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Check the Yellow Pages for an Agway Storenearest you.

A:5S0CIAl'ION0FFICERSRichard E. Garrett, President11261 Apulia RoadLafayette, NY 12084 (315/696-8725)

Norman E. Richards, 1st Vice President156 Westminster Ave.Syracuse, NY 13210 (315/472-3696)

J. Morgan Heussler, 2nd Vice President900 Porterville RoadEast Aurora, NY 14052 (716/6524856)

Robert M. Sand, SecretaryCotton Hanlon, Inc.Cayuta, NY 14824 (607/594-3321)

Stuart McCarty, Treasurer4300 East AvenueRochester, NY 14618 (716/381~373)

Howard O. Ward, Assistant Treasurer240 Owego StreetCandor, NY 13743 (607/6594520)

Donald Colton, Director5,95 Trinity AvenueLowville, NY 13367

Thomas A. Conklin, Director10 Artillery LaneBaldwinsville, NY 13027

Richard J. Fox, DirectorRD 3, Dresserville RoadMoravia, NY 13118

Robert A. Hellman, DirectorP.O. Box 231, Brockport, NY 14420

Allen F. Horn, Director3978 Pompey Center RoadManlius, NY 13104

John H. Hamel, DirectorBox L, 3805 Sweet RoadJamesville, NY 13078

R. Dean Frost, DirectorRD 1, Box 80Whitney Point, NY 13862

William H. Lynch, Jr., Director100 Whitestone DriveSyracuse, NY 13215

Harold Petrie, DirectorRD I, Box 117, Parish, NY 13131

Earl Pfamer, DirectorAllen Road, Chaffee, NY 14030

Alec C. Proskine, Director9370 Congress RoadTrumansburg, NY 14886

Robert O. Richter, DirectorRD 3, Box 254AGreene, NY 13778

Evelyn Stock, DirectorIke Dixon RoadCamillus, NY 13031

Lloyd C. Strombeck, Director57 Main StreetOwego, NY 13827

Wesley E. Subr, DirectorRanger School, Wanakena, NY 13695

John Thorington, DirectorRt. 2, Skyhigh Road, Tully, NY 13159

Sanford Vreeland, Director1707 Rush-Henrietta Townline RoadRush, NY 14543

Ruth J. Thoden, Executive SecretaryP.O. Box 123Boonville, NY 13309 (315/9424593)

ifures erA PUBUo\TION OF TI-IE NEW YORK FDREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION

RIGHT TO WG?The NJ Farm Bureau Board of

Directors voted unanimously tojoin an appeal of a court rulingthat might test the state's right tofarm law. The case involves aMorris County timber landownerwho sued Rockaway Townshipfor adopting an ordinance whichprohibited him from conductinga normal agricultural practice(timbering). The township,which has admitted publicly thatit prefers houses on this 600 acretract and will not allow farmlandassessment qualification, won theSuperior Court ruling by JudgeStanton on the basis of homerule. Farm Bureau feels all farm-ers have a stake in this precedent,which might be construed as al-lowing municipalities to use zon-ing powers to artifically restrict afarmer's right to conduct normal,recommended farming practices.The "amicus brief' by FarmBureau will support member H.J."Kip" Koehler, III, in his exem-plary pursuit for himself and oth-er farmers.

- Peter FureyNJ Farm Bureau

Trenton, NJ

ROAD TO SUCCESSWhen was the last time you

were in your woodlot? Last deerseason? The one before that?When they logged it?

If your woodlot is only a taxburden that provides infrequent

WOODLOTOOINDARJuly 18-19: NYFOA Woods-walk at Wanakena, New York.Lodging available at RangerSchool both nights.

July 21-22: NY Maple Produc-ers Tour, Washington and War-ren Counties, New York. Call

income, don't you wonder whyyou keep it?

A number of woodland own-ers have found that their wood-land becomes active, producescontinuously, and is a source ofpersonal pleasure once they doone thing: build an access road.

Usually, but not always, theroad is constructed: a) during,b) following, c) just before, ord) a combination of the above, asale of products.

When logs of fuel wood are tobe sold, the wood must be re-moved from the woods oversome sort of path or paths. Withno prior planting, these pathstend to run straight down the hill.The skidder will go there, so whynot?

The only "why not" is thatwater can't be turned from theruts, and no other vehicle, andsometimes not even a horse, can

Lewis Staats at 518/523-9337.

August 1-2: Summer meeting ofNY Christmas Tree Growers As-sociation,· Ferguson's Plantation,Warsaw, New York. Call 716/786-5081 for details.

August 12-14: Empire FarmDays, Palladino Farm, Pompey,New York.

August 15-17: Woodsman'sField Days, Boonville, New York.

travel there. When the skid roadsare planned, the grade can bekept flatter, water can be con-trolled, and with minor bulldoz-ing. What was a skid road be-comes an access road you candrive your pickup on, ride yourhorse on, ski on, walk on, feedyour partridge chicks or yourturkey poults on, graze your rab-bits and deer on, or sell fuel woodthat will thin your woods.

The single most importantthing, after your decision as anowner to manage your woodlotat all, is the construction of a usa-ble access road!

How much does a road cost?The figure usually is between 50cents and 75 cents a foot. I'veworked on extremes in both di-rections, but I think that is theball park.

Treat yourselfto a personal in-spection of your woodlot, com-plete with a line of ribbons on asuggested route for your accessroad. A bit more curious? Lookat some roads near you that yourneighbors have built. Seeing isbelieving.

- Thomas BahreCounty Forester

Addison County, Vermont

DIRECTORY ISSUEI hope you plan to keep up the

practice of publishing a directoryissue every two years. I think thelist of members, the historical in-formation, and the bylaws are allvery useful. With the turnover onthe Board and in our member-ship, it's especially important thatthis type of information be put infront of all every two years.

- Stuart McCartyRochester, New York

August 16: NYFOA Woods-walk at property of Dr. and Mrs.John Hamilton, Wayland, NewYork.

September 12-13: Fall meetingof NYFOA, Sardinia (ErieCounty), New york. Slide show,woodswalks, beaver dams, ma-ple syrup operation, sawmill, etc.

