HANDS ON RELAY SCHOOL, MARCH 2018

PHASOR DATA CONCENTRATOR DEFINITIONS, FUNCTIONS AND STANDARDS Galina S. Ant onova , Technica l Sa les Eng ineer

• Int roduct ion • Phasor Dat a Concent rat or (PDC) def init ion

• IEEE C37.244-2013 Guide • Phasor Dat a Concent rat or (PDC) funct ions

• 17 funct ions def ined by IEEE C37.244-2013 Guide • Design requirement s

• Lat ency • Processing • Dat a reliabilit y

• Phasor Dat a Concent rat or (PDC) st andard – IEEE PC37.247

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Agenda

Development s in s ynchrop has or t echno log y id ent ified t he need in norm at ive d ocum ent s fo r Phas or Da t a Concent ra t ors (PDCs ). Tod ay, t here is no Phas or Da t a Concent ra t or (PDC) s t and a rd . The m os t com p le t e d ocum ent is Phas or Concent ra t or Guid e – IEEE C37.244 p ub lis hed in 20 13. The IEEE C37.244-2013 Guid e has a lis t o f funct ions and p os s ib le PDC req uirem ent s . It d oes no t id ent ify norm at ive and op t iona l fea t ures . Work on Phas or Da t a Concent ra t or (PDC) St and ard s t a rt ed in 20 13 in IEEE PSRC. The p lan is t o us e IEEE C37.244 funct ion lis t and id ent ify m and a t o ry and op t iona l fea t ures .

Int roduct ion

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IEEE C37.118.1 def init ion Phasor Dat a Concent rat or (PDC)

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phasor dat a concent rat or (PDC): A d a t a concent ra t o r (DC) us ed in p has or m eas urem ent s ys t em s .

IEEE C37.244-2013 d efinit ion Phasor Dat a Concent rat or (PDC)

Slid e 5 Source: IEEE C37.244-2013

phasor dat a concent rat or (PDC): A funct ion t ha t co llect s p has or d a t a , and d is cre t e event d a t a from PMUs and p os s ib ly from o t her PDCs , and t rans m it s d a t a t o o t her ap p lica t ions . PDCs m ay b uffe r d a t a fo r a s hort t im e p eriod , b ut d o no t s t o re t he d a t a . This g uid e d efines a PDC as a funct ion t ha t m ay exis t wit hin any g iven d evice .

Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide – IEEE C37.244-2013

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The Guide was creat ed per power indust ry request t o assist wit h Smart Grid development s. The Guide is connect ed t o ot her synchrophasor st andards

• IEEE C37.118.1/ 2 -2011 • IEEE C37.242-2013 • IEC 61850-90-5-2012

The Guide was creat ed by IEEE Power Syst em Relaying Commit t ee (PSRC) Working Group C4. Working Group Members represent equipment vendors, consult ant s, researches and users of synchrophasor t echnology. The guide specif ies concept s t hat are independent f rom synchrophasor measurement and synchrophasor dat a t ransmission prot ocols such as IEEE C37.118.1/ 2 and IEC 61850-90-5.

Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide – IEEE C37.244-2013

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Publicat ion and Cont ent

• Descript ion of synchrophasor syst ems and t heir component s (same as in IEEE C37.118)

• PDC Funct ions and requirement s (exist ing, and fut ure funct ions are included) Not e t hat Guide does not specif ies applicat ion det ails and is prot ocol independent .

• PDC performance requirement s

• Recommendat ions on t est ing

• Annexes

- Report ing rat e conversion and associat ed f ilt ering - Lat ency def init ions f rom in IEEE C37.118.1-2011, t hat became a part of IEEE C37.118.1a-2014

st andard.

