HAP 2012-2013HAP 2012-2013

Susan ChabotSusan Chabot

Early ideasEarly ideas

• Linked disease with Linked disease with evil spirits.evil spirits.

• Treatment involved Treatment involved ridding the patient ridding the patient of the evil spirit.of the evil spirit.

• Treatment was Treatment was provided by clergy provided by clergy or witch doctors.or witch doctors.

4000 BC - 3000 BC4000 BC - 3000 BCPrimitive timesPrimitive times

• Illness and disease caused by Illness and disease caused by supernatural spirits/demons.supernatural spirits/demons.

• Ceremonies used to drive-out evil Ceremonies used to drive-out evil spirits.spirits.

• Herbs and plants were used for Herbs and plants were used for medication.medication.

• Skeletal evidence demonstrates Skeletal evidence demonstrates surgery.surgery.

• Average life span = 20 Average life span = 20 years.years.

TrepanationTrepanation• Involved cutting a small hole in the skull Involved cutting a small hole in the skull

with a special instrument.with a special instrument.• Used to treat headaches, skull fractures, Used to treat headaches, skull fractures,

epilepsy, and mental illness.epilepsy, and mental illness.• Procedure lasted into the Middle Ages.Procedure lasted into the Middle Ages.

Peru, 7000 BC Peru, 6000

BC.

2000 BC – 300 BC2000 BC – 300 BCAncient EgyptAncient Egypt

• Earliest known health records.Earliest known health records.• Offerings to gods for healing.Offerings to gods for healing.• Use of blood-letting and leeches as Use of blood-letting and leeches as

treatment.treatment.• Herbs and plants used as medicineHerbs and plants used as medicine

• Average life span = 20 to 30 Average life span = 20 to 30 years.years.

Imhotep

Ancient papyrus

1700 BC – 220 AD1700 BC – 220 ADAncient ChineseAncient Chinese

• Monitored pulse rate to determine Monitored pulse rate to determine the condition of the body.the condition of the body.

• Believed in curing whole body by Believed in curing whole body by curing the spirit and nourishment:curing the spirit and nourishment:

Yin and YangYin and Yang• First recorded “pharmacy” of First recorded “pharmacy” of

herbs.herbs.

• Average life span = 20 - 30 Average life span = 20 - 30 yrs.yrs.

1200 BC – 200 BC1200 BC – 200 BCAncient GreeksAncient Greeks

• The start of the Hippocratic traditionThe start of the Hippocratic tradition““will cause no harm to the patient”.will cause no harm to the patient”.

• Believed illness the result of natural Believed illness the result of natural causes.causes.

• Introduced concept that good diet Introduced concept that good diet and cleanliness prevented disease.and cleanliness prevented disease.

• Average life span = 25 to 35 Average life span = 25 to 35 years.years.

Hippocrates

753 BC – 410 AD753 BC – 410 ADAncient RomansAncient Romans

• Organized medical care for wounded soldiers.Organized medical care for wounded soldiers.• Separation of well and sick.Separation of well and sick.• Public health and sanitation systems.Public health and sanitation systems.• Diet, exercise and medication used to treat Diet, exercise and medication used to treat

disease.disease.

• Average life span = 25 to 35 Average life span = 25 to 35 years.years. Surgical hooks

400 – 800 AD400 – 800 ADDark AgesDark Ages

• Study of medicine was prohibited.Study of medicine was prohibited.• Prayer used to treat disease.Prayer used to treat disease.• Monks and priests provided care.Monks and priests provided care.

• Average life span =Average life span = 20 to 30 20 to 30 years.years.

800 – 1400 AD800 – 1400 ADMiddle AgesMiddle Ages

• Medical universities open Medical universities open in the 9in the 9thth century. century.

• Pandemic of bubonic Pandemic of bubonic plague occurred.plague occurred.

• Chemistry advances in Chemistry advances in pharmacology.pharmacology.

• Average life span =Average life span =20 to 35 years.20 to 35 years.

The Black DeathThe Black Death• Infectious disease caused by Infectious disease caused by

bacterium.bacterium.• Estimated to have killed 25 million Estimated to have killed 25 million

people.people.• Spread by fleas that fed on rats and Spread by fleas that fed on rats and

humans.humans.• Mongol soldiers catapulted infectedMongol soldiers catapulted infected

corpses over city walls in acts of corpses over city walls in acts of biowarfare.biowarfare.

Gangrene onfingertips

1350 – 1650 AD1350 – 1650 ADRenaissanceRenaissance

• Dissection allowed for better Dissection allowed for better understanding of A&P.understanding of A&P.

• Artists used dissection to Artists used dissection to give art a more realistic give art a more realistic look.look.

• Average life span = Average life span = 30 to 40 years.30 to 40 years.

