATA McGraw Hills.,

13

HCT 3.2 Environmental Law and Audit 64 hrs

Preamble: This paper introduces students to the legal structure of India and fundamentals of environmental

legislation and policy making. Each unit will help the students to develop basic concepts of Environmental auditing

in Government and Non-Government sectors.

Unit-1: Environmental protection: issues and problems. International and national efforts for

environmental protection. Environmental Policies: Need for policies; different policies. Environmental

policy resolution. Public policy - strategies in pollution control. -08 hrs

Unit-2: Environmental Legislation: Constitutional and Statutory Laws in India, Fundamental Duties and

Fundamental Rights, Legal Control of Environmental Pollution with Reference to: Biodiversity bill 2006.

The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; The Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974,

amended 1988; CESS Act 1977, amended in 1991; The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, amended

in1988; The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, amended in 1990; The Environment

(Protection) Act, 1986. -12 hrs

Unit-3: The Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995; The Indian Forest Act, 1927; The Forest (Conservation)

Act, 1980; The Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981; Biomedical waste (Management & Handling) rules, 1998; Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules,1989; Municipal waste (Management &

Handling) rules, 2000; E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011. Salient Features of Coastal Zone

Regulations (CZR) Notification, the Convention of Biodiversity. (Several Case Studies to be given as

Assignment). -12 hrs

Unit-4: Environmental Audit and EMS: Definition, Concept of EA, Types of EA, Benefits of

Environmental Audits, Scope and Objectives, Procedural Requirements of Conducting EA, Pre-Audit, on-

Site Audit and Post Audit Activities, Water Audit, Raw’ Materials Audit and Energy Audit, -16 hrs

Unit-5: Health and Safety Audit: Reuse and Conservation of Water and Energy, Waste Minimization, Environmental and Economic Benefits of an Environmental Audit, ECO- Audit and its Importance in

Environmental Management. Concept of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 series in Environmental System

Management. -16 hrs

Prtacticals:


Reference 1. Defense preparedness in India – Jain N.K.,Joint assistance center, Adhyatma Sadhana Kendra Mehrauli, New

Delhi.

2. Environmental Law and Policy in India, Divan.S and Rosencranz. A, Oxford University Press, 2nd

edition

(2001)

3. Pollution control Legislation, Vol. I and II, Tamilnadu Pollution Control Board, Chennai (1999)

4. Environmental Pollution Control: Neelima Rajvidya and Dilipkumar Markandey, APH Publishing Corporation,

New Delhi. (2005).

5. Environment Problems and Solutions: D.K.Asthana and Meera Asthana, S.Chand & Co. Ltd. New Delhi.

6. Allarachand. (1985). Environmental Challenges- A global survey, UDH, New Delhi.

7. Newson M.M. (1993). Managing the human impact on the nature al Environment.

8. Nanda. A.N. (1996). Environmental Education.

9. Ulter S.L. (1994). Environmental Risks and hazards, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.

10. Peter Calow. (1998).Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment, Mc Graw Hills Inc., New Delhi.

11. Environmental Impact Assessment, by Larry W. Canter, Mc Graw- Hill International Editions, Civil

Engineering series

12. Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing countries. Biswas A.K. and Agarawal SBC. Butterworth-

Heinemann Ltd. Reed International.

13. Environmental Impact Assessment-Theory and practice, by Wathern P Routledge, Unwin Hyman London.

14. Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment by Morris P and Theirvel R UCL press Ltd., London

15. UNEP, 1996, Environmental Impact Assessment: Issues, Trends and Practice, United National Environmental

Programme Nairobi.


14

SCT-3.1 Environmental Sampling and Statistics 64 hrs

Preamble: This paper enlightens the students on Environmental analysis of scanning, monitoring, analyzing and

forecasting the variables of the environment. The paper also provides a clear knowledge about the working

principles and applications of various analytical techniques used in the environmental analysis to the students.

