hardware of computer

8/14/2019 hardware of computer

1/25

CP-V(EE -506)

Computer hardwares

INDEX

S.No

.

Topics Remar

k

1. Explain Computer system &

Component with their block

diagrams.

2. Explain various DOS

commands.

3. Explain the motherboard with

diagrams.

4. How to do Partition of Hard

disk using f-disk command.

5. Format the partition created

by FAT-32.

6. Installation of windows 98.


2/25

7. Installation of Linux.

8. Installation of XP.

Q.1 Explain block diagram of Computersystem with their diagrams.

A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set ofinstructions. Although mechanical examples of computers have existedthrough much of recorded human history, the first electronic computerswere developed in the mid-20th century (19401945).

These were the size of a large room, consuming as much power asseveral hundred modern personal computers. Modern computers based onintegrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than theearly machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers aresmall enough to fit into a wristwatch, and can be powered by a watchbattery. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of theInformation Age and are what most people think of as "computers". Theembedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighteraircraft and from toys to industrial robots are however the most numerous.


3/25

A computer can process data, pictures, sound and graphics. They can solvehighly complicated problems quickly and accurately.

There are the main Component of Computer, which are given:

Input Unit:Computers need to receive data and instruction in order to solve

any problem. Therefore we need to input the data and instructions into thecomputers. The input unit consists of one or more input devices. Keyboard isthe one of the most commonly used input device. Other commonly usedinput devices are the mouse, floppy disk drive, magnetic tape, etc. All theinput devices perform the following functions.

Accept the data and instructions from the outside world.Convert it to a form that the computer can understand.Supply the converted data to the computer system for further

processing.Storage Unit:

The storage unit of the computer holds data and instructionsthat are entered through the input unit, before they are processed. Itpreserves the intermediate and final results before these are sent to theoutput devices. It also saves the data for the later use. The various storagedevices of a computer system are divided into two categories.

1. Primary Storage: Stores and provides very fast. This memory isgenerally used to hold the program being currently executed in thecomputer, the data being received from the input unit, the intermediate and

final results of the program. The primary memory is temporary in nature.The data is lost, when the computer is switched off. In order to store thedata permanently, the data has to be transferred to the secondary memory.The cost of the primary storage is more compared to the secondary storage.Therefore most computers have limited primary storage capacity.

2. Secondary Storage: Secondary storage is used like an archive. It storesseveral programs, documents, data bases etc. The programs that you run onthe computer are first transferred to the primary memory before it isactually run. Whenever the results are saved, again they get stored in thesecondary memory. The secondary memory is slower and cheaper than theprimary memory. Some of the commonly used secondary memory devices

are Hard disk, CD, etc.Memory Size:

All digital computers use the binary system, i.e. 0s and 1s. Each characteror a number is represented by an 8 bit code.The set of 8 bits is called a byte.A character occupies 1 byte space.


4/25

A numeric occupies 2 byte space.Byte is the space occupied in the memory.

The size of the primary storage is specified in KB (Kilobytes) or MB(Megabyte). One KB is equal to 1024 bytes and one MB is equal to 1000KB.The size of the primary storage in a typical PC usually starts at 16MB. PCs

having 32 MB, 48MB, 128 MB, 256MB memory are quite common.

Output Unit:The output unit of a computer provides the information and results of acomputation to outside world. Printers, Visual Display Unit (VDU) are thecommonly used output devices. Other commonly used output devices arefloppy disk drive, hard disk drive, and magnetic tape drive.

Arithmetic Logical Unit:

All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of thecomputer. It also does comparison and takes decision. The ALU can performbasic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etcand does logic operations viz, >,


5/25

In the personal computer operating systems MS-DOS and PC-DOS, a numberof standard system commands were provided for common tasks such aslisting files on a disk or moving files.

Some commands were built-in to the command interpreter; others existed astransient commands loaded into memory when required. Over the severalgenerations of MS DOS, commands were added for the additional functionsof the operating system.

