hasrat mohani
TRANSCRIPT
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CONTENTS
S. No. TOPICS PAGE #
1 Family background of Maulana Hasrat Mohani 2
2 Birth and education 2
3 Maulana Hasrat Mohani as a journalist 3
4 Maulana Hasrat Mohani as a poet 3
5 Spiritual status of Maulana Hasrat Mohani 4
6 Maulana Hasrat Mohani in politics 7
7Maulana Hasrat MohaniPioneer of Complete
Independence Movement8
8 Struggle against Saudi attack on Hijaz-e-Muqaddas 10
9 Maulana Hasrat Mohani in jail 11
10 Struggle after independence 14
11 Literary works 16
12 Death of Maulana Hasrat Mohani 16
13 Successor of Maulana Hasrat Mohani in politics 17
14 Conclusion 18
15 Notes and references 19
POLITICAL STRUGGLE OFMAULANA HASRAT MOHANI
IN THE LIGHT OF HIS POETRY)
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POLITICAL STRUGGLE OFMAULANA HASRAT MOHANI
IN THE LIGHT OF HIS POETRY)
FAMILY BACKGROUND OF MAULANA HASRAT MOHANI:
The real name of Maulana Hasrat Mohani was Syed Fazl-ul-Hasan. Hasrat was his
pen name. He was commonly known with his pen name instead of his real name. In his own
words:
1 He was an eminent poet of Urdu language, a brave freedom fighter, a fearless
journalist, a true politician and a bold parliamentarian. He was really a versatile personality.
He belongs to the respectable family of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings be
upon him). His ancestors came to India from Naishapur (Iran).
BIRTH AND EDUCATION:
Maulana Hasrat Mohani was born in 1878 at Mohan in the Unnao district of United
Provinces.2He passed his Middle Examination in 1894 and stood first in the whole province
and passed his Matriculation Examination with first division and obtained scholarship. He
completed the education of Arabic and Persian in Fatehpur Haswa. Keeping in view his
excellent educational record, Dr. Sir Ziauddin Ahmed3
invited him to take admission in
Aligarh.4So he took admission in Muhammadan Anglo Oriental (M.A.O.) College Aligarh
for graduation and passed his B.A. examination in 1903 with distinction.
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His poetry is a mirror of struggle for independence, his response on different political events
and hardships faced by him in freedom movement. He used his poetry to awaken Muslims to
start struggle against British Imperialism. To say that Hasrat is the greatest poet of his times
may seem to be an exaggeration to some, but nobody will in fairness, deny to him the
attributes of being the greatest reformer of Urdu poetry.
His beautiful Ghazal is very popular in sub-continent.6A Naat composed by him is given below which depicts deep love of the poet for
the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), his Ahle Bait and Aulia-e-Kiram:
7
In recognition of his splendid poetic work, the title of Raees-ul-Mutaghazzileen (
) was conferred on him. Raees-ul-Mutaghazzileen means the head of ghazal composers.
SPIRITUAL STATUS OF MAULANA HASRAT MOHANI:
Maulana Hasrat Mohani was a pious man. He introduced himself as follows:
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I am a conservative Sunni and Sufi. I consider Tasawwuf as essence of
religion. And the result of Tasawwuf, as I think, is passion of extreme
love.8
He was a disciple of Hazrat Shah Abdur Razzaq Farangi Mahalli in Qadria Sufi
Order. In 1917, when he was shifted to Lucknow jail, he described its reason in the following
couplets:
9
Maulana Hasrat Mohani had great love of Ghaus-ul-Azam Hazrat Sheikh Syed Abdul
Qadir Jilani. This love is depicted from many Ghazals of Hasrat Mohani, for instance, the
following one is a master piece:
01
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After the death of Shah Abdur Razzaq, Maulana Hasrat Mohani became disciple of
his son Hazrat Shah Abdul Wahhab Farangi Mahalli.
11
In Sabarmati jail, he was blessed with the munificence of Aulia-e-Kiram. He
described the event as follows:
1
He performed hajj eleven times and visited Madina Munawwara twelve times. The
Holy Prophet (peace & blessings be upon him) blessed him with his sacred sight in the dream
many times. In July 1946, he went Bombay to attend the session of Muslim League Council.
In the way he said to Maulana Jamal Mian Farangi Mahalli:
Listen gentleman! We shall get Pakistan soon. Now we should think
about future.