Unit 1: Air Sampling: Objective and Criteria of Air Sampling, Selection of Sampling Location, Sampling

Methods (Sedimentation, Filtration, Centrifugal and Impingement Method), Instrumental Techniques used

in Estimation of Atmospheric Air Pollutant, Dust Fall Jar, SPM and RSPM using Respirable Dust

sample/High Volume Air Sampler. - 12 hrs

Unit 2: Water Sampling: Necessity of Water Sampling, Objectives, Selection of Sampling Site, Types of Water Samples, Sampling Equipment, Collection methods, , Handling and Preservation, Classification of

Water Quality Parameters (Inorganic, Organic and Nutrient), Parameters analyzed on the Spot, (Field

Parameters) Data Interpretation, Basic Concept, Significance and Measurement of DO, BOD, COD,

Phenol, Pesticides and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) in Water and Wastewater. - 12 hrs

Unit-3: Soil and Solid Waste Sampling: Objectives of Soil and Solid Waste Sampling, Site Selection

Criteria, Collection and Handling of Soil and Solid Waste Samples, Preparation of Soil Samples for

Analysis, Physico-Chemical Parameters and their Significance (Quality and Productivity). - 08 hrs

Unit-4: Application of Statistics in Environmental Analysis: Introduction to statistics, scope,

limitations of statistics and statistical method V/s Experimental method. Collection of data, sampling,

classification and tabulation of data. Diagrammatic and graphic presentation of data. Descriptive

Statistics: Descriptive statistics – Introduction, measure of central location, mean, mode, median, measure

of shapes. Properties of mean, measure of spread, variance and standard deviation, co-efficient of

variation. -16 hrs

Unit 5: Sampling theories and Hypothesis testing: Sampling theories, techniques and experimental

designs. Testing hypothesis: Significance level and X2

test, t and F test ; Correlation, regression and

ANOVA: Analysis of variance: One way and two way ANOVA, MANOVA. Regressions: Defining the

fit, Correlation, polynomial regression, Multiple regression. -16 hrs

Practicals


Reference: 1. Biostatistics: P.N. Arora, P.K. Malhan, Himalaya publishing House, Delhi, 2008.

2. Basic concepts of Biostatistics: N.Arumugam, Saras Publications, Kanyakumari, 2003.

3. Biostatistics in theory and Practice: T.K.Saha, Emkay Publications, Delhi, 1992.

4. Biostatistics: P. Ramakrishnan, Saras Publications, Kanyakumari, 1995.

5. Statistical Methods: S.C.Gupta, S.Chand & Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.

6. Evolution Biostatistics AND Computer Applications: A.Gopi, A.Meena, N.Arumugam, Saras Publications,

Kanyakumari, 2003.

7. Fundamentals of Computer: V.Rajaraman, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2008.

8. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K.Sinha, Preeti Sinha, BPB Publications, New Delhi, 2007.


15

SCT-3.2: Environmental Pollution and Control 64 hrs

Preamble: This paper deals with different aspects of environmental contamination, which have adverse effects on

human health. It will lay emphasis on understanding mechanisms of pollutants impacting human health by

developing an understanding of different types of pollutants, their sources and mitigation measures.

Unit 1: Air pollution: Definition, Sources and Classification of air pollutants. Major Incidents of Air

pollution. Transport and diffusion of pollutants. Gas laws governing the behavior of pollutants in the

atmosphere. Meteorological parameters, scale of meteorology, Effect of pressure temperature,

precipitation, humidity, radiation and wind. Heat transferring processes, atmospheric stability, inversions

and mixing heights, Plume behavior and Stack dispersion theories & models of monitoring & control of

exhaust emissions. Effects of air pollution on man, animal, plants, inanimate objects and climate. Ambient

air quality standards and air pollution indices. -13 hrs

Unit 2: Air sampling and monitoring techniques - settle able and suspended particulate matter - Dust

fall jar and Impingement Method, RDS/HVS samplers (Ambient Air monitoring); Stack gas/dust

Sampling technique and other techniques of air monitoring for pollutants. Automobile pollution in Indian

cities. Monitoring and control of exhaust emissions. Noise Pollution: Definition, Sources and

Terminology; types of noise; Measurement of noise; Noise indices; Effect of meteorological parameter on

noise propagation. Noise exposure level and Standard Impact on biota and inanimate objects. Noise

control and abatement measures. -13 hrs

Unit 3: Aquatic Pollution: Definition; Sources and classification of aquatic pollutants. Cause and consequences of pollution on surface, subsurface and marine water sources. Coastal water intrusion. Oil

leakage and industrial effluents. Water quality indices. Thermal pollution: Sources, causes and effects.