Below is a listing of the top 10 MS-DOS commands most commonly used andthat you will most likely use during a normal DOS session.

1. cd

CD (Change Directory) is a command used to switch directories in MS-DOS.

Examples

cd\

Goes to the highest level, the root of the drive.

cd..

Goes back one directory. For example, if you are within theC:\Windows\COMMAND> directory, this would take you to C:\Windows>

2. dir

The dir command allows you to see the available files in the current and/orparent directories.

Examples

dir

Lists all files and directories in the directory that you are currently in.

dir /ad

List only the directories in the current directory. If you need to move into oneof the directories listed use the cd command.

dir /s

Lists the files in the directory that you are in and all sub directories after thatdirectory, if you are at root "C:\>" and type this command this will list to youevery file and directory on the C: drive of the computer.
http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/root.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/cdhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/cdhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/root.htm


6/25

3. C opy

Allows the user to copy one or more files to an alternate location.

Examplescopy *.* a:

Copy all files in the current directory to the floppy disk drive.

4. D el

Del is a command used to delete files from the computer.

Examples

del test.tmp = Deletes the test.tmp in the directory that you currently arein, if the file exists.

5. edit

Edit allows a user to view, create, and/or modify their computer files.

Example

edit myfile.txt

This would bring up a blank edit screen, as long as the file is saved upon exitthis will create the file myfile.txt.

6. move

Allows you to move files or directories from one folder to another, or fromone drive to another.

Example

move c:\windows\temp\*.* c:\temp

Move the files of c:\windows\temp to the temp directory in root, this is ofcourse assuming you have the windows\temp directory.

7. ren (rename)
http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/delete.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/delete.htm


7/25

Used to rename files and directories from the original name to a new name.

Example

rename c:\chope hope

Rename the directory chope to hope.

8. deltree

Short for delete tree, deltree is a command used to deletefiles anddirectories permanently from the computer.

Example

deltree c:\fake010

Deletes the fake010 directory and everything in it.

Q.3 Explain the motherboard with

diagrams.A motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many

modern computers and holds many of the crucial components of the system,while providing connectors for other peripherals. The motherboard issometimes alternatively known as the main board, system board, or, onApple computers, the logic board.
http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/delete.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/file.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/director.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/delete.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/file.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/director.htm


8/25

Fig. Motherboard

Motherboard contains Some important components, they are:

CPU sockets :A CPU socket or slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed

circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called amicroprocessor). It is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed forvery high pin counts. A CPU socket provides many functions, including aphysical structure to support the CPU, support for a heat sink, facilitatingreplacement (as well as reducing cost), and most importantly, forming anelectrical interface both with the CPU and the PCB. CPU sockets can mostoften be found in most desktop and server computers (laptops typically use
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server


9/25

surface mount CPUs), particularly those based on the Intel x86 architectureon the motherboard.

Integrated peripheralsWith the steadily declining costs and size of integrated circuits, it is now possible to include

support for many peripherals on the motherboard. By combining many functions on one PCB,the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced; highly-integrated motherboardsare thus especially popular in small form factor and budget computers.

For example, the ECS RS485M-M, a typical modern budget motherboard for computers basedon AMD processors, has on-board support for a very large range of peripherals:

* disk controllers for a floppy disk drive, up to 2 PATA drives, and up to 6 SATA drives(including RAID 0/1 support)

* integrated ATI Radeon graphics controller supporting 2D and 3D graphics, with VGA andTV output

* integrated sound card supporting 8-channel (7.1) audio and S/PDIF output* Fast Ethernet network controller for 10/100 Mbit networking* USB 2.0 controller supporting up to 12 USB ports
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_architecture


10/25

* IrDA controller for infrared data communication (e.g. with an IrDA-enabled cellular phoneor printer)

* temperature, voltage, and fan-speed sensors that allow software to monitor the health ofcomputer components

Peripheral card slots:

A typical motherboard of 2009 will have a different number of connectionsdepending on its standard.