Guide cont ent Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide - IEEE C37.244-2013

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List of 17 possible PDC funct ions Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide - IEEE C37.244-2013

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Claus e 5 o f t he IEEE C37.244-20 13 PDC Guid e p rovid es a d es crip t ion o f funct iona l req uirem ent s o f t he fo llowing PDC funct ions : a ) Da t a ag g reg a t ion b ) Da t a fo rward ing c) Da t a com m unica t ions d ) Da t a va lid a t ion e ) Da t a t rans fer p ro t oco l s up p ort f) Da t a t rans fer p ro t oco ls convers ion g ) Da t a fo rm a t and coord ina t e convers ion h) Da t a la t ency ca lcula t ion

List of 17 p os s ib le PDC funct ions Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide - IEEE C37.244-2013

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i) Rep ort ing ra t e convers ion j) Out p ut d a t a b uffering k) Config ura t ion l) Phas e and m ag nit ud e ad jus t m ent m ) Perfo rm ance m onit o ring n) Red und ant d a t a hand ling o ) Dup lica t e d a t a hand ling p ) Da t a re-t rans m is s ion req ues t q ) Cyb er s ecurit y

Dat a ag g reg a t ion funct ion could be p erfo rm ed wit h o r wit hout t im e a lig nm ent . It s hould p res erve d a t a q ua lit y, t im e q ua lit y, and t im e s ynchroniza t ion ind ica t ions from each s igna l, and includ e t he d a t a q ua lit y info rm a t ion a s s ig ned b y t he ind ivid ua l s end ing d evices t o t he out put d a t a fram es . It would b e d es irab le t o includ e ad d it iona l info rm a t ion about t he d a t a , s uch a s t he na t ure of any d a t a m anip ula t ion done b y t he PDC, e .g ., ca lcula t ion, int erp o la t ion, e t c. This is current ly no t p rovid ed in t he d a t a fram es b y IEEE St d C37.118.2-20 11 and IEC 61850 -90 -5. However, IEEE C37.118.2-20 11 p rovid es t his info rm a t ion in t he CFG-3 fram e.

Da t a ag g reg a t ion Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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• The PDC aligns dat a received f rom PMUs/ PDCs and t ransmit s t he combined dat a in one or more out put dat a st reams t o ot her PDCs or applicat ions such as archiving, visualizat ion, or cont rol. Dat a coming int o a PDC has been t imest amped by t he PMU wit h a t ime referenced t o UTC, absolut e t ime.

• Dat a aggregat ion wit h t ime alignment refers t o wait ing for dat a wit h a given t imest amp f rom all sources, placing t hat dat a in a packet , and forwarding it . The PDC aligns received PMU/ PDC dat a according t o t heir t imest amps, not t heir arriving order or arriving t ime.

• Time alignment t o absolut e t ime refers t o wait ing no more t han a specif ied absolut e wait t ime af t er a t imest amp t ime for dat a wit h t hat t imest amp. This requires t hat t he PDC is synchronized t o UTC.

• Time alignment t o relat ive t ime refers t o wait ing no more t han a specif ied relat ive wait t ime af t er an event . An event may be t he arrival of t he f irst dat a wit h a specif ic t imest amp.

Dat a aggregat ion wit h t ime alignment Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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• For some applicat ions, it is desirable t o receive a set of synchrophasor measurement s wit h minimum lat ency. However, t o reduce dat a loss due t o lat e dat a arrival, longer wait t imes are needed. These increase lat ency. To address t hese conf lict ing requirement s (no loss of dat a due t o lat e arrival and minimum lat ency), a PDC could aggregat e all t he dat a required for t he out put dest inat ion wit hout t ime alignment and t ransmit it periodically, for example, by using a user-conf igurable input buf fer t ime, as specif ied in IEC 61850.

• Dat a aggregat ion wit hout t ime alignment may include periodic dat a t ransmissions wit h a user-set t able t ransmission int erval or dat a size.

• As t here are no requirement s for t ime alignment , t imest amps, dat a cont ent , dat a sequence, et c. for an aggregat ed st ream wit hout t ime alignment , t he PDC should ident ify each signal in it s aggregat ed dat a t ransmissions.

• Not e t hat dat a aggregat ion is performed f rom mult iple input st reams t o one or mult iple out put st reams.

Dat a aggregat ion wit hout t ime alignment Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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• To minimize PDC lat ency, a PDC could support dat a forwarding. Dat a forwarding is performed f rom one input t o one out put , or f rom one input t o mult iple out put s. No dat a aggregat ion is performed in t his case.

• Dat a forwarding can be performed wit hout data modif icat ion (also referred t o as pass t hrough) or wit h dat a modif icat ions. Dat a modif icat ion may include dat a format and coordinat e conversion, phase and magnit ude adjust ment s, decimat ion, int erpolat ion, et c.