September 27-0ctober 15:NYFOA Tour to New Zealand.Call 607/659-5275.

PubiishedJor the New York Forest Owners Association by American Agriculturist, Inc.110W-est Clinton Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. Telephone 607/273-35-07

July/August 1986 3

IT IS NOTENOUGHTO OWNA FOREST

MATTHEW and Sandra Critzoperate a multi-faceted farm bus-

iness located near Cazenovia, New York.The busy young couple is involved inChristmas trees for retail and wholesalemarket (60 acres), custom-shearing andplanting Christmas trees, making 7,000to 8,000 wreaths annually for Yuletidesale (wholesale and retail), pick-your-own small fruits - eight acres each ofstrawberries and blueberries, plus fiveacres of raspberries, growing conifer seed-lings and transplants for sale to growersof Christmas trees (selling a quarter-million of them annually).

Seeds of conifer trees are gathered inthe Adirondack Mountains, and on theTug Hill Plateau, then sold to nursery op-erators or used to start seedlings at theCritz farm.

They also maintain a greenhouse forgrowing vegetable and flower plantsfor roadside sale, plus three acres ofpumpkins.

Matt is a forestry graduate from theuniversity at Syracuse, and is fully awareof the soils needed for a succcessful tree-seedling nursery. Palmyra gravelly loamisjust the ticket, and there are eight acresof it on the 150-acre farm. Cazenovia siltloam is the major soil- only moderatelywell drained, but okay for most small-fruit and vegetable crops. Perhaps mostimportant, there is a good site for a pondthat offers indispensable irrigation.

"Irrigation," Matt says, "is a must for atree nursery. An inch of water goes on thetransplants and seedlings every weekfrom a pump, or from the sky, or a com-bination of both. It's also essential forfrost protection for strawberries in thespring, and pumpkins in the fall."

Sandra heads up the at-farm produc-tion and sales of pumpkins, berries,wreaths, and other products outside theforestry realm. Matt takes a crew on the

by Gordon Conklin

road early to custom-plant Christmastrees, and then to continue a completecustom service that also includes herbi-cide and/or insecticide applications,shearing, mowing, harvesting, and bal-ing. He expects to shear 500,000 trees in1986.

Hedge shears are used for shaping untiltrees are waist high, then the preferredtool becomes a light steel knife with an18-inch blade and lO-inch handle (and arazor edge).

"At Cazenovia, there are two weeks ofthe best time to trim Scotch pine, butacross the entire region where we do cus-tom work, the period is seven weeks,"Matt says. "The trimming crew operatesa bit like the wheat harvesters in the west.We start in Virginia and work north withwhite pine and Scotch pine, then gosouth again to work our way north withthe firs and spruce.

The challenge is to nurture it, to ful-fill a destiny of beauty, productivity,and family pride ... while turningenough dollars over to hang on to it.But how?

There are no easy answers, onlyideas to ponder by the woodstove.That's what NYFOA is all about:ideas, family pride in forest manage-ment, and sharing of dreams.

Through regular issues of N. Y.Forest Owner magazine, frequentseminars and woodswalks in oneanother's woodlots, and extendedtours to extend the fellowship andlearning in foreign lands, members ofthe New York Forest Owners Associ-ation are growing as surely as the treesin their woodlots.

J · ,010. ------Check your preferredmembership option:D Regular - $10D Family - $15D Contributing - $16-$99D Supporting - over $100Send checks payable to:New York Forest Owners AssociationP.O. Box 123Boonville, NY 13309

Yes, I'd like to join the New YorkForest Owners Association and getmore out of my woodlands.

Name _

Phone _

Address _

City _

State/Zip _

An inch of water goeson the transplants andseedlings every weekfrom a pump or fromthe sky.

"Growing Christmas trees is a profes-sional business now, requiring good seedto start with, herbicides and mowing tocontrol vegetation, skillful trimming asthe trees grow, and a marketing strategythat maximizes profit. In selling realestate, the saying is that the value of aproperty depends on three things -loca-tion, location, and location. With Christ-mas trees, value depends on quality, qual-ity, and quality."

At the Critz farm, seedling trees in-clude Douglas fir, balsam fir, white pine,white spruce, and Scotch pine. No bluespruce is grown because it is an alternatehost for the Cooley gall aphid, and Nor-way spruce is avoided because of its in-clination for needle-drop. "Fraser fir is

4 New York Forest Owner

not included because the deer love tochew them," Matt says. Cone collectingto gather seeds for the nursery begins inmid-August.

"Our custom work in Christmas-treeplantations is a market niche for us,"Matt says. "As far as I know, we are theonly northeastern outfit offering such aservice from planting to harvest. The at-farm sales of small fruits, Christmas trees,vegetables, and wreaths are also marketniches somewhat uncommon in our im-mediate area, offering more adequateand relatively stable margins, as con-trasted to selling everything wholesale."

He figures on sales averaging 2,000Christmas trees annually, part of them atthe farm (the trees are displayed in thehaymow floor of what was once a dairybarn at the homestead). The rest are soldat three locations in the nearby city ofSyracuse. Matt cautions would-be grow-ers (dazzled with the numbers generatedwhen multiplying 2,000 by $20) to re-member that it is 8 to 10 years after plant-ing before salable trees are ready - andthe investment in taxes, trimming, mow-ing, and so on mount up year by year.

But he's bullish about the industrygenerally, saying, "About seventy per-cent of the Christmas trees used in New

York State are imported from outside itsboundaries, so there is room for growersof quality trees. Let me lean on that termagain - quality trees."

When Matt began looking for a placeto relocate (from the Watertown, NewYork area), he had some specific ob-jectives:

• population density nearby to pro-vide sufficient customers for at-farmsales;

• soil with adequate water-handlingcapacity for a nursery, and lower-quality(but still adequate) soils for small fruits,vegetables, and Christmas trees;

"Our custom work inChristmas-treeplantations is a marketniche for us."- Matt Critz

Critzes at their present location. It is un-usual for people to be so specific andscientific in searching for a farm, but suchan approach can pay big dividends. •

DR. WILLIAM HARLOWWell-known forestry professor and

former Heiberg Award winner Dr. Wil-liam M. Harlow, 85, died recently. Hewas a life-long Syracuse resident.