Maulana Jamal Mian asked how he is so confident about Pakistan. He said that he
was blessed with the sacred sight of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). On
the next day, during meeting of the Council he presented the idea of establishing Constituent
Assembly of Pakistan and to start making constitution of Pakistan. Quaid-i-Azam did not
allow him to present this resolution. He tried again and again but was not allowed to do so.
Maulana Jamal Mian asked him to leave it. He said that people did not know the reason why
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he was stressing but Jamal Mian is aware of the dream, so he should not suggest leaving the
idea.13
After creation of Pakistan, we have wasted a long time in the making of constitution.
Would that this work started in the presence and guidance of Quaid-i-Azam as suggested by
Maulana Hasrat Mohani, we could have a better and in-time constitution to run the country
and could avoid martial laws again and again.
Due to his high spiritual status, Maulana Hasrat Mohani was allowed by his Murshid
to make disciples in Qadria and Chishtia Sufi Orders.
MAULANA HASRAT MOHANI IN POLITICS:
Maulana Hasrat Mohani was a great leader of our independence movement. He
performed his role in the movement with full courage and honesty.
04
He completed his education from Aligarh College but he opposed Aligarh Movement
and advocated active participation in politics. He started his political activities in May 1904
by participating in Bombay session of Indian National Congress (INC) as a delegate.
In 1905, he attended All India Industrial Conference and became a preacher of
Swadeshi Movement. He was the pioneer of Swadeshi Movement in sub-continent and he
considered it a main source of industrial development of the country. In his opinion, the
economy of Britishers could be ruined by the use of local products. He himself opened a store
of local products in Mohan in 1913.
Maulana Hasrat Mohani kept himself away from All India Muslim League (AIML)
because loyalty towards British was part of its manifesto. In 1913, AIML changed its
constitution and demanded self-government. At this stage, Maulana Hasrat Mohani joined
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Muslim League and worked on different posts. He became president of All India Muslim
League in 1923 for two years.
He went round the country, toured rural communities, addressed public meetings and
presided over conferences to explain the program and policy of Muslim League. His role in
converting Muslim league into a common-man party from the party of feudals is remarkable.He actively participated in Khilafat Movement as well, but never crossed the limits of
Islamic Shariah like other Khilafat leaders.
He was a simple man and used to travel in third class. He visited Bombay as the
president of Khilafat Conference in 1923 and purchased third class ticket. Maulana Shaukat
Ali insisted him to travel in second class with Bi Amman but he was firm on his principles.
So he refused to use Khilafat Fund on himself and to travel in second class.15
MAULANA HASRAT MOHANIPIONEER OF COMPLETE
INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT:
According to Maulana Hasrat Mohani, independence was the birth right of every
nation and India was no exception to it. He started the movement of Complete Independence
at the time when Indian National Congress and All India Muslim League were advocating for
dominion status.
Khilafat Committee held its meeting in Ahmadabad on December 26, 1921. Maulana
Hasrat Mohani presented his resolution of Complete Independence in Subject Committee.
Hakeem Ajmal Khan, the president of Subject Committee, agreed with it. But on the next
day, in the open session, Hakeem Ajmal Khan did not allowed Maulana Hasrat Mohani to
present the resolution. Hakeem Ajmal Khan was criticized by the participants and he left the
session. After the session, Maulana Hasrat Mohani asked the participants to keep sitting and
pass the resolution. More than half participants stayed there and passed the Complete
Independence resolution.16
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The British Government tried to introduce self governing institutions gradually in
India through Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. These reforms could not satisfy political
demands in India. As there was no clue of complete independence in these reforms, Maulana
Hasrat Mohani rejected them and wrote:
3
In his inaugural speech, Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari criticized these reforms in
eleventh annual session of All India Muslim League held in Delhi on December 30, 1918.24
On this occasion, Hasrat Mohani wrote:
5
STRUGGLE AGAINST SAUDI ATTACK ON HIJAZ-E-MUQADDAS:
Abdul Aziz Ibne Saud attacked and captured Hijaz-e-Muqaddis in 1926 with the help
of British and demolished blessed shrines of Sahaba-e-Kiraam and Ahle Bait. Muslims all
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over the world described their grief and anger on this event. Indian Muslims established
Anjuman Khuddam-ul-Haramain to start struggle against Saudi Najdi Sedition. Maulana
Hasrat Mohani was one of its founders. Addressing All India Hijaz Conference at Lucknow,
he said that the sole mission of this conference is to announce our complete and final
displeasure on disgrace of mosques and shrines of Hijaz by Saudis and Najdis. Since the
reason of their wildness and barbarism is their unique set of religious beliefs on which they
are firm, and for these beliefs they recklessly consider destruction of Haram as purification of
Haram. So, having no expectation of any goodness from them in future, this conference
declares clearly that their rule in holy places is not acceptable to us in any case and in any
shape.26
MAULANA HASRAT MOHANI IN JAIL:
Maulana Hasrat Mohani published an article entitled British Policy in Egypt in his
journal Urdu-e-Muallain 1908. This article was regarded seditious by the Government and
Maulana was sentenced to two years rigorous imprisonment along with a fine of Rs. 500/-.