• Select ive dat a forwarding is t he process of select ing and forwarding a specif ic subset of dat a t o one or more output s and anot her subset of t hat data t o ot her out put (s). Select ive dat a forwarding could also be support ed as a dat a forwarding funct ion. Dat a modif icat ion may or may not be performed in t his case.

• Note t hat when dat a forwarding is used, t ime alignment may be performed by t he receiving end devices or by t he applicat ion, if it is required.

Dat a forwarding Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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Dat a communicat ions is one PDC funct ion t hat allows a PDC t o connect wit h ot her devices via s eria l- and Et hernet -b as ed net works . Typ ica lly, a PDC receives s ynchrop has or d a t a and ca rries out d a t a a lig nm ent o r any o t her funct ion on s ynchrop has or d a t a . In ad d it ion, t he t im e-a lig ned , o r o t herwis e p roces s ed , d a t a a re t yp ica lly t rans m it t ed t o e it her a d a t a s t o rag e s ys t em (int erna l o r ext erna l t o t he PDC) o r an ap p lica t ion. To b e ab le t o p erfo rm d a t a a lig nm ent o r any o t her funct ion on d a t a , a PDC need s t o b e ab le t o rece ive s ynchrop has or d a t a . Accord ing ly, d a t a com m unica t ions us ing s eria l and / o r Et hernet ne t works is one o f t he funct ions t ha t a PDC p erfo rm s .

Da t a com m unica t ion Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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The following aspect s of s ynchrop has or s ys t em com m unica t ions a re covered • Phys ica l p ort s and com m unica t ion channels

• Et hernet p ort s • TCP/ UDP p ro t oco ls • IPv4 and IPv6 • Mult icas t ing

• Seria l p ort s

Com m unica t ion a s p ect s Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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A PDC m ay p erfo rm b as ic d a t a va lida t ion and checking fo r t he d a t a a rriving a t t he PDC. It includ es checking t he da t a s t a t us flag s and t im e q ua lit y of a ll PMUs , and p erfo rm ing d a t a int eg rit y checks (s uch a s cyclic red und ancy check [CRC]) on a ll rece ived d a t a . Any erro rs d e t ect ed and s us p ect ed corrup t da t a s hould b e flag g ed in out p ut d a t a s t ream (s ). More advanced d a t a va lid a t ion t echniq ues s uch a s m es s ag e aut hent ica t ion t echniques , e t c. could a ls o b e s up p ort ed . Thes e t echniq ues and t he ir lim it a t ions s hould b e clea rly s p ecified .

Da t a va lid a t ion Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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PMU d a t a m ay b e ava ilab le in d ifferent s ynchrop has or d a t a t rans fer p ro t oco ls s uch a s IEEE St d C37.118.2-2011, IEEE St d C37.118-20 05, IEEE St d 1344-1995, IEC 61850 -90 -5, and new p rofiles a s t hey b ecom e d efined . This funct ion a llows a PDC t o rece ive , int erp re t , and t rans m it d a t a in t he s up p ort ed p ro t oco l. As a m inim um , a PDC s hould s up p ort rece iving , p a rs ing , int erp ret ing , and s end ing d a t a in com p liance wit h a t leas t one s ynchrop has or d a t a t rans fer p ro t ocol.

Da t a t rans fer p ro t ocol Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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PMU d a t a m ay b e ava ilab le in d ifferent s ynchrop has or d a t a t rans fer p ro t oco ls s uch a s IEEE St d C37.118, IEEE St d 1344-1995, IEC 61850 -90 -5, e t c. If a PDC s up p ort s m ult ip le s ynchrop has or d a t a t rans fer p ro t ocols , it s hould convert s ynchrop has or d a t a from one s ynchrop has or d a t a t rans fer p ro t ocol t o ano t her t o t he ext ent p os s ib le .

Da t a t rans fer p ro t ocol convers ion Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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Synchrophasor d a t a m ay a rrive a t a PDC in rect ang ula r o r p o la r coord ina t es . In each o f t hes e , it m ay b e in fixed int eg er o r floa t ing -p o int fo rm a t . A PDC m ay convert d a t a b e t ween each o f t hes e fo rm a t s , d ep end ing on t he need s o f t he ap p lica t ions us ed .