Preventive and Control measures. -14 hrs

Unit 4: Soil Pollution: Definition, sources and classification of soil pollutants and their impacts on

physico-chemical and biological properties of soil, plants, animals and man. Physico-chemical and

bacteriological analysis of different soil. Industrial waste effluents and heavy metals, their interactions

with soil components. Integrating of soil pollution control Measures-Physical, Chemical and biological etc.,. -14 hrs

Unit 5: Radioactive Pollution: Definition, Radioactivity, Radionuclide, Radiation emissions, sources,

Radioactive decay and buildup. Biological effects of radiation. Radiation exposure Standards. Radioactive

pollution impacts on ecosystem. Pollution control measures. Biological dosimetry. - 10 hrs

Practicals:


Reference:

1. Nandini N, Sunitha N and Sucharita Tandon. (2007). Environmental Studies, Sapna Book House, Bangalore

2. Stern A.C. (1986). Air Pollution Vol.I-VIII, Academic Press.

3. Henry C. Perkins. (1974). Air Pollution, Mc Graw Hill.

4. William L. Donn. (1975). Meteorology 4th Ed., Mc Graw Hill.

5. Furry R, Baddel.R and Haurker L. (1985). Air Pollution and Lichens.

6. Mansfiels M.R. (1989). Effects of air pollutants on plants.

7. Lodge. (1994). Methods of air sampling and analysis.

8. Trivedy R.K and Goel P.K. (1995). An Introduction to air Pollution, Techno Science Publications Jaipur.

9. Kudesia V.P. (1993). Air Pollution, Pragati Prakashan, New Delhi.

10. Mishra P.C. (1989). Soil Pollution and Soil Organisms.

11. Goel P.K. (1997) Water Pollution-Causes, Effects & Control. Techno Science Pub., Jaipur.

12. Pratap Mowle P and Venkattasubbayya N. (1990). Air pollution and Control. Divyajyothi Prakashan,

Jodhpur.


16

OET 3.1 Solid Waste Management 64 Hrs

Preamble: This paper provides an overview of the basic concepts of solid wastes, their generation and hazards on

environment and living organisms. Students will learn Characteristics and collection system of different solid

wastes, their separation, processing, conversion and disposal methods. This throw lights on kinds of hazardous

wastes and their management.

Unit 1 -- Introduction: scope and concept of solid waste management; definitions, kinds of wastes and

their sources, characteristics and composition; solid wastes generated per capita- Global and National

scenario. Introduction to Solid Waste management. 12 Hrs

Unit 2 – Municipal solid wastes: Introduction and defination, solid wastes: generation, sources, collection,

Storage, segregation and transportation. Disposal methods-sanitary landfills and types, composting,

vermin-composting, aerobic and anaerobic digestion, incineration, types of incineration, pyrolysis. 13 Hrs

Unit 3– Industrial and Agricultural solid wastes: Introduction, characteristics, sources and classification;

collection, segregation, storage and transportation; Reuse, recycling, treatment and disposal methods. E-

wastes: definition, sources, segregation, recycling, reuse, storage and methods of disposal. Classification

of hazardous waste and handling of hazardous solid wastes. Radioactive wastes- sources, pollution, types

of radioactive waste and its control and management. 13 Hrs

Unit 4 - Biomedical wastes: Concept and scope of medical waste; Definition, sources, classification of

medical solid wastes; Mode of collection, segregation at source and transportation to disposal points;

awareness, education and training for generators and handlers of medical wastes; Advances in handling

disposal of biomedical waste and their disposal. 13 Hrs

Unit 5 – Solid Waste management – waste minimization program, typical material recovery facility

(TMRF) operation, Reuse and recycling of paper, glass, metals, plastic and rubber. Advanced techniques

for conversion of waste to wealth. Plastic waste status in India, effect of plastic wastes on environment,

management of plastic waste. Bring awareness in the public on generation and disposal of solid wastes

