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Competition Ordinance Our Rights and Responsibilities The views expressed are those of the speaker and do not necessarily reflect those of the Competition Commission Philip F. MONAGHAN Executive Director (General Counsel), Competition Commission 10 December 2014 1

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Page 1: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

Competition OrdinanceOur Rights and Responsibilities

The views expressed are those of the speaker and do not necessarily reflect those of the Competition Commission

Philip F. MONAGHANExecutive Director (General Counsel), Competition Commission

10 December 2014

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Page 2: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

• The road to full implementation of the Ordinance• The Competition Rules and the Draft Guidelines –our rights and responsibilities under the new regime

• Ensuring competition compliance in your organisation

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Outline

Page 3: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

Road to full implementation…

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Ordinance enacted (2012)

Commission established (2013)

Draft Guidelines published (2014)

Guidelines finalised and adopted (2015)

Competition rules implemented (2015)

Page 4: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

Draft Guidelines issued for public comment

9 October 2014

• Commission has sought public comment on Draft Guidelines (consultation period ends today)

• Guidelines aim to assist HK businesses comply with Ordinance Take account of feedback from stakeholders during 

Commission engagement process Make liberal use of hypothetical examples to explain 

key concepts• Industry and sector neutral• Represent Commission’s interpretation of Ordinance – not 

binding on Tribunal• Other policy documents and publications to come: 

Leniency Agreement Policy SME Guide MOU with Communications Authority Enforcement Priorities

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Page 5: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

First half of 2015

• Commission to revise Draft Guidelines in light of comments received

• Consult Legislative Council on revised Draft Guidelines

• Commission will finalise Guidelines and complete internal preparations in first half of 2015

• Tribunal Rules, other subsidiary legislation (e.g. on “turnover”, statutory bodies etc)

• Government to issue Commencement Notice for Competition Rules

• Companies should be ready, willing and able to comply from Day 1!

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What’s next?

Page 6: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

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The Competition Rules and the Draft Guidelines…

Page 7: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

Draft Guideline on Complaints

• Complaints important source of information on possible infringements of Ordinance

• No formal requirements for making of complaints• However, complaints unlikely to proceed to further 

assessment if complainant does not provide sufficient information

• Commission has discretion whether to pursue complaint  Commission will pursue those complaints which it 

considers most likely to result in benefit to consumers and the Hong Kong economy

Commission considers it reasonable not to pursue all complaints that may potentially, if investigated further, uncover a contravention

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Page 8: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

Draft Guideline on Investigations• Commission proposes 3 stage investigative process:

Receiving and assessing complaint (see Draft Guideline on Complaints) 

Initial Assessment Phase, where Commission relies on public information or information provided voluntarily 

Investigation Phase, where Commission may use compulsory evidence gathering powers

• Commission will protect confidentiality of investigations and promote transparency of outcomes To promote public understanding, Commission 

will publish outcomes of investigations including Warning Notices

• Guideline does not deal with enforcement priorities

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Page 9: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

Draft Guideline on Applications

• Ordinance provides for various exclusions and exemptions

• Commission may issue Decisions on application (fee will be charged) Block exemption orders 

• Businesses are encouraged to self‐assess whether the Ordinance’s exemptions/exclusions apply

• Commission will exercise power to issue decision/block exemption order only in certain circumstances 

• Commission not empowered to provide for block exemptions in draft Guideline, can only do so once the Ordinance is fully in force

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Page 10: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

First Conduct Rule• Prohibits an undertaking from making or giving effect to an agreement if the agreement has the object or effect of harming competition in Hong Kong

• First Conduct Rule also also applies to concerted practices; and decisions of associations of undertakings

Draft Guideline on the First Conduct Rule

Page 11: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

• First Conduct Rule captures horizontal arrangements (arrangements between competitors)

• Examples of horizontal arrangements having the “object” of harming competition: Horizontal “cartel" agreements involving price fixing, market sharing, bid 

rigging, output restrictions Exchange of future price information Group boycotts

• Other horizontal arrangements generally assessed by reference to their effects e.g. Certain joint ventures Joint purchasing arrangements Standard terms and standardisation agreements

• Serious Anti‐competitive Conduct – includes horizontal cartel arrangements• Other anti‐competitive conduct subject to:

Exclusion for agreements of “lesser significance”; and  Warning Notice mechanism

First Conduct Rule – horizontal agreements

Page 12: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

• First Conduct Rule applies to vertical arrangements (arrangements between businesses at different levels of supply chain)

• Vertical arrangements having the “object” of harming competition: Resale price maintenance (RPM)

Efficiency justification may however be possible for RPM• Other than RPM, vertical arrangements generally assessed by reference to their 

effects e.g. Recommended and maximum resale price restrictions Exclusive distribution