Da t a fo rm a t and coord ina t e convers ion Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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Lat ency, in a packet -s wit ched net work, is t he d e lay t im e b et ween a s end er t rans m it t ing a p acket and a us er rece iving it . There a re m ult ip le s ources o f la t ency, fo r exam p le : t he p hys ica l d is t ance b e t ween t he t wo end s o f t he s ys t em and t he p roces s ing o f t he p acket in int erm ed ia t e ne t work d evices . A PDC m ay ca lcula t e , s t o re , and com m unica t e s ynchrop has or d a t a la t ency o f t he d a t a a s it a rrives and is va lid a t ed a t t he PDC. It m ay a ls o s up p ort s t a t is t ica l com p ut a t ions t o a llow fo r ad d it iona l la t ency ana lys is .

Da t a la t ency ca lcula t ion Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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Lat ency def init ion Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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A PDC m ay p rovid e a report ing ra t e convers ion funct ion. This s hould id ea lly includ e bo t h d own-convers ion and up convers ion funct ions . The PDC s hould s up p ort inp ut ra t e convers ion from a ll ra t es sp ecified in IEEE St d C37.118.1-20 11 t o out p ut s t ream s having any ra t e s p ecified in IEEE St d C37.118.1-20 11. Prop er filt e ring t echniq ues s hould be ap p lied when us ing up - and d own-convers ion funct ion so t ha t t he result ing d a t a s t ream rem ains com p liant , t o t he ext ent pos s ib le , wit h s ynchrop has or m eas urem ent s t and a rd IEEE St d C37.118.1-20 11. Report ing ra t e convers ion im p act on freq uency, p has or va lues , and t im e q ua lit y s hould b e d ocum ent ed b y t he m anufact urer.

Rep ort ing ra t e convers ion Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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A PDC m ay b uffer out p ut d a t a t o red uce d a t a los s es in cas e com m unica t ion t o o t her PDCs or ap p lica t ions is int errup t ed . PDC out p ut b uffer t im e is d ep end ent on fact o rs s uch as com m unica t ion rob us t nes s , d a t a p a t h red und ancy need s , s ys t em a rchit ect ure , ap p lica t ions , e t c. Thes e fact o rs a ffect PDC m em ory req uirem ent s . The d a t a in t he out p ut b uffer could b e re-s ent t o t he d es t ina t ion, if com m unica t ions a re res t ored wit hin a p re-s e t t im e (out p ut b uffer t im e). The PDC s hould a lso ind ica t e unava ilab ilit y o f d a t a in t he out p ut b uffer if t he p re-s e t t im e has b een exceed ed . However, t hes e d a t a m ay b e ava ilab le from t he loca l a rchive .

Out p ut d a t a filt e ring Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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Conf igurat ion management is one of t he import ant essent ial act ivit ies of a PDC. Config ura t ion info rm a t ion (in fram es o r files ) is us ed t o s ep a ra t e s ig na l id ent it ies , d a t a fo rm a t , and o t her m et ad a t a from s ynchrop has or d a t a t rans m is s ions . The b elow config ura t ion a s p ect s a re covered : • Config ura t ion info rm a t ion m anag em ent • Config ura t ion va lid a t ion • Config ura t ion chang e m anag em ent

• Init ia t ed b y d a t a s ource • Init ia t ed b y d a t a d es t ina t ion

Config ura t ion Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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Conf igurat ion management is one of t he import ant essent ial act ivit ies of a PDC. Config ura t ion info rm a t ion (in fram es o r files ) is us ed t o s ep a ra t e s ig na l id ent it ies , d a t a fo rm a t , and o t her m et ad a t a from s ynchrop has or d a t a t rans m is s ions . The b elow config ura t ion a s p ect s a re covered : • Config ura t ion info rm a t ion m anag em ent • Config ura t ion va lid a t ion • Config ura t ion chang e m anag em ent

