hardware & networking

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TOPICS HARDWARE & NETWORKING

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HARWARE AND NETWORKING

HARDWAREHARDWARE COMPONENTS PCPARTS OF FRONT PANEL, REAR PANEL AND INSIDEMEMORYCACHEHARD DISKPHYSICAL ASPECT OF HARD DISKPARTITIONPLATTERBOOTINGHOW TO CREATE PAN DRIVE BOOTABLE….??INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICESWHAT IS INPUT AND OUTPUTNETWORKINGWHAT IS NETWORKING…??NETWORK DEVICESABOUT NETWORK DEVICESINTERNET PROTOCOLABOUT TOPOLOGYADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OG TOPOLOGYPINGMAC

INDEX

Computer hardware refers to objects that you can actually touch, like disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers, boards, and chips.

Hardware is the physical aspect of computers, telecommunications, and other devices.

HARDWARE

HARWARE COMPONENTS OF PC

PARTS OF FRONT PANEL, REAR PANEL AND INSIDE

It is a place where our data information or programs get stored before being processed and the result get stored.

Memory is a device can be stored the data as a volatile and non-volatile behavior.

Types of memory------------1. Primary2. Secondary3. Back up

MEMORY

Primary memory---its volatile behaviour(A) RAM(RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)-SRAM-DRAM-EDO RAM-SD RAM-DDR SDRAM-RDRAM-SIMM & DIMM RAM(B) ROM(READ ONLY MEMORY)-PROM-EPROM-EEPROMSecondary memory– Its non Volatile behaviour.

Difference between primary & secondary memory

Difference between primary & secondary memory

The word cache is pronounced as cash. The cache memory is placed in between main memory. The processor is connected to the cache memory through a cache controller. It is a semi conductor memory. The capacity of cache memory is 2-3% of that the main memory. It access time is about 10ns.

CACHE

HARD DISK It is a secondary storage device, which is used to store data or information permanently hard disk consist of one or more

All hard disk consists of thin platters with a magnetic coating .

They rotate quite fast inside a metal container. Their design causes them to ride on a

microscopic cushion of air without touching the platter. Data are written and read by read/write heads.

Spindale Motor:- It is bused to exhilarate the hard disk platter. It is inside the metal container which is rotating the magnetic disk of hard disk.

Physical aspect of hard disk

The magnetic disks are typically made up Aluminum. The disks are covered with an ultra thin magnetic coating with improved coating technologies an increasing number of micro magnets can be placed on the disk.

Formatting of platter– Track sector

PLATTER

How to create the partition-----??????The whole area of hard disks are divided into

some little parts is called partition.1. Basic partition— its divided into 3 parts(A) Primary partition(B) Extended “””””(C) Logical “””””2. Dynamic partition\ Volume

PARTITION

Restarting a computer or its operating system software. It is of two types--

(1) Cold booting: when the computer is started after having been switched off.

(2) Warm booting: when the Operating System alone is restarted .

BOOTING

First of all press start button with pressing R.

It ill open run.Then enter following instructions ---CMD-DISKPART-LIST DISK-SELECT DISK 1-LIST

PART SELECT PART 1-ACTIVE-EXIT-EXIT

How to create pan drive bootable….????

INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES

An input device sends information to a computer system for processing , and an output device reproduces or displays the results of that processing. Depending on the interaction, a device can be both, referred to as an input/output devices.

WHAT IS INPUT AND OUTPUT..??

NETWORKING

A group of two or more than two computer network devices or a internet device called computer network.

Or,

A network is a group of two or more computer linked together.

What is networking….?????

Network devices are components used to connect computers together to share files or resources.

Device used in computer networking like hub, switch etc…

Network devices :- 1. Switch2. Hub3. Modem4. Bridge 5. Repeater 6. Router

NETWORK DEVICE

Switch:- It also known as hub, bridging, MacA network switch is a computer networking

device that connects devices together on a computer network.

It also can be used for packet switching to receive and forward data to the destination device.

ABOUT NETWORK DEVICE

HUB:-A network hub is a device that allow multiple computers to communicate with each other over a network.

Each computer or device connected to the hub.

ABOUT HUB DEVICE

MODEM:- A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over.

For example:- telephones or cable lines

ABOUT MODEM DEVICE

A device that connects two local area network

Two segments of the same local area network that use the same protocol.

ABOUT BRIDGE DEVICE

A Repeater is a network device that transmits a received signal with more power.

ABOUT REPEATER DEVICE

A router is a device that forwards data packets along network.

A router is connected to at least two network.

ABOUT ROUTER DEVICE

LOCAL AREA NETWORK:- Its known as (LAN)It consists of a computer network at a single site. Its very

useful for sharing resources , such as data storage and printers.

WIDE AREA NETWORK:- Its known as (WAN)Its very large area such as an entire country or the entire

world.A WAN can contain multiple smaller network such as LANs

and MANs.

TYPES OF NETWORK

The hub of informational is called internet.Rules and regulation of network is called

protocol.The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or

protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the internet . Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet.

INTERNET PROTOCOL

FIGURES OF IP

The way of connectivity of network is called topology.

TOPOLOGY

BUS TOPOLOGY:- A bus network is a network topology in which nodes are directly connected to a common linear is called bus topology.

Types of Topology

RING TOPOLOGY :-A ring network is a network topology in which each node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single continuous pathway for signals through each node – a ring

Types of Topology

Types of TopologySTAR TOPOLOGY:- This consists of a central node, to which all other nodes are connected; this central node provides a common connection point for all nodes through a hub.

HYBRID TOPOLOGY:- A hybrid topology is always produced when two different basic network topologies are connected. Two common examples for Hybrid network are: star ring network and star bus network.

TYPES OF TOPOLOGY

MESH TOPLOGY:- In a mesh network topology, each of the network node, computer and other devices, are interconnected with one another.

Types of topology

Bus topology:- Advantages- It is easy to setup and extend bus

network.Bus topology cost very less.It is mostly used in small network like LAN.

Disadvantages:- There is limit on central cable length.

Number of nodes that can be connected.It is not suitable for network with heavy traffics.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TOPOLOGY

Ring topology:-Advantages:- its speed very high.Each computer has equal access to

resources.

Disadvantage:- It is lower than star topology.Network is highly depend on the wire which

connects different components.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TOPOLGY

Star topology:- Advantages:- Helps in monitoring network.Centralized management.Easy to connects to new nodes or device.

Disadvantages:-Its it fails when whole network goes down.

The use of hub a router or a switch as central device.


Hybrid topology:- Advantages:- Reliable Scalable Flexible EffectiveDisadvantages:- Complexity of design Costly hub Costly infrastructure


Mesh topology:- Advantages:-A broken node won’t distract the

transmission of data in a mesh network. Each node is connected to several other nodes

which make it easier to relay dataDisadvantages:- Maintaining mesh networks

can be very hard to manage. It requires continuous supervision because of

the redundancy present in the network.


Ping is used diagnostically to ensure that a host computer the user is trying to reach is actually operating. Ping works by sending an Internet Control Message Protocol Echo Request to a specified interface on the network and waiting for a reply. Ping can be used for troubleshooting to test connectivity and determine response time.

ABOUT PING

In a local area network (LAN) or other network, the MAC (Media Access Control) address is your computer's unique hardware number. (On an Ethernet LAN, it's the same as your Ethernet address.) When you're connected to the Internet from your computer a correspondence table relates your IP ADDRESS to your computer's physical (MAC) address on the LAN.

ABOUT MAC

hardware & networking

Devices & Hardware