and 4R’s concept. 13 Hr

References

1. Botkin, D. and E. K. Future, 1995. Environmental Science – Earth as a living planet

2. Sindhu, P. S. 2004. Environmental chemistry. New Age Int. Publishers

3. Wright R. T. and B. J. Nebel. 2002. Environmental science – towards sustainable future. Prentice Hall

India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi

4. Abbasi, S. A. and E. Ramasami, 1996. Biotechnological methods of pollution control.

5. Cunningham, W. P. and M. A. Cunningham, 2003. Principles of Environmental Science. Tata McGraw Hill

Publ. New Delhi

6. Trivedi, P. R. and G. Raj. 1992. Solid waste pollution. Akshadeep Publishing House, New Delhi

7. Bhoyar, R. V., S. K. Titus, A. D. Bluide and P. Kanna, 1996. Municipal and Industrial Soild waste

management in India. J. IAEM, 23: 53-64

8. Brumer, R. Calvin, 1993. Hazardous waste incineration, McGraw Hills, Singapore

9. Shah, K. L. 2000. Basics of solid and hazardous waste management technology, Prentice Hall, New Jersey

10. Pfeffers, J. T. 1992. Solid waste management engineering. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

11. Anonymous, 1973. Health hazardous of Human Environment, WHO

12. Reinhardt, P. A and J. G. Gordon, 1991. Infectious and medical Waste management, Lewis Publ. New York


17

FOURTH SEMESTER

HCT 4.1: Occupational Health and Environmental Impact Assessment 64 hrs

Preamble: It explains the students with the concepts of occupational health hazards and occupational diseases and

their prevention and control. This also enlightens the students on methodology, documentation and usefulness of

environmental impact assessment and to develop the skill to prepare environmental management plan. It provides

knowledge related to the various procedures for environmental impact assessment to predicting and managing

human health risks.

Unit 1: Occupational Environment and health: Concept and scope and history. Occupational hazards-

Physical, chemical and Biological hazards. Occupational diseases- Pneumoconiosis- silicosis,

Anthracosis, Byssinosis, Bagassosis, Astertosis, Farmers lung, Lead poisoning, Occupational cancer,

Occupational Dermatitis, Radiation hazards. -10 hrs

Unit -2 : Health Protection: Measures for health protections of workers, preservation of occupational

diseases medical measures, engineering measures Human health problems due to pollution, public health

programs, food poisoning- types of food poisoning prevention and control, indicators of health. -10 hrs

Unit 3: Occupational Health Management: Evaluation and control of occupational health hazards;

occupational health surveillance, Control programmes in the context of Indian Factories Act - case

studies. Epidemiology and Public health - Principles of Epidemiology, Epidemiology and control of

diseases caused by important microbes in water, air, milk and soil. Status of communicable diseases in

India. Administration of public health in India. -14 hrs

Unit 4: Environmental Impact Assessment: Definition, Basic Concepts and Principles of EIA. Nexus

between Development and Environment, Need for EIA, Elements of EIA, Environmental Attributes,

Nature of Impacts- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Short Term, Long Term, Reversible and Irreversible

Impacts. Overview of Impacts, Directly and Indirectly Measurable Impacts of Air, Noise, Water, Land,

Biological and Socio-Economic Elements. -14 hrs

Unit 5: EIA Procedures: Screening and Scoping in EIA, Methodologies of EIA, Checklist, Matrices,

Overlays, Cost Benefit Analysis, Computer Aided EIA, Battelle Environmental Evaluation System-

Impact Identification Networks, Strategies for Environmental Management Plan and Green Belt

Development Role of Mathematical Models in EIA. Environmental Appraisal of Project with Reference to

Industry, Mining and water. Resources projects-Critical Issues and Formulation of Strategies for EMP,

Environmental Impact Assessment, Methods, Benefits, Legislation of EIA in India and Modification. Role

of Statutory Agencies in EIA Clearance. -16 hrs

Activities: Visit to Pollution control board to study the role of PCR on EIA

Practicals:


References

1. Anton, T. J. (1989). Occupational safety and health management (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

2. Blake, R. P. (1963). Industrial safety (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.

3. Grimaldi, J. V., & Simonds, R. H. (1989). Safety management (5th ed.). Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.

4. Kohn, J. P., et al. (1996). Fundamental of occupational safety and health. Rockville, MD: Government

Institutes, Inc.

5. Reese, C. D. (2001). Accident/incident prevention techniques. New York: Taylor & Francis, Inc.

6. Slote, L. (1987). Handbook of occupational safety and health. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

7. Watson J. 1997. Environmental Planning and Impact Assessment Practices, Addison Wisley, Longman

8. Barthhall, R. R. 2002. Environmental Impact Assessment, New Age Publ. New Delhi


18

HCT 4.2: Solid and Hazardous waste Management 64 hrs

Preamble: Every human activity ends up in the generation of unwanted waste product. This paper throws light on the

current scenario of solid and hazardous waste generation and problem in its handling and management. It also deals

with the different governmental policies that explain proper transportation, handling and disposal of solid and

hazardous waste to minimize its effect on environment. Also it provides knowledge on methods for conversion of

waste to wealth.

