Happy Friday 9/4/2015Happy Friday 9/4/2015

• 1. Review Graphing

• 2. crash course Bio….”Why Carbon is a tramp!”

• 3. Lecture: Carbon

• HOME WORK: – Bozeman: Analysis and Evaluation Of Evidence (<7 min) Cornell

Video Notes

Lecture: Carbon

Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life

Slide shows combined and modified from:http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Lecture/lecture.htm;http://www.explorebiology.com/

• Organic chemistry is the study of CARBON compounds

• Can form FOUR stable covalent

bonds at same time (=tetravalence)• Common partners = O, H, N

4 covalent CARBON BONDS form a shape called a TETRAHEDRON

Tetrahedron modified from: http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mole1440.htm

Images from: http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/chemhydrocarbon.htm

TETRAVALENCE makes large complex molecules with a variety of shapes possible

http://nrr.georgetown.edu/NRR/struc,actv.html

AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons• Only carbon & hydrogen

(Ex: petroleum; lipid ‘tails’)

• Covalent bonding;

• nonpolar

• High energy storage

http://www.world-petroleum.org/education/petref/index.html

Carbon compoundsCarbon compoundsSkeleton may have single or double

bonds

http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/Hughes/tutorial/cellmembranes/

AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

ISOMERS-ISOMERS-compounds that compounds that have the same have the same number of atoms but number of atoms but different structuresdifferent structures

STRUCTURAL isomersSTRUCTURAL isomers differing covalent bonding differing covalent bonding arrangementarrangement

C6H12O6 C6H12O

6

C6H12O6

http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.htmlhttp://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpghttp://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg

GEOMETRIC isomers - GEOMETRIC isomers - differ in differ in

arrangement around a DOUBLE BONDarrangement around a DOUBLE BOND

trans- form cis- formhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/geometric.html

Be Careful! Be Careful! Single bonds can rotate! Single bonds can rotate!

. . . it’s still the same stuff. . . it’s still the same stuff

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/geometric.html

ENANTIOMER isomers - ENANTIOMER isomers - differ in arrangement around a differ in arrangement around a ASYMMETRIC carbonASYMMETRIC carbon

. . . Mirror images. . . Mirror imagesAP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

Functional GroupsFunctional Groups

• Hydroxyl Group

Ex: alcohols • polar (oxygen);• soluble in water Names typically end in -ol

Ex: Ethanol

Functional GroupsFunctional Groups

•Carbonyl Group

KETONE:within carbon skeletonALDEHYDE:at end of carbon skeleton

GLUCOSE is an ALDEHYDEGLUCOSE is an ALDEHYDEFRUCTOSE is a KETONEFRUCTOSE is a KETONE

http://61039206.sinagirl.com/carbohydate.JPGhttp://web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites/1999/Sucrose/sucrose_structure.gif

GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE

Functional GroupsFunctional Groups

•Carboxyl Group

• Ex: carboxylic acids;• polar

Functional GroupsFunctional Groups

• Amino Group

• Called: amines

• Ex: amino acids(have both amino & carboxyl groups)

http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-05/common.htm

H |

R -C -COO- |

+NH3 

Functional GroupsFunctional Groups

• Amino Group Can act as a base and pick up a H+ ion

• Carboxyl Groupcan act as an acid andgive up a H+ ion

Functional GroupsFunctional Groups• Sulfhydral Group

• Called: thiols•

http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Disulfide_bridge.htm

DISULFIDE BRIDGESDISULFIDE BRIDGES

• Disulfide bridges stabilize protein

structure

http://www.britannica.com/ebc/art-3207/Conformation-of-lysozyme

LYSOZYME

Functional GroupsFunctional Groups

Phosphate Group phosphate ion

• Makes moleculenegatively charged

• Can store & transfer energy ~ ATP

Functional GroupsFunctional Groups

METHYL Group • Makes molecule more

NON-POLAR

• METHYLATION:Adding methyl groups to DNA “turns off” genes

http://students.cis.uab.edu/rmeghana/methylation.html