A standard ATX motherboard will typically have 1x PCI-E 16x connection fora graphics card, 2x PCI slots for various expansion cards, and 1x PCI-E 1x(which will eventually supersede PCI. A standard EATX motherboard willhave 1x PCI-E 16x connection for a graphics card, and a varying number ofPCI and PCI-E 1x slots. It can sometimes also have a PCI-E 4x slot. (Thisvaries between brands and models.)

Some motherboards have 2x PCI-E 16x slots, to allow more than 2 monitors

without special hardware, or use a special graphics technology called SLI (forNvidia) and Crossfire (for ATI). These allow 2 graphics cards to be linkedtogether, to allow better performance in intensive graphical computingtasks, such as gaming and video editing.

Temperature and reliability:

Motherboards are generally air cooled with heat sinks often mounted onlarger chips, such as the Northbridge, in modern motherboards. If themotherboard is not cooled properly, it can cause the computer to crash.Passive cooling, or a single fan mounted on the power supply, was sufficientfor many desktop computer CPUs until the late 1990s; since then, most haverequired CPU fans mounted on their heat sinks, due to rising clock speedsand power consumption. Most motherboards have connectors for additionalcase fans as well. Newer motherboards have integrated temperature sensorsto detect motherboard and CPU temperatures, and controllable fanconnectors which the BIOS or operating system can use to regulate fanspeed.

Bootstrapping using the BIOS:

Motherboards contain some non-volatile memory to initializethe system and load an operating system from some external peripheraldevice. Microcomputers such as the Apple II and IBM PC used ROM chips,mounted in sockets on the motherboard.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EATXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EATXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_editing


11/25

At power-up, the central processor would load its program counter with theaddress of the boot ROM and start executing ROM instructions, displayingsystem information on the screen and running memory checks, which would

in turn start loading memory from an external or peripheral device (diskdrive). If none is available, then the computer can perform tasks from othermemory stores or display an error message, depending on the model anddesign of the computer and version of the BIOS.

Q.4 How to do Partition of Hard disk using f-

disk command.

If you use the following steps on a hard disk that is not empty, all of the data

on that hard disk is permanently deleted.


12/25

How to Partition a Master Hard Disk

To partition a master hard disk, run the fdiskcommand:

1. Insert the Startup disk in the floppy disk drive, restart your computer,and then use one of the following methods, depending on your

operating system. For a Windows 98, Windows 98 Second Edition, orWindows Me Startup disk:

a. When the Microsoft Windows 98 Startup menu is displayed,select the Start computer without CD-ROM support menuoption, and then press ENTER.

b. At a command prompt, type fdisk, and then press ENTER.

c. View step 2.

For a Windows 95 Startup disk:

a. At a command prompt, type fdisk, and then press ENTER.b. View step 2.

If your hard disk is larger than 512 MB, you receive the following message:

Your computer has a disk larger than 512 MB. This version of Windows

includes improved support for large disks, resulting in more efficient

use of disk space on large drives, and allowing disks over 2 GB to be

formatted as a single drive.

IMPORTANT: If you enable large disk support and create any new

drives on this disk, you will not be able to access the new drive(s)using other operating systems, including some versions of Windows 95

and Windows NT, as well as earlier versions of Windows and MS-DOS.

In addition, disk utilities that were not designated explicitly for the

FAT32 file system will not be able to work with this disk. If you need to

access this disk with other operating systems or older disk utilities, do

not enable large drive support.

Do you wish to enable large disk support?

If you want to use the FAT32 file system, press Y and then pressENTER. If you want to use the FAT16 file system, press N, and then

press ENTER.

After you press ENTER, the following Fdisk Options menu is displayed:

1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive2. Set active partition3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive


13/25

4. Display partition information5. Change current fixed disk driveNote that option 5 is available only if you have two physical hard disks

in the computer.

Press 1 to select the Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive menu option,and then press ENTER.

Press 1 to select the Create Primary DOS Partition menu option, and thenpress ENTER.