Unit 1: Solid Waste: Introduction- definition, types, sources, characteristics, and impact on environmental

health. Waste generation rates in world and in India. Handling of waste: collection, segregation at source

and transport of solid wastes. Methods for separation of reusable, recyclable and disposable Solid Wastes

and their processing. Recovery of the Bio Products, Public Health Aspect Related to Solid Waste, Status of Municipal Solid Waste in Indian cities. -14 hrs

Unit 2: Solid Waste Management: Introduction, 4R’s concept; preparation of fuel cakes, Thermo chemical

conversion includes incineration, pyrolysis and gasification. Conversion of organic solid waste into organic

manure by Composting, types of composting. Vermiculture and Biogas poduction for domestic fuel and

light. Disposable of waste by Landfill (Site Selection, Site Investigation and Site Characterization), types of

landfills. Landfill Planning and Designing, Construction and Operational Practices, Landfill Quality and

Control and Incineration. Indian Scenario and Legislative Control. -10 hrs

Unit 3: Hazardous Waste: Definition, Classification, Identification, Sources and Characteristics of

Hazardous Waste, Integrated Approach for Minimization of Air, Water and Solid Pollutants, Collection,

Storage, Transportation, Hazardous Waste Testing in Terms of Toxicity, Corrosively, Ignitability and

Reactivity; Priority Pollutants, Acute and Chronic Toxicity, Bioaccumulation, Mutagenicity, Teratogenicity,

Carcinogenicity and Genotoxicity. -12 hrs

Unit 4: Hazardous Waste Treatment: Physico-Chemical, Biological and Thermal Destruction of

Hazardous Wastes: Incineration, Pyrolysis, Wet Air Oxidation. Containment Technologies, Secured

Landfill, Land Farming, Bioremediation, Biodegradation of Recalcitrant, Xenobiotics Treatment. Guidelines for safe disposable of Hazardous Wastes at different places-institutions, industries, energy

producing sites, at accidents and during natural disasters. Leachate Management Waste Minimization,

Recycle and Reuse of Hazardous Waste, Recovery of Chemicals from Hazardous Wastes. -12 hrs

Unit 5: Hazardous and Bio-medical Waste management: collection and storage of hazards wastes.

Planning of Hazardous Waste disposable: Type of disposable methods deep underground storage ,deep well

injection, Incinerator and other latest methods. Contaminated Site Remediation- Ex-Situ and In-Situ

Approach, Landmark Episodes. Bio-medical Waste Management – Generation and Characterization, Types, quantity, segregation, treatment and disposal. Biomedical waste management in developed countries and in

India – legal aspects. E-waste, composition, sources. E-waste management in global & national scenario,

Recycling and disposal strategies. -16 hrs

Practicals:


References

14. Botkin, D. and E. K. Future, 1995. Environmental Science – Earth as a living planet

15. Sindhu, P. S. 2004. Environmental chemistry. New Age Int. Publishers

16. Wright R. T. and B. J. Nebel. 2002. Environmental science – towards sustainable future. Prentice Hall India

Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi

17. Abbasi, S. A. and E. Ramasami, 1996. Biotechnological methods of pollution control.

18. Cunningham, W. P. and M. A. Cunningham, 2003. Principles of Environmental Science. Tata McGraw Hill

Publ. New Delhi

19. Trivedi, P. R. and G. Raj. 1992. Solid waste pollution. Akshadeep Publishing House, New Delhi

20. Bhoyar, R. V., S. K. Titus, A. D. Bluide and P. Kanna, 1996. Municipal and Industrial Soild waste management

in India. J. IAEM, 23: 53-64

21. Brumer, R. Calvin, 1993. Hazardous waste incineration, McGraw Hills, Singapore

22. Shah, K. L. 2000. Basics of solid and hazardous waste management technology, Prentice Hall, New Jersey

23. Pfeffers, J. T. 1992. Solid waste management engineering. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

24. Anonymous, 1973. Health hazardous of Human Environment, WHO

25. Reinhardt, P. A and J. G. Gordon, 1991. Infectious and medical Waste management, Lewis Publ. New York


19

SCT-4.1: Remote sensing and GIS 64 hrs

Preamble: This curriculum introduces the students to various computer-based and statistical methods used for study and

management of natural resources and the environment. The students are expected to learn about remote-sensing

techniques, physical principles, sampling, statistics and image-analysis methods.