Harlow authored seven books includ-ing Textbook of Dendrology which fo-cuses on tree identification and character-istics.The book is now in its sixth editiou.

Harlow is best known, perhaps, for hisphotography which appeared in the Life/Nature library book, The Forest and theScientist, and McGraw-Hili's The Life ofthe Forest and The Life of the Marsh.Harlow produced films for Walt DisneyStudios and Encyclopedia Britannica.His work includes a total of 28 16-mmfilms for which he won some 13 nationalawards.

A professor at the State UniversityCollege of Environmental Science andForestry at Syracuse from 1928 until1965, Harlow won the prestigious SvendO. Heiberg Award from the New YorkForest Owners Association in 1980. •

• location on a heavily traveled, all-weather road that offered easy access tothe farmstead;

• aquifer and soil characteristics thatwould make irrigation-pond construc-tion both feasible and productive.

All these things are available to the

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July/ August 1986 5

GYPSY moths carry a deadly biolog-ical "time bomb" waiting to be det-

onated. And scientists at the BoyceThompson Institute (BTI) for Plant Re-search at Cornell University are trying tofind the trigger mechanism to set off theexplosive on command.

Large tracts of northeastern forestshave been severely damaged by hungrygypsy moth caterpillars in recent dec-ades. Now scientists find that large num-bers of gypsy moths are infected with apeculiar kind of virus. It produces no rec-ognizable symptoms at first, but for rea-sons not well understood, the virus be-comes destructive to its host when acti-vated, much like the herpes simplex virusthat causes cold sores in humans. Such avirus, if activated by forest managers,could wipe out the pesky gypsy moths,which, scientists say, are the most seriousinsect pests affecting the nation's hard-wood forests.

"When this virus becomes activated,it's lethal," says BTI virologist AlanWood. "That explains why gypsy mothpopulations, after several years of ram-page, crash practically overnight."

At least one in every 10 gypsy moths isinfected with this virus, which is ready toseize an opportune time to become viru-lent, a phenomenon not previously seenin the world of caterpillars and moths(lepidopteron), according to Wood.

In his most recent study, Wood hasmade another major discovery. He foundthat infected gypsy moths pass on the vi-rus to their offspring. This makes scien-tists even more convinced that they maybe able to turn this virus into a killer atthe right time.

Brought into Massachusetts from Eu-rope more than a century ago, gypsymoths have since stripped millions ofacres of forests in the Northeast. A lead-ing defoliator of hardwoods, especiallyoak, the critter is known to attack more

Illustration by R. W BrownThis young larva has spun a silken threadfrom the tree crown. This thread will prob-ably break as he drops, and the wind maycarry him to another location . . . possi-bly as much as 20 miles away. The manylong hairs on his body increase his air-borne buoyancy.

TIME:BOMB

byYong Kim

than 100 species of trees, shrubs, andornamentals. .

Still on the march, the gypsy moth isexpanding its range. Pockets of infesta-tions now exist throughout the North-east, in parts of the Midwest as far west asWisconsin, and on the Atlantic seaboardas far south as South Carolina. Gypsymoths are now showing up in the north-western United States, including north-ern California, Oregon, and Washington.

Within infested areas, gypsy mothpopulations fluctuate widely in almostunpredictable fashion. BTI's Wood isconvinced that gypsy moth populationcrashes that occur usually several yearsafter boom periods are due to the epi-demics caused by the so-called latent vi-rus infections in gypsy moths.

When the virus is dormant, causing novisible damage, scientists call that behav-ior the latent or persistent state. When thelatent virus becomes activated and de-structive, that phenomenon is called theproductive state.

What prompts the latent virus to be-come deadly remains a scientific mys-tery. Wood believes that when gypsymoth populations undergo physiologicalstress, such as food scarcity or seeking outnew food sources beyond the infestedareas, the virus transforms itself into a le-thai one.

"People carrying the herpes simplexvirus develop cold sores following astress, such as fever," Wood explains."The gypsy moth virus acts up wheneverthe insect is stressed.

"If we can find out what turns the virusagainst its host, we would be able to de-stroy the insect before it causes unaccep-table levels of damage," Wood pointsout.

Based on this hypothesis, Wood plansto establish in his laboratory a large gypsymoth colony infected with the latent vi-rus. These infected insects will be putthrough a variety of stresses to see whichone makes the virus become destructive.

"We plan to put the insect throughevery conceivable kind of stress to pin-point which stress serves as the trigger,"Wood says. "We hope to find the onethat is environmentally safe as well aseconomical."

In Wood's view, mixing the insect'sfood with certain kinds of chemicals pro-duced by trees or shrubs that are not pre-

6 New York Forest Owner

~----~--~------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~

ferred as food by gypsy moths may beone possibility to induce stress. For ex-ample, tannin, a natural chemical foundin pine needles, maybe a good candidate.

"We could set off such a chemicaltrigger just before insect damage be-comes serious," Wood says. "We want tohave those viruses turn against their hostswhen we want them to, rather than wait-ing for Mother Nature to do it."

Discussing another way of pitting thevirus against its host, Wood says that liveviruses could be sprayed just before gyp-sy moths lay their eggs late in the season.Because the viruses are now known to betransmitted through the eggs,many of theyoung larvae emerging from the eggs inthe following spring would be infected.

Scientists have foundthat large numbers ofgypsy moths areinfected with apeculiar kind of virus.

"Then we could throw the chemicalswitch to activate those viruses," Woodsays.

The same virus as a living insecticidehas been employed by professional for-esters to control gypsy moths in heavilyinfested areas. Results have been unpre-dictable because this practice depends onnature to turn those viruses into killers.

Woods' discovery that gypsy mothsharbor such a potentially deadly virusand transmit it to their offspring opens upnew avenues of research. The BoyceThompson Institute scientist suspects thatother kinds of insect pests affecting im-portant agricultural crops also may carrylatent viruses.