He was perhaps the first political prisoner in British India convicted under the Press Laws. He
had to undergo rigorous imprisonment and had to grind one maund of wheat per day. The
hard labour of grinding wheat was not taken for over three months, even from the worst
criminals, but Hasrat did this job for the whole tenure of imprisonment. Even the holy month
of Ramadan was spent in this hard duty.
7
The jail administration was instructed to treat Maulana Hasrat Mohani as badly as
possible. In order to realize the fine, the Magistrate confiscated his precious library and
auctioned it.
8
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He was again sent to jail in 1916 for two years under Safety Act. During this term, he
was again put to the greatest hardships. He was transferred many times from one jail to
another during imprisonment in chains.
In 1921, he was put behind the bars on account of his presidential address in
Ahmadabad session of AIML. In this address he demanded complete independence for India.
British government tried all ways of hardships and violence but failed to change the
political views of Hasrat Mohani. He declared:
9
32
31
3
33
34
Maulana Hasrat Mohani did not stop his activities during imprisonment and continued
preaching his views of complete independence in jail.
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He presented the details of hardships faced by him in jails in a book Mushahidat-e-
Zindaan( ). Moreover, he has mentioned these details in his poetry as well. Some
such couplets are given hereunder:
! !
36
37
38
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42
41
4
43
44
45
46
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Maulana Hasrat Mohani faced all troubles and hardships prudently and never
considered any expedience.
48
STRUGGLE AFTER INDEPENDENCE:
Maulana Hasrat Mohani stayed in India after independence to safeguard the interests
of Muslims left in India. He stood like a rock against the storm of Hindu communalism and
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fanaticism. History cannot forget his memorable words challenging Sardar Patel, the iron
man of India, in the Constituent Assembly:
You should not think that Muslims are orphans today. I am here to
defend their rights against all odds and will fight for them till death.49
Azad Muslim Conference was held in Lucknow backed by Indian Government. Abul
Kalam Azad asked Indian Muslims to terminate their political organizations and become part
of Indian National Congress. Maulana Hasrat Mohani replied him:
You are teaching unconditional faithfulness of Congress to the Indian
Muslims and trying to limit Islamic organizations to social matters in
1947, just like Sir Syed who instructed Muslims to limit themselves to
educational and social matters and become faithful to Britishers
politically in 1857. 52Maulana Hasrat Mohani was the only member of Indian Parliament who condemned
capturing of Junagarh and Hyderabad by Indian army. He said to the Deputy Prime Minister
Sardar Patel:
You have done the same as Hastings, Welsely and Clive did. You have
snatched the independence of poor States through your powerful army.
Curse of Allah Almighty would be on your department.51
A resolution was moved in Legislative Assembly of U.P. to congratulate Indian Army
for its victory in Hyderabad. Maulana Hasrat Mohani was the only member in the Assembly
who opposed this resolution and said that Indian Army did not deserve any praise for such a
cowardly act.52
Mr. Afzal Usmani wrote a very interesting incident in the following words:
On November 26, 1949, when the Indian Constituent Assembly
proposed the Indian constitution to adopt for an independent, sovereign,
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democratic and republic of India and assuring its citizens of justice,
equality, and liberty, only one member of the constituent Assembly of
India raised his voice of dissent. The then Prime Minister Pandit
Jawahar Lal Nehru rush to his desk and said Maulana, what you are
doing, your only vote against the proposed constitution will become a
part of the history. Maulana replied very politely That is why I raised
my voice to make sure that at least one voice of dissent was made
against the proposed Indian constitution which has not done justice with
Indian Muslims. This voice of dissent was from no other than one of
the great alumni of our beloved Alma Mater Aligarh Muslim University,
a freedom fighter by nature, a journalist by profession, a humble human
being by instinct and an integral element of Aligarh Movement and
represented the true interpretation of Aligarh Movement, Syed Fazlul
Hasan, popularly known as Maulana Hasrat Mohani.53
LITERARY WORKS:
Kulliyat-e-Hasrat Mohani ( ) Sharh-e-Kalam-e-Ghalib ( ) Nukat-e-Sukhan ( ) Mushahidat-e-Zindan ( ) Intekhab-e-Sukhan ( )
DEATH OF MAULANA HASRAT MOHANI:
Maulana Hasrat Mohani described his desire as follows:
54
55
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This desire was accomplished as reported by Maulana Jamal Mian Farangi Mahalli.