Unit 1: Satellites and their characteristics – Geo-stationary and sun synchronous, Earth resource Satellites-

Indian Space programme. Basics of remote sensing: Definition, concepts and principle of energy interactions

with environmental components. Fundamental of aerial photographic systems; Principle: Types of aerial

cameras, aerial photos; ground coverage; radiometric characteristics, Interpretation principles and techniques

and Applications of aerial photos. -12 hrs

Unit 2: Sensors and Scanners- Profiles and geometry of scanners, different types of sensors, their

characteristics; Multispectral and thermal scanning. Thermal and Microwave sensing; basic concepts, profiles;

SAR, SLAR operations, characteristic of RADAR signals; earth surface characteristics influencing RADAR

returns interpretation of microwave data. -12 hrs

Unit 3: Digital image processing: Basic concepts and principles; image enhancement; edge enhancement;

band rationing classification-supervised and unsupervised classification. Smoothing and filtering techniques;

post classification smoothing classification accuracy enhancement; data merging; scale effects. -12 hrs

Unit 4: GIS - Definitions, Components, History and Development. Concept of space and spatial data: type,

characteristics, quality and sources of spatial data. Data input, verification, storage and output. Data stream,

Geo-referencing and Map scale. Spatial Data Models - Raster Data Model, Vector Data Model. Database:

Different formats for database. Hierarchical, network, relational and object-oriented data models. Linking

spatial and nonspatial data. Spatial Data Analysis: Measurements, Queries, Overlay, Topology, Buffering.

TIN and DEM. Current issues and future GIS. -16 hrs

Unit-5: Application of Remote Sensing, GPS and GIS for Environmental Planning and Management: Vegetation cover, Agriculture, Surface and Ground water, Watershed, Marine resources, Coastal zones, Wild

life Ecology, Mining and Quarrying; Agriculture and range land application; earthquakes and flood mapping

assessment. -12 hrs

Prcticals:


Reference :

1. Anji Reddy M. (2000). Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems: An Introduction. Book

Syndicate.

2. Robert G. Reeves (Ed). (1983), Manual of Remote Sensing, Johm Wiley and Sons, New York.

3. Morris M. Thomson (Ed). (1988). Manual of Photography. Tata McGraw- Hill. Publishing Co.

4. Berry. S Siegal and Allen R.Gillspie. (1987). Remote Sensing in Geology, Tata McGraw-Hill. Publishing Co.

5. Miller J.C. (1986). Photography, John wiley and Sons, New York.

6. Smith J.T. (1991). Manual of colour Photography. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

7. Leuderr D.R. (1993). Aerial Photography interpretation – Principles and Applications, McGraw – Hill.

8. Lillesand and Kiefer. (1993). Principles of Remote Sensing

9. Nag P and Kudrat M. (1998). Digital Remote Sensing. Concept Publishing Co., New Delhi.

10. Chouhan and Joshi K.N. (1996). Applied Remote Sensing and Photo interpretation.

11. Rajan M.S. (1991). Remote Sensing and GIS for Natural Resources.

12. Narayana L.R.A (1999). Remote Sensing and its application University Press (India).

13. Lillesand T.M. (1987). Remote Sensing and Image interpretation. John Wiley, Hamburg.

14. Sabins F.F and Floyd F.J.R. (1978). Remote Sensing- Principles and interpretations.

15. Burroguh P.A and Mc Donnell R.A. (1988). Principles of Geographical Information system. Oxford Univ.Press.

16. Jorgevsen S.E. (1996). Applications of ecological modeling in environmental management. Elsevier Sci. Co.,

London.

17. Muralikrishna I.V. (2001). Spatial Information Technology- RS and GIS. Vol.I and II BS Publications,

Hyderabad.

18. Burrough P.A. (1986). Principles of GIS for Land Resource Assessment. Oxford University Press.

19. Elachi C. (1978). Introduction to Physics and Techniques of Remote sensing. John Wiley Publication New

York.


20

SCT-4.2: Disasters and Management 64 Hrs.

Preamble: This paper introduces the scientific knowledge among the students about various natural and manmade

disasters through the teaching of policies, programs, administrative actions and operations undertaken. This will train

them to cope with the different disaster management activities like preparedness, prevention and thereby to reduce or

avoid the human, physical and economic losses suffered by individuals, by the society, and by the country at large.