After you press ENTER, you receive the following message:

Do you wish to use the maximum available size for primary DOS

partition?

After you receive this message, use one of the following methods,

depending on the file system that you selected.

For a FAT32 File System

a. If you press Y for the FAT32 file system (in step 2) and you want all of thespace on the hard disk to be assigned to drive C, press Y, and then pressENTER.

b. Press ESC, and then press ESC to quit the Fdisk tool and return to acommand prompt.

c. View step 7.

For a FAT16 File System

If you press N for the FAT16 file system (in step 2), you can accept the

default 2 GB size for the partition size, or you can customize the size of

the partition.

To accept the default partition size:

a. If you want the first 2 GB on the hard disk to be assigned to drive C,press Y, and then press ENTER.

b. Press ESC to return to the Options menu, and then view step d in thefollowing "To customize the partition size" section.

To customize the partition size:


14/25

a. If you want to customize the size of the partitions (drive letters) on thehard disk, press N, and then press ENTER.

b. A dialog box is displayed in which you can type the size that you wantfor the primary partition in MB or percent of disk space. Note that forcomputers that are running either Windows 98 or Windows Me,

Microsoft recommends that you make the primary partition at least500 MB in size. Type the size of the partition that you want to create,and then press ENTER.

c. Press ESC to return to the Options menu.

d. To assign drive letters to the additional space on the hard disk, press1, and then press ENTER.

e. Press 2 to select the Create Extended DOS Partition menu option,and then press ENTER.

f. You receive a dialog box that is displays the maximum space that is

available for the extended partition. You can adjust the size of thepartition or use the default size. Note that the default maximum spaceis recommended, but you can divide the space between multiple driveletters. Type the amount of space that you want, press ENTER, andthen press ESC.

g. The Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partitionmenu is displayed. This is the menu that you can use to assign theremaining hard disk space to the additional drive letters. Type theamount of space that you want to assign to the next drive letter in theEnter logical drive size in Mbytes or percent of disk space (%)box, and then press ENTER.

h. A table that lists the drive letter that you created and the amount ofspace on that drive is displayed. If there is free space on the hard disk,it is displayed near the bottom of the table. Repeat steps e through guntil you receive the following message:

All available space in the Extended DOS Partition is assigned to

local drives.

i. After you receive this message, press ESC to return to the Optionsmenu.

j. To activate the partition from which you plan to boot (usually drive C),

press 2 to select the Set active partition menu option, and thenpress ENTER.

k. When you receive the following message, press 1, and then pressENTER:

Enter the number of the partition you want to make active.


15/25

l. Press ESC, and then press ESC to quit the Fdisk tool and return to acommand prompt, and then view the following "How to Format a HardDisk" section in this article.

Q.5 Format the partition created by FAT-32.Format external drive in FAT32 using DOS

Open a command window by going to Start, then Run and typing in CMD.


16/25

Now type in the following command at the prompt:

format /FS:FAT32 X:

Replace the letter X with the letter of your external hard drive in Windows.Windows will go ahead and begin formatting the drive in FAT32!

Format the hard disk and install Windows XP

a. Use the ARROW keys to select the partition where you want to install

Windows XP, and then press ENTER.b. Select the format option that you want to use to format the partition. You can

select from the following options:

Format the partition by using the NTFS file system(Quick)

Format the partition by using the FAT file system (Quick)

Format the partition by using the NTFS file system

Format the partition by using the FAT file system

Leave the current file system intact (no changes)

Notes

If the selected partition is a new partition, the option to leave the

current file system intact is not available.

If the selected partition is larger than 32 gigabytes (GB), the FAT

file system option is not available.
http://www.online-tech-tips.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/formatexternalharddrivefat32.pnghttp://www.online-tech-tips.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/commandprompt.png


17/25

If the selected partition is larger than 2 GB, the Windows Setup

program uses the FAT32 file system (you must press ENTER toconfirm).

If the partition is smaller than 2 GB, the Windows Setup program

uses the FAT16 file system.