He went to the house of Maulana Hasrat Mohani on May 13, 1951. He saw that relatives of
Maulana Hasrat Mohani were bewailing around his bed. He identified him and hardly said to
him pointing out to his relatives that say them this is not a new thing going to happen. After
that he recited Astaghfaar and Darood Shareef and died. He was buried in Maulana Anwar
Bagh of Farangi Mahal Lukhnow - the traditional burial of Farangi Mahal Ulama.65
57
SUCCESSOR OF MAULANA HASRAT MOHANI IN POLITICS:
Muslim League Legislators Convention was held on April 10, 1946 in Delhi. At this occasion,
Maulana Hasrat Mohani met Mujahid-e-Millat Maulana Abdus Sattar Khan Niazi. Maulana Hasrat
Mohani appreciated him for his services for independence movement and said:
Niazi! Alack, you met me at the time of my evening and your noon. Would that
we met earlier, we could do something together for the nation.
Maulana Hasrat Mohani advised him not to afraid from any hurdle in the right path. He
instructed him to trust on Allah Almighty only and do not expect any worldly reward of his services.
He also read out for him the following lines:
58
All India Muslim League Council held its meeting in Delhi on June 6, 1946 to discuss
Cabinet Mission Plan. Maulana Hasrat Mohani and Maulana Abdus Sattar Khan Niazi
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strongly opposed the plan. They were not ready to delay establishment of Pakistan any more.
They hardly got support of sixteen or seventeen members in the house of six hundred and
fifty members. The Council approved the Cabinet Mission Plan with majority votes. In the
next ten days, their apprehension became true and the betrayal of Britishers compelled Quaid-
i-Azam to withdraw the approval of the Plan.59
It is evident from the life history of Mujahid-e-Millat that he acted upon the advices
of Maulana Hasrat Mohani throughout his course of life and faced all hardships patiently and
courageously. We can see the reflection of the great character of Maulana Hasrat Mohani in
the character of Mujahid-e-Millat during his struggle in Independence movement, Khatme
Nabuwwat movement, Nizam-e-Mustafa movement, Tahaffuz-e-Namoos-e-Risalat
movement and Nifaz-e-Shariat movement.
CONCLUSION:
Maulana Hasrat Mohani was really a great poet and a great freedom fighter. He
possessed the rare qualities of sincerity, patience, perseverance, forbearance,
straightforwardness, fearlessness and above all the spirit of contentment and sacrifice.
One, who reads his poetry, says about his personality:
And one, who beholds his political struggle, says offhand:
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NOTES & REFERENCES:
1 Hasrat Mohani.Kulliyat-e-Hasrat(Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 3552 Jamal Mian Farangi Mahalli. Muqaddima Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library
and Hall Trust: 1997) 21
3 Dr. Sir Ziauddin Ahmed served as a lecturer, professor and then as principal at M.A.O. college and vice-chancellor and rector of Aligarh Muslim University. Besides his educational services, he played active role
in Indian Politics as well. He never supported Hindu-Muslim Unity. He played a key role in the propagation
of Two-Nation Theory under the guidance of Maulana Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri Barelvi. During Non-
cooperation movement, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and his associates approached Dr. Ziauddin
Ahmed and asked him to stop taking government grants and discontinue affiliation of the university with
government. He showed them the copy of a verdict of Maulana Ahmed Raza Khan and asked them to
provide its authentic refutation but they could not. In this way he saved Aligarh Muslim University to
indulge in Indian Nationalism like Darul Uloom Deoband, Nadwatul Ulama and Jamia Millia. He moved
the attitudes of the teachers and students of the University towards the Two-Nation Theory. {Chiragh,Muhammad Ali.Akabireen-e-Tehreek-e-Pakistan(Lahore, Sang-e-Meel Publications: 2003) 458-465}
4 Ahmad Saeed, Kh. Mansoor Sarwar. Trek to Pakistan(Lahore, Al Fouzi Publishers: 2012) 314-3155 Hasrat Mohani.Kulliyat-e-Hasrat(Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 1776 Ibid. 2497 Ibid. 416
In this Naat, following Aulia-e-kiraam are mentioned:
Ghaus-ul-Azam Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani, Syed Abdus Samad Ahmadabadi, Shah Abdul Wahhab Farangi
Mahalli, Shah Abdur Razzaq Farangi Mahalli, Shah Abdur Razzaq Bansvi, Shah Abdul Wali FarangiMahalli and Maulana Anwar Farangi Mahalli.