Illustration by Wayne TrimmPredaceous ground beetles kill gypsy mothlarvae. Most important is a large iridescentgreen importation from Europe calledCalosoma sycophanta. Pictured here, oneof the native ground beetles, Calosomafrigidum, attacks a gypsy moth caterpillar.

The Douglas fir tussock moth that at-tacks all types of fir trees in the PacificNorthwest, cotton bollworm, and cab-bage looper are among serious insectpests that may be carriers of such viruses,Wood speculates.

"If our idea of wiping out gypsy mothsby coaxing those latent viruses to attacktheir hosts is successful, it could serve as amodel to develop a new strategy for bio-logical control of insect pests," Woodsays.

Working with Wood on this researchare insect physiologist Patrick Hughesand research associate John Burand,both at BTI, and Grieg Steward, an un-dergraduate majoring in neurobiology in

WOODPRESERVATIVES

"Bibliography of Wood Preservativeand Use" is the title of a new Conserva-tion Circular byW .Sh9ales, G. Goff, andN. Tammi, Depa.rtment of Natural Re-sources, Cornell University. This IS-pagepublication COntainsannotations, prices,and ordering information for 28 refer-ences on the [olio wing topics: physicalproperties of woods, drying wood, pro-tecting wood from decay, al1d buildingwith wood.

Farmers, hom~owneIs, wood work-ers, and others who use wood around thehome, farm, or estate will find this biblio-graphy full of general information onwood.preservation ...and an excellentsource for publications.

To order, mail $1,50 per copy ($1.05each for 10 or more copies) to: ExtensionSecretary, Department of Natural Re-sources, Fernow Hall, Cornell Univer-sity, Ithaca, NY ·14853-3001. Makechecks payable to Cornell University,free directory listing 19 bulletins and 26conservation circulars for forest ownerscan also be ordered from the same ad-dress. •

July/ August 1986 7

Photo by Alan Wood Boyce Thompson Institute

Oak trees, if defoliated three or more con-secutive years by gypsy moth caterpillars,may never recover.

the College of Arts and Sciences, and en-tomologist Warren Johnson in the NewYork State College of Agriculture andLife Sciences, both at Cornell.

Wood's research is sponsored by theU.S. Forest Service and the Cornell Bio-technology Program, which is comprisedof the Center for Advanced Technologyin Biotechnology (Agriculture), fundedby the New York State Science andTechnology Foundation, and the Bio-technology Institute, funded by EastmanKodak, General Foods, and Union Car-bide. The project is also supported in partby the Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation inNew York City. •

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theWRIGHT

kindof

MAPLE BUSINESS

Use thesweetest sap;

use the least andcheapest fuel;

find the best price.

NEIL Wright says he didn't even tapthe trees in one of his Oneida Coun-ty, New York, sugar bushes lastyear. He says he was too busy trying

to install his reverse osmosis (RO)machine.

It didn't bother him much. His sapaveraged only 2.1% sugar content in1985."If ever there was a year to miss, last

year would have been it," says Wrightwith a knowing laugh.

He knows that low sugar contentacross much of the Northeast the pastcouple of years makes his decision looksmart, and makes syrup prices attractiveto producers. Those prices may accountfor the big attendance at this year's an-nual maple tour, a traveling educationalevent organized by New York's Cooper-ative Extension Service that takes pro-ducers and would-be producers to visitone another. Almost 300 enthusiasts reg-istered each of the past two years.

Because of its $22-a-gallon retail price,pure maple syrup is laughingly called liq-uid gold. As with mining gold, the trick isto extract the high-value sweetener forless than the going price. With maplesyrup that can be a challenge, consideringthe fuel cost to boil, typically, 40 gallonsof sap to one gallon of syrup. In 1983,Neil Wright needed only 36\6 gallons ofsap per gallon of syrup, but in a bad year,it might take 42 or more.

Therein lies the maple producer's sci-ence: use the sweetest sap; use the leastand cheapest fuel; find the best price.Much of Neil Wright's management re-volves around such principles. His treesare drained with plastic tubing that drawssap to the roadside. That way, no truckshave to leave the paved road during sug-

y A L NA K

aring season, says Wright. That suitsprinciple two: use the least fuel.

He culls trees, cuts them down, accord-ing to sweetness tests. That's principleone: use the sweetest sap.

"We did notice an increase in the sugarcontent in this bush after it was thinnedsix years ago," says Wright. "With thin-ning, it takes fewer years to reach tappa-ble size because the trees grow faster."

Another factor affecting sweetness isthe maple leaf cutter. Extension Servicemaple specialist Lewis Staats observesthat this leaf-chewing insect hurts sweet-ness, largely by reducing the surface areaof the leaf, the photosynthesis factory.

It is sometimes said that the only wayto become a farmer is to be born one or tomarry one. Neil Wright is living evidencethat this isn't so of a maple producer. Heworked three years in a lumber camp be-fore deciding, he says, there had to be aneasier way. He went to sea in the Mer-chant Marine for 10 years, then returnedto Oneida County to enter the grocerybusiness. He moved into plumbing andheating and, eventually, started sellingcoal.

He boiled enough sap his first seasonto make 33 gallons of syrup. He burnedthat coal and claims he could make syrupthat way for half his neighbor's cost(principle two: cheap fuel).

"I sold all I had," says Wright, "so, Imade some more the next year."

He kept that up until 1970, when hehad trouble finding the right size coal heneeded. It was a problem born in Amer-ica's conversion to oil. Neil Wright wasforced to go along, just in time for theArab oil embargo. Now, he averages$2.20 expenditure for oil for every gallonof syrup he makes.

In 1984, he boiled 36,000 gallons ofsap. He says he sells about 100 gallons ofsyrup a month right at the sugar house inCamden.

Much of that syrup is sold on the pan-cake. The Wright family operates a small(roughly 50-seat) pancake restaurant atthe sugar house. Neil Wright says a vis-itor was impressed with an addition hebuilt on the sugar house to house a bath-room and a place to have lunch.

"You ought to make pancakes and sell

B

Neil Wright (c) traded up from the Mer-chant Marine to this Oneida County, NewYork, sugar bush. With him are (I) OneidaCounty agent Bruce Field, state forester AIBrown, and (r) extension maple specialistLewis Staats.