If you deleted and created a new System partition, but you are

installing Windows XP on a different partition, you are promptedto select a file system for both the System and Startuppartitions.

c. Press ENTER.

d. After the Windows Setup program formats the partition, follow the instructionsthat appear on the screen to install Windows XP. After the Windows Setupprogram is finished and you have restarted the computer, you can use theDisk Management tools in Windows XP to create or format more partitions.

Format an Existing Volume to Use FAT32To format a volume, follow these steps:

1. Click Start, then right-click My Computer, and then click Manage.

2. In the console tree, click Disk Management.

3. In the Disk Management window, right-click the volume that you wantto format (or reformat), and then click Format.

4. In the Format dialog box, do the following:

Click FAT32 in the File system box.

Type a name for the volume in the Volume label box.

If you want, you can also change the disk allocation unit size, orspecify whether you want to perform a quick format.

Click OK.

5. Click OKwhen you are prompted to format the volume.

The format process starts.

Q.6 Installation of windows 98.

How to Install Windows 98

After you partition and format your hard disk, you can install Windows 98:

1. Insert the Windows 98 Startup disk in the floppy disk drive, and thenrestart your computer.


18/25

2. When the Windows 98 Startup menu is displayed, choose the Startcomputer with CD-ROM support option, and then press ENTER.

3. If CD-ROM support is provided by the generic drivers on the Startupdisk, you receive one of the following messages, whereXis the driveletter that is assigned to your CD-ROM drive:

DriveX: = Driver MSCD001

DriveX: = Driver OEMCD001

NOTE: If your CD-ROM drive is not available after you boot from the

Windows 98 Startup disk, install the CD-ROM drivers that are included

with your CD-ROM drive. For information about how to obtain and

install the most current driver for your CD-ROM drive, view the

documentation that is included with your device, or contact your

hardware manufacturer.

4. Insert the Windows 98 CD-ROM in the CD-ROM drive, type thefollowing command at a command prompt, and then press ENTER

X:\setup

whereXis the drive letter that is assigned to your CD-ROM drive.

5. When you receive the following message, press ENTER, and thenfollow the instructions on the screen to complete the Setup procedure:

Please wait while the Setup initializes. Setup is now going to perform a

routine check on your system. To continue press Enter.

The following list describes the minimum hardware requirements forWindows 98:

A personal computer with a 486DX 66 megahertz (MHz) or fasterprocessor (Pentium central processing unit recommended).

16 megabytes (MB) of memory (24 MB recommended).

A typical upgrade from Windows 95 requires approximately 195 MB of

free hard disk space, but the hard disk space may range from between120 MB and 295 MB, depending on your computer configuration andthe options that you choose to install.

A full install of Windows 98 on a FAT16 drive requires 225 MB of freehard disk space, but may range from between 165 MB and 355 MB,depending on your computer configuration and that options that youchoose to install.


19/25

A full install of Windows 98 on a FAT32 drive requires 175 MB of freehard disk space, but may range from between 140 MB and 255 MB,depending on your computer configuration and the options that youchoose to install.

One 3.5-inch high-density floppy disk drive.

VGA or higher resolution (16-bit or 24-bit color SVGA recommended).

Fig. View of windows98

Q.7 Installation of Linux.UNIX is one of the most popular operating systems worldwide because of its large support baseand distribution. It was originally developed at AT&T as a multitasking system forminicomputers and mainframes in the 1970's, but has since grown to become one of the mostwidely-used operating systems anywhere, despite its sometimes confusing interface and lack of

central standardization.Many hackers feel that UNIX is the Right Thing--the One True Operating System. Hence, thedevelopment of Linux by an expanding group of UNIX hackers who want to get their handsdirty with their own system.

Versions of UNIX exist for many systems, from personal computers to supercomputers like theCray Y-MP. Most versions of UNIX for personal computers are expensive and cumbersome. At


20/25

the time of this writing, a one-machine version of UNIX System V for the 386 runs aboutUS$1500.