• Init ia t ed b y d a t a s ource • Init ia t ed b y d a t a d es t ina t ion

Config ura t ion Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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Bulk t yp e p has e and m ag nit ud e ad jus t m ent s a re t hos e t ha t req uire la rg e chang es t o t he p has e / m ag nit ud e o f a s ynchrop hasor s ig na l. These a re us eful, fo r exam p le , when a s ig na l need s t o b e referenced acros s a t rans form er (e .g ., t he PMU is connect ed t o t he 230 kV s id e o f a t rans fo rm er, b ut s ynchrop has or d a t a a re needed on t he 500 kV s id e), when t he p hase id ent ifica t ion o f t he d es t ina t ion s ys t em is d ifferent (ABC versus ACB) from t he s ource s ys t em , o r when t he q uant it ies a re b e ing referenced acros s a wye-d elt a (o r s t a r-d e lt a ) t rans fo rm er. A PDC could have t he cap ab ilit y t o ad jus t s ynchrop hasor m ag nit udes and p has es b y us er-s e t t ab le p a ram et ers . While it is pos s ib le t o m onit o r o r com p ut e hig h-s id e vo lt age from t he low-s id e va lue acros s a t rans fo rm er, o r vice vers a , m ag nit udes m ay b e ca lcula t ed wit h re la t ive accuracy us ing t he t urns -ra t io of t he t rans fo rm er. However, p has e ang les va ry cons id erab ly a s a funct ion o f p ower t rans fer. Ca re s hould b e t aken when us ing t his d a t a t o m ake ap p rop ria t e ang le co rrect ions b as ed on t he t rans fo rm er cha ract eris t ics .

Phas e and m ag nit ud e ad jus t m ent Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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• The PDC is t he best place t o monit or t he overall measurement syst em. Monit oring should include bot h real-t ime report ing and recorded dat a for hist orical assessment . A PDC may have performance monit oring funct ions t o monit or qualit y of data and communicat ion wit h ot her PMUs and PDCs. Performance monit oring includes errors, event s, and overall syst em operat ion.

• The f irst category of error is t hat report ed by t he dat a source which can be a PMU or another PDC. These condit ions include loss of t ime sync, comput at ion PMU error (as def ined in IEEE St d C37.118.2-2011), t imest amp error, and invalid dat a (missing or t est condit ion).

• The second error category is communicat ions relat ed issues, such as lost connect ions (when using a connected st ate), buf fer overf low, and relat ed issues det ectable by t he PDC. The t hird cat egory is int ernal PDC problems such as syst em reset , program error, memory overf low, et c. These error problems may be recorded wit h a t imest amp and report ed.

Performance monit oring Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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To s up p ort red und ancy t he PDC m ay rece ive red und ant d a t a . Red und ant d a t a a re clea rly d is t inct , and t he PDC m ay d ea l wit h t hem as t houg h t hey a re sep a ra t e d a t a . The PDC s hould be ab le t o hand le red und ant d a t a s ent e it her in ag g reg a t ed o r t im e a lig ned PMU s t ream s . The PDC m ay a llow t he us er t o d es igna t e a p referred s ource fo r d a t a t o b e includ ed in an out p ut s t ream . The PDC m ay a ls o p erm it t he us er t o d es ig na t e a lt e rna t e source(s ) for t he out p ut s t ream if t he p referred da t a fa ils t o a rrive . When p os s ib le t he PDC s hould ind ica t e in t he out p ut s t ream t ha t t he a lt e rna t e d a t a s ource is us ed .

Red und ant d a t a hand ling Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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The PDC m ay rece ive d up lica t e d a t a in t im e a lig ned and ag g reg a t ed d a t a s t ream s o r da t a s ent b y a lt e rna t e com m unica t ion p a t hs and m ay need t o hand le it s o t ha t d up lica t e d a t a a re no t p rop ag a t ed . The PDC s hould b e capab le o f d is ca rd ing a ll d a t a d up lica t es . For exam p le , a PDC m ay us e t he d a t a t ha t a rrives firs t , and d is ca rd t he d up lica t e d a t a t ha t a rrives la t er.

Dup lica t e d a t a hand ling Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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During dat a t ransmission bet ween a PMU and a subst at ion PDC, or bet ween a subst at ion PDC and a cont ro l cent er PDC, it is p os s ib le t ha t t he d a t a never a rrives a t t he d es t ina t ion. This could eas ily hap p en wit h UDP fram es . It is a ls o known t o hap p en wit h TCP fram es , when t he d a t a connect ion is d rop p ed a ft er a reaching a t im eout and has t o b e re-es t ab lis hed . The d a t a s ource (e .g ., a PMU or a PDC) m ay s up p ort d a t a s t o rag e t o hand le t his s it ua t ion. This s t o rag e need a ffect s PDC m em ory req uirem ent s . The d a t a s ource need s t o b e m ad e aware t ha t t he d a t a has no t reached it s d es t ina t ion. A PDC m ay im p lem ent a d a t a re t rieva l m echanis m t o req ues t t he d a t a s ource t o re-t rans m it t he d a t a t ha t fa iled t o a rrive .