N G HI T8 July/ August 1986

Signs are 11" x 12". Printing guaranteed not to rub off.Call or write for free sample.Colonial Poster Company

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'em right here," the visitor suggested."Well, there went my wife and there

went my bathroom," jokes Wright.The pancake kitchen operates 7 a.m.

to 2 p.m. Saturdays and Sundays. TheWrights' daughter returns each weekendfrom Syracuse to help operate it.

Neil Wright says he spends about$600 a year on advertising, and he hasstrong ideas on what works and whatdoes not. One idea he likes very much isthe daily door prize. People who come tothe pancake kitchen can fill out a cardand put it in the box to be eligible for thedaily drawing for a small jug of maplesyrup. That is a small price for theWrights to pay for what they really want:a mailing list.

Everybody who fills out the card is, ineffect, entering his name on a customermailing list. Each customer receives acard in the mail in late winter remindingthem to "come get some pancakes"(principle three: get the best price).

Neil Wright is high on reverse osmosis,the idea that kept him from tapping moretrees this past spring while he wrestledwith the machine.

"My RO machine?" he says. "It's agreat machine. All it lacks is a book thattells you how to operate it."

Reverse osmosis is hi-tech in the bush.By using new membrane technology, amaple producer can separate sap fromwater without resorting to expensiveboiling (principle two: least fuel). It'smuch like separating apples from cider,only more sophisticated and much moreexpensive.One serious operator who visited Neil

Wright admitted to having spent $20,000on his own reverse osmosis machine be-fore sending it back to the factory be-cause of gradual loss of filtering ability.He said it was almost as though it cloggedup.

But Neil Wright loves his."We leave it going, go home and have

supper, then go to bed and come back toall that concentrate," he says, apparentlynot missing those all-night boiling ses-sions and companion fuel cost. The ROmachine handles 300 gallons of sap perhour.

Neil Wright also likes and recom-mends to others the battery-poweredalarm system that sounds if the sap levelin the evaporator boils too low.

"It cost me less than $100," saysWright. "I don't know how people arecoming up with these $1,000 and $1 ,500alarm systems." •

FIREWOODSALESRULES

Whenever firewood is sold, a detailedreceipt is now required by the New YorkState Department of Agriculture andMarkets. This rule became effective onJuly 24, 1985, says Cornell CooperativeExtension specialist David Taber.

"A delivery ticket, sales invoice, or re-ceipt shall be presented by the seller tothe buyer whenever any unpackagedwood for fuel is sold," according to therule change.

Every delivery ticket, sales invoice, orreceipt must state the name and addressof the seller, the date of the sale, the quan-tity or dimensions of the wood sold, andthe price of the quantity sold.

Additional information about theNew York State regulations covering thesale of firewood can be obtained fromyour county Bureau of Weights andMeasures or the New York State De-partment of Agriculture and Markets,Bureau of Weights and Measures, Build-ing 7A, State Campus, Albany, NY12223 (telephone 518/457-3452). •

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improvement..- Logging engineering and

harvesting..- Cost and economic studies 01

forest operations..- Environmental impoct studies

Offices

• 5 Genesee StreetAvon, New York 14414716/226-8330

• Am. 311, Cortland Savings BankCortland, New York 130456071753-3113

• 109 Erie StreetEdinboro, Pennsylvania 16412814/734-7051

• Crown Building100 E. Second StreetJamestown, New York 14701716/664-5602

• 229 State StreetLowville, New York 13367315/376-7758

• P.O. Box 488 Bridge StreetTowanda, Pennsylvania 18848717/265-7055

10

ASK A

SICK BEECHOn our 30-acre hardwood lot, much ofthe beech is covered with white fuzzypatches. Atfirst I thought this was snow,but on closer examination realized I wasmistaken. Is this something I should beconcerned about? We have been takingfirewood annually from this land by cut-ting only the defective and dying trees.

- B.J. SullivanCortland County

You bet you should be concerned.You may have heard about the beechbark disease that has decimated stands ofbeech throughout New England and hasscattered infestations over New York.The killing disease is a canker fungus(Nectria) whose spores are able to infectthe inner living tissue of beech throughbark openings initiated by the beechscale, a tiny insect with a sucking beakthat penetrates the thin bark to feed onsap. When in high or epidemic popula-tion, thousands of scale insects are feed-ing on one beech stem, and the bark willdie and crack with so many incisions, al-lowing the canker spores to enter. It isthis fungus that finally kills the beech.You will first note the presence of thescale insects, as you have, by the "fuzzy"white protective covering they produceby their own excretions. With high popu-lations of the insect, the lower portions ofthe stem will appear white-washed.Within one to two years, you should no-tice an "orange glow" on the dead anddying moist bark (crusty orange-brownwhen dry). This is the Nectria fruitingbody and a sure sign of death.

What to do? There is no known eco-nomical method of controlling the dis-ease. Select the over-mature or oldesttrees first which are apparently heavilyinfested and cut or utilize for firewoodbefore the stems begin rotting. If it's morethan you can handle, I am sure you couldcontract a firewood sale in your area. Asyou probably know, beech is excellentfirewood whose heat-yield per unit vol-ume even exceeds hard maple.

Although the disease may eventually

I

byWes Suhr

New York Forest Owner

kill all of your pole- and sawtimber-sizedbeech, I would advise you to leave a fewof the best (straightest and longest stemswith healthy or full crowns) pole andyoung sawtimber-sized trees (6-14")which appear to have a low level of infes-tation. Who knows? The disease maypass and spare a few.

THAT NATURAL LOOKIown a 100-acre hardwood lot that hasan all-aged, wilderness appearance.There seem to be few seedlings andsmaller trees but many in the middle-range, 6 to 10" in diameter, and a smallernumber of really big trees. I detest theone-storied look of so many woodlots, it'sjust too artificial for me. A botanist friendtold me that the species are mostly sugarmaple and beech in the smaller size andyellow birch, black cherry (with afew redspruce and hemlock) in the larger size.My question is how can I maintain thisnatural appearance and increase thecherry-birch trees in the 6 inch categoryof my woodlot?