Linux is a free version of UNIX developed primarily by Linus Torvalds at the University ofHelsinki in Finland, with the help of many UNIX programmers and wizards across the Internet.Anyone with enough know-how and gumption can develop and change the system. The Linux

kernel uses no code from AT&T or any other proprietary source, and much of the softwareavailable for Linux was developed by the GNU project of the Free Software Foundation inCambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. However, programmers from all over the world havecontributed to the growing pool of Linux software.

Instructions to Install:

1. Step 1

Download it to your desktop and run the executable program.

2. Step 2

Choose the drive where you want your installation to go. Unlike other

installation methods. Instead, it will place a file on your local drivewhich it will use as a virtual hard drive In most Windows installations,C: is the local hard drive, so choose it from the dropdown menu asyour installation drive. Again, do not worry -- this will not overwriteyour data!

3. Step 3

Choose an installation size. The base installation requires about fourgigabytes. Since you'll want some room to install programs and storeyour data, choose a size larger than that.

4. Step 4

Select your language.

5. Step 5

Input a username and password for your installation. Don't forgetthese -- unlike Windows, Linux uses your username and passwordextensively: you'll need them to log on to your computer, installprograms, and make changes to the system. This is done for securityreasons.

6. Step 6

Click "Install" and Wubi will begin downloading the installation files.

The download is about 600 megabytes, so get some coffee or let it runovernight.

7. Step 7

Once the installation files are downloaded, you'll be asked to rebootyour system. When you do, your computer will restart, but instead ofbooting directly into an operating system, you'll see a screen that asks
http://www.ehow.com/how_4865911_install-linux-operating-system.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how_4865911_install-linux-operating-system.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how_4865911_install-linux-operating-system.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how_4865911_install-linux-operating-system.html


21/25

you to select whether you'd like to boot Windows or Ubuntu. ChooseUbuntu to complete the installation.

8. Step 8

Once the installation has finished, you'll have a completely functionalUbuntu Linux install. Ubuntu does a great job of detecting andinstalling hardware, but if you find that something doesn't work right,visit the Ubuntu forums and see if it's a known issue. There arehundreds of people there who are excited you're trying Linux andthey're willing to help you out. If you have a question, don't be afraidto ask!

Q.8 Installation of XP.There are five methods for installing Windows XP. Review the following

methods and select the method that is appropriate for your installation.

Method 1: Perform a clean install of Windows XPUse this method for a clean installation of Windows XP. A cleaninstallation removes all data from your hard disk by repartitioning and

reformatting your hard disk and reinstalling the operating system andprograms to an empty (clean) hard disk.

Method 2: Upgrade to Windows XPUse this method if you are upgrading to Windows XP from MicrosoftWindows 98, Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition, or MicrosoftWindows 2000 Professional.

Method 3: Install Windows XP to a new hard diskUse this method to install Windows XP to a new hard disk. This istypically done when a new hard disk is installed on your computer.

Method 4: Install Windows XP to a new folder (parallelinstallation)Use this method to install Windows XP to a new folder (parallelinstallation) to either run two operating systems, or to access, repair,or retrieve data from a damaged disk.

Method 5: Perform a multiple boot operationUse this method to install Windows XP as a separate operating systemon your computer. This lets you install more than one operating


22/25

system on your computer and select which operating system that youwant to use every time that you start your computer.

Method 1: Perform a clean install of Windows XP

A clean installation consists of removing all data from your hard disk by

repartitioning and reformatting your hard disk and reinstalling the operating

system and programs to an empty (clean) hard disk. For more information

about important things to consider before you partition and format you hard

disk and how to partition and format your hard disk by using the Windows XP

Setup program, click the following article number to view the article in the

Microsoft Knowledge Base:

To perform a clean installation of Windows XP, follow these steps:

1. Back up all important information before you perform a cleaninstallation of Windows XP. Save the backup to an external location,such as a CD or external hard disk.

2. Start your computer from the Windows XP CD. To do this, insert theWindows XP CD into your CD drive or DVD drive, and then restart your

computer.