David, by Michelangelo

da Vinci

Andreas VesaliusAndreas Vesalius1514-15641514-1564

• Illustrated and published Illustrated and published first anatomy book.first anatomy book.

• Performed intricate Performed intricate dissections and drew dissections and drew what he observed.what he observed.

1616thth and 17 and 17thth Centuries Centuries

• Causes of disease still unknown.Causes of disease still unknown.• Many died from infection and childbirth Many died from infection and childbirth

fever.fever.• Apothecaries made, prescribed, and sold Apothecaries made, prescribed, and sold

medications.medications.

• Average life span = 35 to 45 Average life span = 35 to 45 years.years.

Mortar & pestle

Ambroise PareAmbroise Pare1510-15901510-1590

• French surgeon, known as the French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Father of Modern SurgerySurgery..

• Introduced amputation to treat soldiers.Introduced amputation to treat soldiers.• Began using ligatures toBegan using ligatures to

stop bleeding and bindstop bleeding and bindarteries instead of boiling-arteries instead of boiling-oil cauterization.oil cauterization.

• Promoted use ofPromoted use ofartificial limbs.artificial limbs.

Anton van Anton van LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek

1632-17231632-1723• Invented an early microscopeInvented an early microscope..

1818thth Century Century

• Fahrenheit created first mercury Fahrenheit created first mercury thermometer.thermometer.

• Priestly discovered the element oxygen.Priestly discovered the element oxygen.• Ben Franklin invented bifocals for glasses.Ben Franklin invented bifocals for glasses.• Jenner developed first smallpox vaccine.Jenner developed first smallpox vaccine.

• Average life span = 40 – 50 years.Average life span = 40 – 50 years.

Edward JennerEdward Jenner1749-18231749-1823

• Used cowpox exposure to vaccinate against smallpox.

1919thth Century Century• First use of anesthetic for surgeries.First use of anesthetic for surgeries.• International Red Cross was founded in 1863.International Red Cross was founded in 1863.• Discovery of bacterial causes of disease.Discovery of bacterial causes of disease.

• Average life span = 40 – 60 years.Average life span = 40 – 60 years.

• 1819: First successful human blood 1819: First successful human blood transfusion 1819: Rene Laennec invented transfusion 1819: Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope.the stethoscope.

• 1865: First use of antiseptics during 1865: First use of antiseptics during surgery.surgery.

• 1892: Discovery of viruses by Dimitri 1892: Discovery of viruses by Dimitri Ivanfski.Ivanfski.

• 1895: X-rays discovered by Wilhelm 1895: X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen.Roentgen.

You name it, it You name it, it happened!happened!• 1901: ABO blood 1901: ABO blood

groups identifiedgroups identified• 1920: Health insurance 1920: Health insurance

plans are introduced.plans are introduced.• 1928: Fleming 1928: Fleming

discovered penicillindiscovered penicillin• 1952: Development of 1952: Development of

the polio vaccine.the polio vaccine.• 1953: DNA structure 1953: DNA structure

described by Watson & described by Watson & Crick.Crick.

• 1954: First kidney 1954: First kidney transplant.transplant.

• 1962: First severed 1962: First severed arm reattached.arm reattached.

• 1963: First liver 1963: First liver transplant.transplant.

• 1964: First lung 1964: First lung transplant.transplant.

• 1968; First heart 1968; First heart transplant.transplant.

• 1970: First synthesized 1970: First synthesized gene.gene.

• 1975: Amniocentesis 1975: Amniocentesis used to diagnose birth used to diagnose birth defects in-utero.defects in-utero.

And And more!more!

• 1978: First test tube baby.1978: First test tube baby.• 1981: AIDS appeared in 1981: AIDS appeared in

the population.the population.• 1982: Artificial heart is 1982: Artificial heart is

implanted in human.implanted in human.• 1984: HIV identified.1984: HIV identified.• 1990: Gene therapy used 1990: Gene therapy used

to treat disease.to treat disease.• 1990’s: Human Genome 1990’s: Human Genome

Project beginsProject begins• 1997: Dolly the sheep is 1997: Dolly the sheep is

cloned.cloned.

Jarvik-7 artifical heart

                    

                         

Dolly

The Human Genome Project

Introduction of sperm into egg cytoplasm

PotentiPotentialal

• Gene manipulation to Gene manipulation to prevent inherited prevent inherited diseases/Designer babies.diseases/Designer babies.

• Slow the aging process.Slow the aging process.• Treatment for spinal cord Treatment for spinal cord

injuries.injuries.• Improved transplantation Improved transplantation

techniques.techniques.• Reduced antibiotic Reduced antibiotic

resistance.resistance.• Computerized body parts.Computerized body parts.• Increased cloning Increased cloning

activities.activities.

• Increased average Increased average life span to 90+ life span to 90+ years.years.