- A wilderness loverSt. Lawrence County

Well, a forester can maintain that all-aged or uneven-aged structure of yourstand with a carefully controlled markingand cutting plan. In fact, I bet that all-aged spread can even be improved byapplying the single-tree selection systemof silviculture. If you are not opposed tomaking a little money by harvestingsome of your trees, this could pay for theexpertise of a good forester who can, intime, give your woodlot a wider distribu-tion of diameter classes. There may be avoid of seedlings and saplings in yourstand and these can be stimulated or re-leased by a partial removal of the over-story (larger trees). Do not be alarmedbecause, most likely, just removing dis-eased, dying and low-quality trees in thepole and sawtimber classes would beadequate release. During the same har-vest or treatment, you would have to de-cide whether it's best to utilize the biggestand most defective cherry, birch, hem-lock, and spruce, or let them remain torot and be windthrown.

(continued on next page .. .)

ASK A FORESTER(continued/rom page 10) WOODSWALKS The Hamiltons have planted in recent

years locust and Christmas trees for fam-ily and friends, and are also very involvedin efforts to restore the American chest-nut. They have set out their own Casta-nea seedlings.

Mrs. Hamilton writes that she and Dr.Hamilton delight in watching the wild-life, such as opossums, skunks, and evenbobcats and black bears that share thetree farm with them. They make frequentuse of the acreage for skiing, hunting,fishing, and hiking.

To find the farm, turn north from route21 (which connects Wayland and NorthCohocton) onto county route 37, whichintersects Route 21 exactly 3.7 milesfrom North Cohocton. Proceed north oncounty route 37 until you come to a sec-ond left: Schribner Road, a dirt road thatgoes steeply up hill. Proceed on Schrib-ner Road for 0.8 miles to the house withthe Tree Farm sign, and you're there.

Activities begin at 10 a.m. Bring a pic-nic lunch and appropriate dress for theweather. •

H you have somethingto sell. . . classified

advertising gets action.

WAYLANDAUGUST 16

Wayland, New York, and the treefarm owned by Dr. and Mrs. John Hamil-ton will be the scene of this mid-summerwoodswalk, and a fascinating one itsounds like, too.

The Hamiltons' tree farm consists of330 acres, 200 of which are wooded.Mrs. Hamilton's father started it in 1933with a 90 acre purchase of scrub land. Asyears went by, he, his daughter and herhusband have been able to add contigu-ous acreage to round out the tree farm.

They have planted more than 100 000seedlings of softwoods, including a ~ari-ety of pines and spruces. Until 1974, theland was used only for recreation, but inthat year they built a new home and tookup residence on the site.

The Hamiltons are in the eighth yearof a ten-year F.I.P. (Forest ImprovementProgram) project under the supervisionof a state employed forester who cites itas a good example of what people can doon their own without outside workers.

With this single-tree selection system,the shade-tolerant trees in the understorywill thrive and persist to eventually be-come the climax forest type (sugar ma-ple, beech, hemlock and red spruce). So,in answer to the second part of your ques-tion, the cherry and birch componentwill eventually disappear (the cherryfirst), by allowing either nature or theforester to maintain that all-aged struc-ture. Yellow birch may be regeneratedand maintained in a heavy partial cut, butblack cherry requires full sunlight to sur-vive after the seedlings are established. Itis a shade intolerant species and cannotbe regenerated successfully with thesingle-tree selection system or in the all-aged stand.

As you can see, this is complicatedbusiness. I strongly suggest that you con-tact a forester to evaluate your woodlotin terms of those objectives with you de-sire that are also achievable.

NOKKA-2500AHandy all season farm

implement from loggingto ditching.

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TUDOR & JONES, INC.Weedsport, NY 13166Phone 315/834-6661

Questions should be addressed to:Wes Suhr, Ranger School, Wana-kena, New York 13695. •

Powere~ by your tractor hydraulics, the Nokka-2500A isa versatile, hard-working, all season farm implement.

The force grapple is practical (with optional equipment)f?r many routine chores from iifting to trenchingto mate-rial handling - gravel, lime, fertilizer, etc.

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July/ August 1986 11

WOODLOT

-

CROSSBOW HERBICIDEEffective weed and brush manage-

ment often must begin with controllingunwanted plants in fencerows, roadsides,and other non-crop areas. Crossbowweed and brush killer from the DowChemical Company is now available forsuch non-cropland uses. Companyspokesmen say that no permit or certifi-cation is required to buy and use Cross-bow.

The herbicide controls a wide varietyof woody plants including multiflorarose, hawthorn, and blackberry, as wellas many broadleaf weeds such as Canadathistle and ironweed. While the productis highly active against many weed spe-cies, it is selective to most grasses.

Crossbow is applied any time plantsare actively growing as a wetting spraywith 1 to 1V2 gallons of chemical per 100gallons of water on woody plants. Tocontrol annual and perennial broad-leaves, apply as a broadcast spray at arate of 1 to 2 quarts per acre in enoughwater to provide uniform weed coverage.For spot treatments, 1/4 pint of herbicideshould be mixed with 3 gallons of water.

TRACTOR-MOUNTEDTREE SAW

Worksaver, Inc., Litchfield, Illinois isnow offering a tractor-mounted rear sawthey say is capable of felling a 20" oaktree in approximately 20 seconds. Thesaw can be used with any Category IItractor having at least 75 hp, a 3-pt. hitch,and pto. When the saw is in position, aspring-loaded pusher bar contacts thetree high on its trunk to provide safetyand direct the fall. A rotating 54" circularblade is then pushed through the tree by ahydraulic cylinder. The blade's replace-able teeth are made of durable carbidesteel.

The rugged, heavy-duty saw allowstrees to be cut at ground level, eliminat-ing stumps and increasing timber harvest.Trees up to 24" in diameter require onlya single cut while larger trees may befelled with multiple cuts.

To find out about the tractor-mountedsaw or any of Worksaver's 3-pt. attach-ments, contact Worksaver, Inc., P.O.Box 1000, Litchfield, IL 62056 (tele-phone 217/324-5973).

