have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/the... · james p mcadams, the guy...

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I have this sense of dejavu. Two years ago, I was in the same situation, talking to this conference about Fifty Glorious Years of Subsea Controls. But things do change. I told you then that noone has been back to the bottom of the ocean, to the Challenger Deep in the Marianas Trench since the oceanographer Jacques Piccard and Lt. Don Walsh of the US Navy had ventured there in 1961. Well, in 2012, James Cameron the moviemaker took his customdesigned sub, the Deepsea Challenger, back there in a solo dive – so things do change. Mind you, while he was down there, 11 kilometres deep, surrounded by eleven hundred atmospheres of crushing pressure, his wife called him on the underwater telephone. So some things don’t change. And another thing that doesn’t change is that one of the hoses on his manipulator had a leak – where have we heard that before? No wonder he looks pissed. Well, at the end of this conference, after you’ve heard about lots of promising new technologies and new equipment, I want to look back at an old component with a reputation that doesn’t seem to change – The Ignominious Shuttle Valve. 1

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Page 1: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

I have this sense of deja‐vu.

Two years ago, I was in the same situation, talking to this conference about Fifty Glorious Years of Subsea Controls.

But things do change.

I told you then that no‐one has been back to the bottom of the ocean, to the Challenger Deep in the Marianas Trench since the oceanographer Jacques Piccard and Lt. Don Walsh of the US Navy had ventured there in 1961.

Well, in 2012, James Cameron the moviemaker took his custom‐designed sub, the Deepsea Challenger, back there in a solo dive – so things do change.

Mind you, while he was down there, 11 kilometres deep, surrounded by eleven hundred atmospheres of crushing pressure, his wife called him on the underwater telephone. So some things don’t change. And another thing that doesn’t change is that one of the hoses on his manipulator had a leak – where have we heard that before? No wonder he looks pissed.

Well, at the end of this conference, after you’ve heard about lots of promising new technologies and new equipment, I want to look back at an old component with a reputation that doesn’t seem to change – The Ignominious Shuttle Valve.

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Page 2: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

I have this sense of deja‐vu.

Two years ago, I was in the same situation, talking to this conference about Fifty Glorious Years of Subsea Controls.

But things do change.

I told you then that no‐one had been back to the bottom of the ocean, to the Challenger Deep in the Marianas Trench since the oceanographer Jacques Piccard and Lt. Don Walsh of the US Navy had ventured there in 1961.

Well, in 2012, James Cameron the moviemaker took his custom‐designed sub, the Deepsea Challenger, back there in a solo dive – so things do change.

Mind you, while he was down there, 11 kilometres deep, surrounded by eleven hundred atmospheres of crushing pressure, his wife called him on the underwater telephone. So some things don’t change. And another thing that doesn’t change is that one of the hoses on his manipulator had a leak – where have we heard that before? No wonder he looks pissed.

Well, at the end of this conference, after you’ve heard about lots of promising new technologies and new equipment, I want to look back at an old component with a reputation that doesn’t seem to change – The Ignominious Shuttle Valve.

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Page 3: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

But does such a simple device really deserve such a bad reputation?When I started in this industry, 22 years ago, every one I spoke to had a story about them, and not a very favourable story.They were the bad boys of the subsea control world, and I began to think “You’re not really a subsea controls engineer until you’ve got a shuttle valve story”.

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Page 4: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

Shuttle valves are very simple components, with only one moving part.The higher pressure comes in (on X or Y), gets routed through to the outlet (at A), and the other inlet is blocked off.Can it be any simpler?

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Page 5: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

These devices are very useful in subsea control systems because they can consolidate the dual hydraulic supplies used for redundancy.

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Page 6: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

The importance of redundancy in subsea control systems has been recognised right from the start, but an early reference I found was for the Brazilian Garoupa field, where Jan Carman and James P McAdams of Cameron talked about the necessary redundancy in 1978.We’ll come back to Mr McAdams later.

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Page 7: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

Quite often, the hydraulic supplies are set at different levels to bias the shuttle valve to one side.Here, LP2 is greater than LP1.

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Page 8: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

If a leak develops on the LP2 line, the reduced pressure acts on the shuttle valve…

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Page 9: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

And the leaking side is sealed off, and the Subsea Control Module is supplied from the non‐leaking side.That’s the theory, that’s how they are meant to work.

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Page 10: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

In reality, these simple devices cause all sorts of complaints.The shuttle may not seal, and there’s an example here of how a shuttle valve design had to be modified to get a good seal.If the leak in the umbilical is big and close to the shuttle valve, it will slam the shuttle valve across and give a good seal, but if the leak is small and some distance away, there may not be sufficient differential pressure to get a seal or even to move the shuttle.

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Page 11: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

Some companies prefer to use remotely operated selector valves rather than shuttle valves.These overcome all the disadvantages of shuttle valves.

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Page 12: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

So if a leak develops on the LP1 line…

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Page 13: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

…the operator switches the selector valve over to bring the other line into service.Unfortunately selector valves bring in problems of their own.When a leak occurs, the changeover is not automatic, it needs manual intervention, and there could be an interruption to production.

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Page 14: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

But after 20‐odd years as a subsea control engineer, my life felt somehow incomplete without a shuttle valve story to regale young engineers with.Finally, a couple of years ago, I had my own encounter with a shuttle valve.It came out of the blue.I was actually investigating some ball valves operated from an HPU on a platform, and the problem was that some of the valves were operating too quickly, and drawing fluid too quickly from the HPU and pulling the pressure down.