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8 Jamal Mian Farangi Mahalli. Muqaddima Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Libraryand Hall Trust: 1997) 64
9 Hasrat Mohani.Kulliyat-e-Hasrat(Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 29410 Ibid. 23911 Ibid. 34112 Ibid. 36213 Jamal Mian Farangi Mahalli. Muqaddima Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library
and Hall Trust: 1997) 43
14 Hasrat Mohani.Kulliyat-e-Hasrat(Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 15815 Ishtiaq Azhar, Syed. Syed-ul-Ahrar(Karachi, Maulana Hasrat Mohani Memorial Society: 1988) 32 16 Asghar Kazmi, Syed Muhammad. Seyd-ul-Ahrar Raees-ul-Mutaghazzileen Maulana Hasrat Mohani
Danishwaron ki Nazar Mein, (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 2002) 221
17 Ahmad Saeed, Kh. Mansoor Sarwar. Trek to Pakistan(Lahore, Al Fouzi Publishers: 2012) 31518 Sarfaraz Hussain Mirza, Prof. Dr. Tareekh All India Muslim League (Lahore, Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust:
2010) 311
19 And undoubtedly, soon your Lord shall give you so much that you shall be satisfied. (Sura Ad-Duha, verse5)
20 Hasrat Mohani.Kulliyat-e-Hasrat(Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 44921 And be not sluggish and neither be grieved, you are the victorious if you have faith. (Surah Aal-e-Imran,
verse 139)
22 Hasrat Mohani.Kulliyat-e-Hasrat(Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 49223 Ibid. 33224 Sarfaraz Hussain Mirza, Prof. Dr. Tareekh All India Muslim League (Lahore, Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust:
2010) 89
25 Hasrat Mohani.Kulliyat-e-Hasrat(Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 32626 Ishtiaq Azhar, Syed. Syed-ul-Ahrar(Karachi, Maulana Hasrat Mohani Memorial Society: 1988) 33227 Hasrat Mohani.Kulliyat-e-Hasrat(Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 04228 Ibid. 15929 Ibid. 23430 Ibid. 24031 Ibid. 244
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32 Ibid. 24633 Ibid. 24634 Ibid. 57235 Ibid. 25936 Ibid. 15737 Ibid. 16538 Ibid. 17739 Ibid. 18540 Ibid. 232 (Abdullah Khan Shamim was a poet buried in Jhansi)41 Ibid. 16642 Ibid. 17443 Ibid. 26544 Ibid. 26845 Ibid. 27446 Ibid. 31547 Ibid. 37648 Ibid. 15849 Jamil Ahmed. Maulana Hasrat Mohani (Lahore, Monthly Renaissance: May 1994) www.monthly-
renaissance.com/issue/content.aspx?id=938 (accessed on November 24, 2013)
50 Jamal Mian Farangi Mahalli. Muqaddima Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Libraryand Hall Trust: 1997) 47
51 Ibid. 4752 Begum Hasrat Mohani.English Translation of Selected Poems of Hasrat Mohani(Karachi, Hasrat Mohani
Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1998) 47 {ArticleA great freedom fighterby Ishtiaq Azhar }
53 Afzal Usmani. Maulana Syed Fazlul Hasan Hasrat Mohanihttp://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Hasrat_Mohani (accessed on December 16, 2013)
54 Hasrat Mohani.Kulliyat-e-Hasrat(Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 04055 Ibid. 44556 Jamal Mian Farangi Mahalli. Muqaddima Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library
and Hall Trust: 1997) 51
http://www.monthly-renaissance.com/issue/content.aspx?id=938http://www.monthly-renaissance.com/issue/content.aspx?id=938http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Hasrat_Mohanihttp://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Hasrat_Mohanihttp://www.monthly-renaissance.com/issue/content.aspx?id=938http://www.monthly-renaissance.com/issue/content.aspx?id=938 -
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57 Hasrat Mohani.Kulliyat-e-Hasrat(Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 52558 Qasoori, Muhammad Sadiq. Mujahid-e-Millat ka Rohani Maqaam(Qasoor, Mujahid-e-Millat Foundation:
2004) 27.
Qasoori, Muhammad Sadiq. Tehreek-e-Pakistan aur Ulama-e-Kiraam(Lahore, Maktaba Zavia: 1999) 197
59 Ibid. 197