Note To boot from your Windows XP CD, the BIOS settings on yourcomputer must be configured to do this.

3. When you see the "Press any key to boot from CD" message, pressany key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD.

4. At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to start Windows XPSetup.

5. Read the Microsoft Software License Terms, and then press F8.

6. Follow the instructions on the screen to select and format a partition

where you want to install Windows XP.

7. Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the Windows XPSetup.

Method 2: Upgrade to Windows XP

This section describes how to upgrade to Windows XP from Windows 98,

Windows Millennium Edition, and Windows 2000 Professional.


23/25

Important Before you start the upgrade process, contact your computer

manufacturer to obtain the latest BIOS upgrades for your computer and then

install the upgrades. If you update the BIOS after you upgrade the computer,

you may have to reinstall Windows XP to take advantage of features such as

Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) support in the BIOS. If

you can do this, update the firmware in all the hardware devices before you

start the upgrade.

To upgrade to Windows XP, follow these steps:

1. Start your computer, and then insert the Windows XP CD into the CDor DVD drive.

2. If Windows automatically detects the CD, click Install Windows tostart the Windows XP Setup Wizard.

If Windows does not automatically detect the CD, click Start. Thenclick Run. Type the following command, and then click OK:

CD drive letter:\setup.exe

3. When you are prompted to select an installation type, select Upgrade(the default setting), and then click Next.

4. Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the upgrade.

Method 3: Install Windows XP to a new hard disk

This method describes how to install Windows XP to a new hard disk. This is

typically done when a new hard disk is installed on your computer.

Note You will need the CD for your previous operating system in order to

complete this method.

Before you start, start your computer by using one of the following media:

Microsoft Windows 98/Windows Millennium startup disk

Windows XP CD or Windows XP boot disks

To install Windows XP to a new hard disk, follow these steps:

1. Start your computer from the Windows XP CD (or boot disks). To dothis, insert the Windows XP CD into your CD or DVD drive, and thenrestart your computer.


24/25

2. When the "Press any key to boot from CD" message appears on thescreen, press any key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD.

3. At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to begin Windows XPSetup.


5. When you are prompted for the Windows XP CD, insert your WindowsXP CD.

6. Restart your computer.

7. When you see the "Press any key to boot from CD" message, pressany key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD.

8. At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to start Windows XPSetup.

9. Follow the instructions on the screen to select and format a partitionwhere you want to install Windows XP.

10.Follow the instructions on the screen to complete Windows XP Setup.

Method 4: Install Windows XP to a new folder (parallel installation)

This method describes how to install Windows XP to a new folder (parallel

installation) to either run two operating systems, or to access, repair, or

retrieve data from a damaged disk.

Before you start, start your computer by using one of the following media:

Microsoft Windows 98/Windows Millennium Edition startup disk

Windows XP CD or Windows XP boot disks

Note The Windows XP CD is the preferred media in the followingsteps. However, the Windows XP boot disks will work if you do nothave the CD.

To install Windows XP to a new folder (also known as a parallel installation),

follow these steps:

1. Start your computer from the Windows XP CD (or boot disks). To dothis, insert the Windows XP CD into your CD or DVD drive, and thenrestart your computer.

2. When the "Press any key to boot from CD" message appears on thescreen, press any key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD.

3. At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to begin Windows XPSetup.


25/25


5. Select the partition in which you want to install Windows XP, and thenpress ENTER.

6. Select the Leave the current file system intact (no changes)option, and then press ENTER to continue.

7. Press ESC to install to a different folder.

8. Press ENTER to continue.

9. Follow the instructions on the screen to complete Windows XP Setup.

Method 5: Perform a multiple boot operation

Use this method to install Windows XP as a separate operating system on

your computer. This lets you install more than one operating system and

select which operating system that you want to use every time that you startyour computer. For more information about how to multiple boot Windows

XP and other versions of Windows and MS-DOS, click the following article

number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

hardware of computer

Documents