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Page 15: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

I used CS8 hydraulic analysis software to tackle the problem. This was developed by James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier.James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has been working in this field for 40 years. CS8 is actually a development of the original Control Simulator program that he developed in the 80s as CS4, that ran under DOS. Anybody remember DOS? Actually, has anyone here used CS4 in DOS?Trust me, CS8 is a lot easier to use.It was easy to show that using restrictors in the lines could slow down the valves that were opening too quickly.But we found that the valves that seemed OK were actually opening too slowly

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Page 16: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

But first a word about CS8.James McAdams has massively improved the user interface and the usability, and the software produces results in graphical form ready for pasting into reports.He’s added an ability to model complex branched subsea systems.The user can select steel tubes or thermoplastic hoses for the umbilical lines.

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Page 17: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

This shows a part of the valve model interface which allows all valve and actuator parameters to be entered and simulated.I could give you a full sales pitch on CS8, but suffice to say that it was more than adequate to model the subsea system, the topsides valves, and the Hydraulic Power Unit.

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Page 18: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

Before starting analysis of the system, we actually carried out a validation of the model we had put together against the hydraulic analysis put together by the control system vendor. The results were largely identical, which gave us (and the client) confidence in going forward.However, we did see one major discrepancy. Our results suggested that the subsea accumulators were undersized, and the vendor had used over‐optimistic assumptions to size them. During operation of a 7” xmas tree valve, we found that the subsea accumulator pressure dropped to 310 bar whereas the vendor predicted it would only drop to 340 bar.We modelled it with nitrogen precharge gas using the NIST gas laws for real gases and a thermal time constant of 45 seconds. We could get closer to the vendor results by modelling with ideal gas.

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Page 19: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

Here we see the predicted opening curves for the big gas export valve.We can see the valve going from fully closed to fully open.We can see the pressure on the actuator gradually increasing – this is a fail‐safe spring‐return valve, and as the spring is compressed, the necessary pressure increases.And we can see the flowrate into the actuator, dropping to zero when the valve is fully open.Everything looks good – but….

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Page 20: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

The actual opening time was 170 seconds, not 120 seconds.If it had been a few seconds out, we could have ignored it, assigned it to a build‐up of errors through the system. But this error was massive.

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Page 21: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

We revisited the model we were using and checked everything in the solenoid valve circuit driving the ball valve, checked the configuration, checked the Cv’s of each of the components.

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Page 22: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

We checked all the actuator details, and ensured that they had all been correctly entered in the CS8 valve model.

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Page 23: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

We’d actually modelled every single component in the HPU, so we checked the flow coefficients for each one again.

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Page 24: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

We’d even modelled the tubing, so we checked the flow coefficients again for the lengthand diameter of tubing and every single bend and Tee in the HPU.

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Page 25: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

I’ve never modelled anything so closely before, and I’d never had such a wrong result.Let me explain about these solenoid valves as it might give you a clue.The shutdown circuit is dual redundant and high integrity.Before the valve can be opened, the ESD system needs to put 24 volts onto the solenoids and open then all, putting pressure through to the shuttle valve, and then an operator needs to press a button on the manual valve to make the valve open.If you lose one or even two signals from the ESD system due to poor connections, the shuttle valve will block off the side with the nuisance trip and the ball valve will remain open.If all four ESD signals are removed, the ball valve will vent through the manual valve, through the shuttle valve, and through the ESD valves.But it wasn’t the closing that was the problem.

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Page 26: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

Can anybody see why the ball valve should open a lot slower than expected?

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Page 27: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

We had equal pressure coming in to both sides of the shuttle valve, and this was biasingthe ball to the middle, and blocking the outlet.

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Page 28: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

When we take a closer look, we can see how this could occur.The ball wasn’t totally blocking the outlet, it was just restricting it.But potentially the blockage could get worse. The ball could grind itself in over the outlet.So we contacted the manufacturer to tell them about this failure mode.The response was interesting.

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Page 29: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

They said “Yes, we know it does that. We have another model that doesn’t block its outlet.”So the interesting thing is that the shuttle valve itself wasn’t defective. It had just been incorrectly specified for the service that it was in.

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Page 30: have this sense of deja vu.subseaproduction.systems/assets/files/The... · James P McAdams, the guy I mentioned earlier. James P McAdams is an experienced control engineer who has

If we don’t learn lessons from this little story, we are doomed to repeat the mistakes.First, the CS8 software is very powerful for analysing subsea and topsides hydraulic systems. The client pressurised us into modelling every detail of the system, and at first I thought that was a waste of time. But we finished up with results that could not be challenged on technical grounds, and it also brought to light the slow valve response. Without the attention to detail, that could have been written off to “calculation error”, but it stuck out like a sore thumb and revealed the problem with the shuttle valve.Next, we’ve all learned a little bit more about shuttle valves and their quirks. Fortunately this one was on a platform and could easily be changed out. I wonder how many like this are installed subsea?Next, and this is an old, old story, it’s often the very small parts that can disastrously affect subsea controls equipment.Balls, screws, circlips. Cheap stuff costing millions times their value to rectify.And communication is key. Just saying shuttle valve can get you two distinctly different styles of valve – as with many other components. Stating the function of the part can help, so the vendor can understand the application. We subsea controls engineers tend to be poor at this, assuming that other people know as much as we do. And we finish up blaming the parts rather than accepting some responsibility ourselves.I had a mate in England who used to repair my cars, and he said the most unreliable part of a car was the nut that holds the steering wheel.Think about it.

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And I’ll just conclude by saying that “I’m Kevin Mullen and that was my shuttle valve story”.

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