WooDCHOP'RNew for the woodcutter is 3L Co.'s

WOODCHOP'R, an innovative toolthat, according to the company, allowsthe woodcutter to work safer, faster, andeasier than ever. WOODCHOP'R is ahigh quality steel stand to which yourchain saw is easily mounted. At last youcan cut long pieces of wood single-handedly eliminating the need for a sec-ond pair of hands. The job will be fasterand safer because kickback is eliminatedand vibration non-existent.

The WOODCHOP'R is constructedof steel, yet weighs less than 14 pounds. Itis compact so you can transport it to anysite, and it is easily stored. Company offi-cials say their tool is great for the wood-cutter eager to get the job done in thequickest, most efficient manner.

WOODCHOP'R sells for $32.95. Forfurther information, write to 3L Co., 226S. Dunton, E. Patchogue, NY 11772.

NEW WOODS MOWERWoods, Division of Hesston Corpora-

tion, Oregon, Illinois, announces theModel F35, their latest undermountmower designed for compact tractorsrated from 14 hp to 30 hp.

The model F35 is adaptable for usewith Ford, Kubota, John Deere, Interna-tional, Mitsubishi, and Yanmar tractors.

Complete information and specifica-tions on the Model F35 are availablefrom Woods, Division of Hesston Cor-poration, Oregon, IL 61061. Please in-clude the manufacturer's name of yourtractor when requesting literature.

12 New York Forest Owner

For Sale: Christmas tree seed-lings. Special 5-8' woodsplants,$95 per thousand. Superior bal-sam woodsplants 8-15', $200 perthousand. Balsam woodsplants8-15' transplanted in trenches atleast one year and fertilized, $400per thousand. Contact Walker'sTree Farms, East Burke, VT05832. Telephone 802/626-5276.

Classified Advertisements:There is a simple formula forplacing a classified advertisementin the N. Y. Forest Owner. Writeor, preferably, type your adver-tisement. Count the words (thisad is 53 words), multiply by 25cents per word, and send a checkpayable to the n.y. Forest Owner,710 West Clinton Street, Ithaca,New York 14850.

For Sale: Balsam fir (Abiesbalsa mea) seed from superiorChristmas tree type on Tug Hill,Lewis County. Bill Ballagh 315/376-7281.

For Sale: 90 acre hardwood &softwood woodlot on blacktoproad near Lake Ozonia, St. Law-rence County; including lovely 5room cabin; spring outside cabindoor; brook crosses property;several wood roads on property;excellent deer hunting. $22,000.with owner financing. Write Box223, Norwood, NY 13668.

Travel: Forest owners' tour toNew Zealand, September 27-October 15, 1986. Visit otherforest owners and organizationsin the country where forestry is akind of farming and farming isking. Sponsored by the NewYork Forest Owners Association.Contact New Yorkshire Tours,96 Targosh Road, Candor, NewYork 13743. Tel. 607/659-5275.

For Sale: Christmas trees are agood cash crop. We have theplanting stock. We also have de-ciduous shrubs, ground covers,and trees, including nut trees. Wedo planting in nearby counties.W.C. Cottell, 5577 South Gene-va Road, Sodus, NY 14451. Tel-ephone 315/483-9684.

WOODLOTSHOP

..

Classified advertisements. -.-

Services: Custom kiln dryingand export service, high qualitydrying at competitive rates. Writeor call for services and price list.Northeast Kiln Drying, Inc., P.O.Box 800, Plaistow, NH 03865.603/382-9271.

For Sale: JD540B skidder, ap-prox. 4,000 hours, one owner,well-maintained, ready to workfor you. Log Loader-Tree KingModel 8000, mounted on R200International. Lovelace LumberCo., P.O. Drawer 17, Rossa GapRoad, Summitville, NY 12781.914/888-2580 after 8 p.m.

Wanted: Red pine logs cut tolength and delivered to Manas-sas, VA area. Specs: unpeeled,minimum 13-14" at butt, 9-10"at top; straight with little taper;majority of lengths 36'-40'. RobKrieger Log Homes, P.O. Box1275, Manassas, VA 22110.703/698-1529.

SIDEK\CK

For Sale: Number 8 Ireland saw-mill complete with diesel engine4-71, clutch & V-belts; 1965 In-ternational flat bed Model 201-A, 36,000 gross; 1965 F750Ford, flat bed dump; Farmall Htractor. Lawrence Newport, RR#1, Box 223, Equinunk, PA18417. 7171224-4686.

For Sale: 6 Walnut trees, 20",20", 19", 1716", 1716", and ITdiameter at breast height; 33',31',24',31',22', and 24' respec-tively to first limb. Several smallertrees, 11" to 15" diameter atbreast height. John Peters, 35Turkey Lane, Cold Spring Har-bor, NY 11724.516/367-8061or 2011632-6231.

For Sale: 1 native AmericanChestnut tree (alive but failing),16" DBH, approx. 40' to an 8"top. Thomas Grasso, RD2, Rt.50, Ballston Lake, NY 12019.518/885-6078.

For Sale: 68 acres of standingtimber and hardwood. 607/565-8261 days or 607/565-4545evenings.

For Sale: Buy a Cardinal MobileSawmill and "Take it to thewoods!" From basic manual tofully automatic your best dollarvalue in commercial sawmillequipment today. Sawmill ma-chinery of all kinds, specializingin pallet manufacturing equip-ment. R.A. Montgomery & Co.,RD#I, Box 330, Wernersville,PA 19565. 215/678-5703. Callanytime.

Wanted: Hardwood veneer andsawlogs. Specializing in tulip pop-lar, ash, white oak, and red oakfrom localities in Southeastern/Southcentral New York andEastern PA. Pomeroy Lumber,Inc., River Road, Nineveh, NY13813.607/693-2690.

For Sale: Case 450B dozer withwinch, 2 yrs. old, $32,000; Case825 Skid King power shift logskidder, turbocharged 108 HP,Model 20 - 40,000 lb. winch,$25,000; Clark 667D log skidder,152 HP turbocharged Cummings,2 yrs. old, $49,000; Kent 1984double bunk log trailer, originaltires, $9,000; Trailmobile 40'drop frame shop van, $6,000;Wausau snowplow, 11' wide x42" high, $500. Ronald Ville-neuve, RD 2, Box 480-1, Under-hill, VT 05489. 802/899-4952.

