Hantavirus: Could it occur in the United States?

Danny L. Self (Ph.D.)Walden University

PUBH 8165-3Dr. Lezah Brown-Ellington

Winter 2012-2013

Hantavirus• Old World Hantavirus• New World Hantavirus

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012)

Host of the Hantavirus• Rodents

– Deer mouse– Cotton rat– Rice rat– White-footed mouse

Deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus)

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012)

Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)

Rice rat (Oryzomys palustris)

White-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus)

Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS)• Korean

hemorrhagic fever

• Epidemic hemorrhagic fever

• Nephropathis epidemica

• Hantaan virus• Dobrava virus• Saaremaa virus• Seoul virus• Puumala virus

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)• Infectious disease caused by the

Hantavirus– Flu-like symptoms

• Occur irregularly in rural areas • Numerous types

– Sin Nombre hantavirus– Carried by rodents

• Treatment limited

Characteristics of some known Hantaviruses

Hantaviruses

Geographic Region

Reservoir Pathology Mortality

Hantaan Asia Field mouse

Renal 5-15%

Seoul Worldwide Domestic rat

Renal 1%

Puumala Northern Europe

Bank vole Renal 1%

Prospect Hill

United States

Meadow vole

No known human disease

N/A

Sin Hombre North America

Deer mouse

Pulmonary 50%(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012)

Comparison of HFRS & HPS

Feature HFRS HPSMajor target organ Kidney Lung

First phase Febrile Febrile “prodrome”Second phase Shock Shock, pulmonary

edemaEvolution Oliguria, diuresis,

convalescenceDiuresis,

convalescenceMortality 1-15% 50%

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012)

Clinical Case Definition• A febrile illness (body temperature of 101°

F or greater) characterized by bilateral diffuse interstitial edema that may radiographically resemble ARDS, with respiratory compromise which requires supplemental oxygen, which develops within 72 hours of hospitalization, and occurring in a previously healthy person

• Unexplained respiratory illness resulting in death, with an autopsy examination demonstrating noncardiogenic pulmonary edema without an identifiable cause

Laboratory Criteria for Diagnosis• Detection of hantavirus-specific

immunoglobulin M or rising titers of hantavirus-specific immunoglobulin G

• Detection of hantavirus-specific ribonucleic acid sequence by polymerase chain reaction in clinical specimens

• Detection of hantavirus antigen by immunohistochemistry

Incidence• Human to human transmission

does not exist• U.S. national parks• One’s own home

Potential risk activities for HPS• Opening and cleaning previously

unused buildings• Housecleaning activities• Work-related exposure• Campers• Hikers

Ecology

Enzootic Cycle Epizootic Cycle

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012)

Transmission of the Hantavirus

(Arizona Geographic Alliance, 2001)

SymptomsEarly Symptoms

• Fatigue• Fever• Muscle aches• Headaches• Dizziness• Chills• Abdominal problems

Late Symptoms• Lungs fill with fluid• Shortness of breath

Signs & TestsResults from physical exam

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

• Kidney failure• Low blood pressure

(hypotension)• Low blood oxygen

levels

Tests• Blood tests to check

for Hantavirus• Complete blood count

(CBC)• Complete metabolic

panel• Kidney and liver

function tests• Chest x-ray

Treatment• Oxygen• Breath tube or machine• Ribavirin

Complications• Kidney failure• Heart failure• Lung failure

Expectations(Prognosis)• Advances rapidly• If lungs are infected death will

follow

Mortality• 50%

Prevention• Avoid exposure to rodent urine

or droppings

Incidences in the United States • 1993

– Four Corners– Appalachian Trail

• 2012 – Yosemite National Park

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012)

Annual U.S. HPS Cases & Case-fatality (1993-2011)

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012)

Yosemite National Park• September 2012

– 10 confirmed cases– 3 deaths

September 6, 2012: Case Count (State of

Residence) Map

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012)

September 13, 2012: Case Count (State of

Residence) Map

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012)

Current Case Count (State of Residence) Map

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012)

Incidences Outside the United States • HFRS

– 150,000 – 200,000 cases• HPS

– 200 cases

Geographical representation of approximate Hantaviral disease incidence by country per year.

Jonsson C B et al. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2010;23:412-441

Questions?

References• Arizona Geographic Alliance. (2001). Hantavirus Student Guide: Arizona Geographic

Alliance. Retrieved from Arizona Geographic Alliance: http://alliance.la.asu.edu/model/geoliteracyCD/LessonFiles/DornVaagen/DornHantaS.pdf

• Bi, Z., Formenty, P. B., & Roth, C. E. (2007). Hantavirus Infection: A Review and Global Update. J Infect Developing Countries 2008, 3-23.

• Ceneters for Disease Control and Prevention. (1994, December 4). MMWR - Emerging Infectious Diseases Hantavirus Puolmonary Syndrome --Virginia, 1993: Ceneters for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved from Ceneters for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00033796.htm

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, May 17). Hantavirus: Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hfrs/index.html

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012 , August 29). Rodents in the United States that caryy Hantavirus: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/rodents/index.html

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012, August 29). Deer mouse habitat in North America: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/rodents/deer-mouse.html

References• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012, August 29). Ecology - Hantavirus:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/technical/hanta/ecology.html

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012, December 26). Hantavirus - Surveillance: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/state-of-exposure.html

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012, August 29). Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) Case Definition: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/health-care-workers/hps-case-definition.html

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012, August 29). Hantavirus: Virology: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/technical/hanta/virology.html

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012, August 29). How people get Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/transmission.html

References• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012, September 17). Outbreak of

Hantavirus Infection in Yosemite National Park: Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention. Retrieved from Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/outbreaks/yosemite-national-park-2012.html

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012, August 29). Signs & Symptoms for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html

• Jonsson, C. B., Figueiredo, L. T., & Vapalahti, O. (2010). A Global Perspective on Hantavirus Ecology, Epidemiology, and Disease. American Society of Microbiology, 415-441.

• Mayo Clinic Staff. (2011, February 11). Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrom: Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from Mayo Clinic: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/DS00900

• PubMed Health. (2011, March 11). Hantavirus: PubMed Health. Retrieved from PubMed Health: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002358/

• The Free Dictionary. (2013). Medical-dictionary: The Free Dictionary. Retrieved from The Free Dictionary: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com