Da t a re-t rans m is s ion req ues t Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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When ap p lied t o PDCs , cyb er s ecurit y s hould eva lua t e a ll PDC int erfaces while m a int a ining t he re liab ilit y o f t he PDC. PDC cyb er s ecurit y likely g oes beyond s im p ly s ecuring s ynchrop hasor com m unica t ions , b ut any com m unica t ions and acces s t o t he PDC. Securit y p ract ices t ha t a re p oorly ap p lied t o PDCs m ay d eg rad e PDC p erfo rm ance and / o r funct iona lit y. A PDC m ay b e connect ed t o “unt rus t ed ne t works ” a s well a s PMU(s ). Securing t hos e ne t work connect ions is m ore t han jus t s ecuring s ynchrop has ors and is b eyond t he s cop e o f t his g uid e .

Cyb er s ecurit y Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions

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Clause 6 o f t he IEEE C37.244-2013 PDC Guid e d efines PDC p erfo rm ance req uirem ent s :

a ) PDC La t ency b ) Rob us t nes s c) Environm ent a l d ) Ava ilab ilit y and re liab ilit y e) PDC d a t a p roces s ing

PDC p erfo rm ance req uirem ent s Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide - IEEE C37.244-2013

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PDC la t ency is d ep end ent on t he PDC op era t ion m od e. PDC op era t ion m od es includ e • Dat a fo rward ing • Dat a ag g reg a t ion

• Wit hout t im e a lig nm ent • Wit h t im e a lig nm ent - t o ab s o lut e t im e reference - t o re la t ive t im e referencence PDC la t ency is an im p ort ant m eas urem ent and it s va lue s hould b e ag reed t o b e t ween t he m anufact urer and t he us er fo r a g iven PDC op era t ion m od e em p loyed b y t he us er.

PDC la t ency PDC Performance requirement s

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• Descript ion

Performance requirement s Dat a aggregat ion wit h t ime alignment t o absolut e t ime

Slid e 35 Source: IEEE C37.244-2013

Dat a Aggregat ion wit h t ime alignment t o relat ive t ime

Slide 36 Source: IEEE C37.244-2013

A PDC s hould b e com p liant t o environm ent a l s t and a rd s , e .g ., IEEE St d 1613-2009 and Am end m ent 1-20 10 , IEC 61850 -3, a s ap p licab le b as ed on s ys t em d es ig n and PDC loca t ion. A PDC s hould m eet ava ilab ilit y and re liab ilit y req uirem ent s cons is t ent wit h t he ap p lica t ions . Reliab ilit y is a p a ram et er t ha t can b e “a lloca t ed .” Tha t is , re liab ilit y g oa ls can b e s e t for ind ivid ua l s ub s ys t em s (o f which t he PDC m ay b e one) in ord er t o reach a sp ecific re liab ilit y g oa l for an overa ll s ys t em . Such a t echniq ue req uires t ha t t he d evelop m ent effo rt and ris k b e b a lanced am ong t he s ub s ys t em s . Such cons id era t ions a re b eyond t he s cop e o f t his g uid e .

Environm ent a l, ava ilab ilit y and re liab ilit y req uirem ent s PDC Performance requirement s

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PDC m anufact urers s hould s p ecify t he im p act o f PDC d a t a p roces s ing a s m axim um m ag nit ud e d ifference , m axim um phas e d ifference , and m axim um p hasor va lue d ifference b e t ween t he inp ut d a t a and t he out put d a t a . PDC m anufact urers s hould a ls o s p ecify t he m axim um PDC la t ency und er any g iven config ura t ion. PDC d a t a p roces s ing m ay include filt e ring , rep ort ing ra t e convers ion, int erp o la t ion, ext rap ola t ion, p has e and m ag nit ude ad jus t m ent , e t c. For each o f t hes e cas es a t es t m et hod s hould b e d evelop ed s p ecifying well-d efined inp ut s and exp ect ed out p ut s .