• In certain cases, RPM may be Serious Anti‐competitive Conduct• Generally, vertical agreements not considered to be Serious Anti‐competitive 

Conduct and therefore subject to: Exclusion for agreements of “lesser significance”; and  Warning Notice mechanism

First Conduct Rule – vertical agreements

Page 13: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

FCR hypothetical examplesMarket sharing• A group of coach companies decide to allocate a number of routes 

between themselves & agree not to provide services or pursue customers on routes allocated to a particular company or to launch new routes without consulting each other

• Agreement to allocate geographic markets has object of harming competition ‐ removes choice of supplier for consumers  leading to higher prices

• Economic efficiency exclusion under Ordinance very unlikely to apply –while agreement might be considered to avoid overlapping routes, consumers unlikely to derive any benefit

RPM• A confectionary products producer wishes to introduce a range of “K‐Pop” candy 

products in Hong Kong – it has less than 5% of HK market• It requires its retailers to sell its products at a fixed introductory price of “$5 a 

pop”, which is less than the price of competing brands • Although there is a risk this RPM arrangement may be considered to have an 

anti‐competitive object, the economic efficiency exclusion may apply(arrangement allows a new product to establish itself)

Page 14: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

There’s no such thing as a free lunch…

Page 15: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

Second Conduct Rule• Prohibits undertakings with substantial market power in a market from abusingthat power by engaging in conduct which has the object or effect of harming competition in Hong Kong

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Draft Guideline on Second Conduct Rule

Page 16: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

• Draft Guideline explains Commission’s approach to market definition Generally we will only look at demand‐side substitutes Market definition is a tool and not an end in itself

• Commission takes economic approach to assessing SMP “Ability profitability to charge prices above competitive levels for a 

sustained period” Market share is only one indicator of SMP – ease of entry and expansion 

in market, countervailing buyer power also important No market share thresholds above/below which a firm will be presumed 

to have/not have SMP • Meaning of “abuse” is open but examples given in Guideline include:

Predatory pricing Anti‐competitive tying and bundling Margin squeeze and refusals to deal Exclusive dealing

Second Conduct Rule – key elements

Page 17: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

SCR example: substantial market power

• A butcher shop has a 70% market share for the supply of meat in a particular locality

• This locality amounts to a distinct geographic market because customers are not willing to travel to other localities to purchase meat

• The butcher shop’s market share alone might suggest SMP

• However, barriers to entry are low and another butcher shop could easily begin to operate in the area

• This would prevent the first butcher shop from profitably charging prices above competitive levels for a sustained period

• The butcher shop does not have SMP whatever its market share might suggest

Page 18: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

SCR example: predatory pricing

• KowloonVend has majority of vending machine sales in Hong Kong

• New Vending enters the market in competition with KowloonVend and KowloonVend’s sales begin to decline

• In response, KowloonVend cuts its prices in half – its prices are now so low that it is not covering its costs and loses money with every sale

• New Vending cannot compete with these low prices and goes out of business

• If KowloonVend has a substantial degree of market power, its conduct may be considered predatory and a violation of the SCR

Page 19: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

• Our aim is to ensure all businesses, big or small, are ready, willing and able to comply when the Conduct Rules come into force

• Phased implementation allows you to review practices and make the necessary adjustments: Understand the Conduct Rules Ensure a compliance culture from top to 

bottom Identify risk areas/conduct Adjust conduct if necessary ahead of 

commencement

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Ensuring effective compliance 

Page 20: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

• Board Members and Senior Management should take responsibility for instilling compliance commitment throughout the business

• Key messages to deliver to your colleagues:– Cartels don’t make money – no guarantee a penalty would be lower 

than the cartel ‘profits’– Penalties hurt – risk of director disqualification and reputational 

impact– Short term gains – anti‐competitive practices are inefficient – weaken 

incentives to control costs and innovate– Other costs of cartel discovery – triggers insurance and banking 

contract clauses; market announcements; business distraction; senior staff must devote time

• Consider those colleagues most at risk– Sales staff– Participants in JVs– Those attending trade association meetings

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Risk awareness

Page 21: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

Getting prepared for full implementation

1. Inform yourself about the Competition Ordinance  2. Educate your employees on the core principles – consider a compliance 

programme3. If you are concerned about arrangements that you currently have in 

place, consider whether you should change them to ensure compliance –seek external legal advice if necessary

4. Encourage your trade association to adopt a culture of compliance and to keep members informed about the Competition Ordinance

5. Keep an eye on our website – we will be publishing more information and risk assessment tools

6. Contact us if you have any questions – we welcome your comments on our Draft Guidelines

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Page 22: HAFFA 10Dec FINAL · Road to full implementation… 3 Ordinance enacted (2012) Commission established (2013) Draft Guidelines published (2014) Guidelines finalised and

Thank you!

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