Unit-1: Basic concept of disaster- definition of hazard, vulnerability, risk, disaster; Causative factors of

disaster; Classification of disasters- Natural and Man Made. 12 Hrs.

Unit-2: Disaster Management: Definition of disaster management; components of disaster management cycle-

crisis management & risk management; Crisis management-quick response & relief, recovery, development;

Levels of disasters in India; Causes, perception, management of various natural disasters like flood, landslides, earthquakes, tsunami, coastal erosion, cyclones, volcanism, forest fire etc. 13 Hrs.

Unit-3: Risk management- Risk identification & risk reduction- preparedness, prevention and mitigation.

Important sectors in disaster management- health and medical care, communications, insurance, social work,

NGO’s, media, fire services, police and paramilitary services, armed forces etc. 13 Hrs.

Unit-4: Risk analysis and assessment: basic concept: Purpose of risk analysis; Analytical techniques; Tools of

risk assessment - Toxicology, epidemiology, exposure modeling, significance of risk, risk characterization,

communication and management; Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in disaster management. 13 Hrs.

Unit-5: Evaluation of likelihood of major accidents in industrial processes; assessing risk to ecosystem and human health from genetically modified organisms, waste water treatment and disposal, epidemiology, exposure modeling, assessing risk to human health from chemicals; Psychology of risks, the economic and evaluation of risks. 13 Hrs.

Practical

Based upon theory

References:

1. Jha and Kumar, M. 2010. Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters; Vulnerability, Preparedness and Mitigation,

Springer.

2. Singh, K.K. &. Singh, A.K. 2010. Natural and manmade disasters: vulnerability, preparedness and mitigation,

Vol(1&2), M.D. publications. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

3. Strahler, A.N. and Strahler, A.H. 1973. Environmental Geoscience – Interaction between natural systems and

man: -Santa Barbara, California, Hamilton Publishing.

4. Talwar, A.K. & Juneja, S. 2009. Flood Disaster Management, Commonwealth publishers, New Delhi.

5. Vaidya, K.S. 1987.Environmental Geology, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishers.

6. White, G.F. (ed.) Natural hazards – local, national, global: Oxford University Press.

7. Natural Hazards Risk Assessment and Public Policy- Anticipating the unexpected by Ptaic, W. 1. and Allission,

A. A., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982.

8. Environmental Risk and Hazards by Cuttler, S. L., Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1994.

9. Natural Disasters - A Guide for relief workers by JAC Adhyatma Sadhana Kendra, Mebrauli, New Delhi, 1980.

10. Disaster Planning: The preservation of life and property by Harold D. Foster, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1980.

11. Disaster Management by Shailendra K. Singh, Subhash C. Kundu, and Shobu Singh, Mittal Publications, New

Delhi, 1998.

12. India's Disasters Report: Towards a policy initiative by Parasuraman, S. and Unnikrishnan, P. V., Oxford

University, Press, 2000.

13. Disaster Management by Indu Prakash, Rashtra Prahari Prakashan, 750, Rajendra Nagar, Sector 2, Shaibabad,

Gaziabad, 1994.

21

Scheme of Examination

I/II/III/IV Semester M. Sc. Examination, ……..MONTH ….…YEAR

(Scheme CBCS)

Environmental Science

Paper title

Duration: 3 Hrs Max Marks: 80

Instruction: Answer both Sections. Section- A is compulsory and Any four from the Section-B

SECTION – A

Q. 1. Answer any TEN of the following. 10 X 2 = 20

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

i.

j.

k.

l.

m.

SECTION – B (Answer any four from the Following)

Q.2 :

a. 08

b. 07

Q.3 :

a. 05

b. 05

c. 05

Q.4 :

a. 08

b. 07

Q.5 :

a. 05

b. 05

c. 05

Q.6 :

a. 08

b. 07

22

Scheme of Examination Practicals

Duration: 3 Hrs Max. Marks: 40

Q.1. Conduct the given Major Experiment; Write Aim, Principle, Procedure and Tabulation, calculations

and results. 08

Q.2. Conduct the given Minor Experiment; Write Aim, Principle, Procedure and Tabulation, calculations

and results 07

Q.3. Identify and give critical comments on (Specimens / Spotter): 5 X 3= 15

A.

B. C.

D.

E.

Q.4. Viva-Voce 05

Q.5. Class records 05

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