PDC d a t a p roces s ing PDC Performance requirement s

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Test ing can be divided int o several ca t eg ories , t he fo llowing t es t s a re d es crib ed : • Conform ance t es t s • Des ig n t es t s • Typ e t es t s • Int erop erab ilit y t es t s • Com m is s ioning t es t s • Fie ld t es t s • Cyb er s ecurit y t es t s • Ap p lica t ion-s p ecific t es t s

Elab ora t e d es crip t ions a re p rovid ed on t es t int erfaces , t es t s e t up s and rep ort ing

Tes t ing Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide – IEEE C37.244-2013

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Synchrophasor d a t a la t ency m eas urem ent s Test ing

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An act ua l GPS t im e reference or a GPS s im ula t ors could b e used as a t im e source . Dep end ing on t he d es ired accuracy and t es t t a rg e t s , va rious t es t s e t up s a re p os s ib le , one is shown on t his fig ure . It is exp ect ed t ha t PMUs have t he ir int e rna l ca lcula t ion and PMU rep ort ing la t ency. The d a t a is t hen s ent over t he ne t work t o t he PDC und er t es t , shown as PDC n . The PDC n processes t he input dat a and sends it over t he net work t o a higher level PDC.

Des crib es t he d e t a ils o f rep ort ing ra t e convers ion fo r M cla s s d a t a and a s s ocia t ed filt e ring . In s ig na l p roces s ing , a lias ing refers t o t he effect o f s am p ling a hig h-freq uency s ig na l a t a low ra t e . In o rder t o avo id t he a lia s ing p henom enon, t he Nyq uis t –Shannon s am p ling t heorem req uires t ha t t he s am p ling ra t e b e hig her t han t wice t he highes t freq uency cont a ined in t he s ig na l. If t he s am p ling ra t e d oes no t m eet t he requirem ent , t hen hig her freq uencies will a lia s t o lower freq uencies .

Annex B: Rep ort ing ra t e convers ion and a s s ocia t ed filt e ring Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide – IEEE C37.244-2013

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Provid es b ackg round info rm a t ion t ha t m ay b e o f us e while int erp re t ing t he IEEE St d C37.118.1-20 11 la t ency s p ecifica t ion. Two d efinit ions were ana lyzed and res o lved in C37.118.1a -20 14 For purposes of t his st andard, PMU report ing lat ency is def ined as t he maximum t ime int erval bet ween t he dat a report t ime as indicat ed by t he dat a t imest amp, and t he t ime when t he dat a becomes available at t he PMU out put (denot ed by t he f irst t ransit ion of t he f irst bit of t he out put message at t he communicat ion int erface point ). Lat ency in measurement report ing is t he t ime delay f rom when an event occurs on t he power syst em t o t he t ime t hat it is report ed in dat a. This lat ency includes many fact ors, such as t he window over which dat a is gat hered t o make a measurement , t he est imat ion met hod, measurement f ilt ering, t he PMU processing t ime, and where t he event occurs wit hin t he report ing int erval. The report ing rat e and performance class are of t en t he largest fact ors, since t hese will det ermine t he measurement window, f ilt ering, and t he lengt h of t he int erval over which an event will be report ed.

Annex C: IEEE C37.118.1 la t ency d is cus s ion Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide – IEEE C37.244-2013

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Illus t ra t ions t o t wo la t ency d efinit ions IEEE C37.118.1 lat ency discussion

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PMU rep ort ing la t ency and la t ency in m eas urem ent rep ort ing IEEE C37.118.1 lat ency discussion

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IEEE PC37.247 PDC St andard – work in progress

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Not required Only f loat ing/ polar

Only phase

Def ined by t he user Syst em requirement

• Many synchrophasor applicat ions require phasor dat a concent rat or(s) – PDCs

• PDC funct ions are current ly def ined in IEEE C37.244-2013 PDC Guide

• PDC st andard IEEE PC37.247 is current ly under development by IEEE PSRC

• As no indust ry st andard exist s t oday, PDC funct ionalit y and performance dif fer by vendors

• Ot her development s are on-going: - Report on mapping bet ween IEEE C37.118.2 and IEC 61850-90-5 dat a - New synchrophasor prot ocol, led by Grid Aut omat ion Alliance Gat eway development s

Conclusions

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