",NoweR JUIC'-\ CAR-ROTFOR 140U,SII>eKlcK !

CLASSIFIED ADS ... BEST WAY TO BUY AND SELL

July/ August 1986 13

wooncursChestnuts

It's no secret to most readers now thatthe New York Forest Owner is edited andpublished by American Agriculturistmagazine for the New York Forest Own-ers Association. American Agriculturistgoes back a long way, clear back to 1842,making it, arguably, the oldest farm mag-azine in the country.

There's lots of forestry in that heritage.One of the best remembered editors ofyears ago was Ed Eastman, who wrote aseries of rural yarns called Eastman'sChestnuts. In one of his Chestnuts, East-man told the story of cutting down a hugetree for firewood with his dad. As the bigtwo-man saw worked its way endlesslyback and forth, the Eastman boy gotmighty tired.

The elder Eastman worked on, but, byand by, had to say, "Look, son, I knowyou're tired, and you've got a right to be.If you need to rest that's all right, butmust you drag your feet so as you ride?"Times change. The old two-man saw

that Ed Eastman used is long gone, rele-gated to the role of cocktail lounge deco-ration. Take a look through extensionservice forestry bulletins of the 1930s,'40s, and '50s and you'll find frequentadmonition to keep livestock out of thewoodlot because they trampled roots andate valuable hardwood seedlings.

Take the Forest Owners Associationtrip to New Zealand and you'll findfarmers and researchers seriously tryingto re-integrate grazing with woodlotmanagement. Research foresters andeconomists there have decided that sheepand radiata (Monterrey) pine together,on the same acreage, yield more profitthan either would alone. They've figuredout optimum stocking rates for the sheep,stocking rates for the fast-growing trees,and whether it's worthwhile or not toremove pruning slash (it isn't ... infact, the slash shelters new-born lambs).

Large and small commercial venturescalled "two tier" farms are developingacross New Zealand as farmers and forestowners alike attempt to wring profitsfrom a beautiful land but unforgivingeconomy.

But they're doing something we havelong been taught not to do. Who's right?

Post- PackwoodForest industry associations have been

cranking out press releases and letterwriting campaigns to protest possiblechanges in income tax codes. One associ-ation even offered its members a fill-in-the-blank letter-to-the-congressman thatsaid "I will have to go out of business."

That was all pre-Packwood. SenatorRobert Packwood of Oregon and hiscongressional allies have come up with aradical change of income tax rules. I willtry to locate someone to write an in-depth analysis of it, but from what I haveseen and read so far, I like it.

In agriculture, at least, many havecome to blame the cock-eyed tax codesfor much of the surplus problem. The taxcodes have encouraged non-farm moneyto seek tax shelter through cost (versusaccrual) accounting, investment tax cred-its, and depreciation. If those tax-shelterfarmers weren't there, critics argue, muchof the surplus production wouldn't be,either.

Perhaps this could also be said of thefeared over-production of Christmastrees.And who would miss the demise of a

profession grown up merely to help citi-zens figure out their taxes?

Your neighborsThe title of this magazine implies that

it is about people more than aboutforests. If you know of an interestingforest owner, why not take some time toscribble down your observations? Whynot share with other readers what it isthat makes your forest-owning neighborso interesting? Maybe he's ingenious inbuilding gadgets that make his woodswork easier. Maybe she knows everymushroom imaginable. Maybe the fam-ily has a unique approach to involvingthe children in the Christmas tree planta-tion work.

A man once said that he was a little bitof everyone he ever knew. Why not sharethose little bits with us all? Write to us at710 West Clinton Street, Ithaca, NewYork 14850.- Alan Knight, editor

Woodcuts is apage of editorial and read-er opinion. Short essays on topics of in-terest to forestland owners may be sub-mitted to The New York Forest Owner,710 West Clinton Street, Ithaca, NY14850.

C. Douglas HartnettMoravia, NY

John HastingsWest Ft. Ann, NY

Richard & Kathleen HollisRochester, NY

Garry HyattHuntington Valley, PA

James JeromeWatertown, NY

Ray JonesOswego, NY

Herbert JordanFriendship, NY

Keith KahlTaberg, NY

Donald KellievitLisle, NY

Mr. & Mrs. John KellyJohnson City, NY

Hugh KnappRochester, NY

Richard KnoblochLorraine, NY

Stephen KoonUnion Springs, NY

Arthur LanganSyracuse, NY

Livingston LansingBoonville, NY

John LeahyWbitney Point, NY

Marion LeonardBinghamton, NY

Mr. & Mrs. Ray LitynskiJohnson City, NY

Austin LovenduskiMoravia, NY

Peter & Dorothy MartinFly Creek, NY

Robert MayhoodEndicott, NY

Walter McAllesterAnandale, VA

Daniel McGoughLyons Falls, NY

Victor MellenVictor, NY

Robert MevittBinghamton, NY

Kenna Lou MillsBinghamton, NY

Robert MolineauxWilliamstown, NY

National WoodlandOwners Assoc.

Vienna, VA

Phillip NowellDeferiet, NY

Chester PaprockiTaberg, NY

N. Gorham ParksPittsford, NY

John PinichnyVestal, NY

Hugh PorterCanton, NY

John PrikazskyBinghamton, NY

Robert QuinnSacketts Harbor, NY

David ReidMaine, NY

Dale RobertsBoonville, NY

Glen RobertsLowville, NY

Daniel RochfordYorktown, NY

Elwyn RowellGlenfield, NY

Scott RussellComing. NY

John SaffordMalone, NY

Ronald SamsonLocke, NY

Juan Sanchez, MDHackensack, NJ

Curt SchwalbeConstantia, NY

George ShortFalconer, NY

Eugene SignorLocke, NY

William SovocoolMoravia, NY

Ernest SpencerMarathon, NY

•

14 New York Forest Owner

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