Hawk Hook Competition! Individual: You have 10 minutes to answer

these question, no help, or calendars allowed. I have mentioned the answer to all of these questions before…Lets see how much you were paying attention. (No penalty for wrong answers)

Winner gets a 5 pt extra credit coupon1. When is the AP exam (Date and time)? 2. How many days of class do we have until that day (not

including today or the day of the exam)?3. What writing utensils do you need?4. What kind of clothing are you not allowed to wear?5. How is the multiple choice portion of the AP exam scored?6. According to this, what should be the rule about guessing

when you have no clue about the answer as apposed to when you can narrow down your choices and make an educated guess?

7. How much time will you have for the multiple choice portion?8. How many multiple choice questions are there?9. How much time will you have for the Free Response section?10. How many Free Response questions are there?

AP REVIEW!!!

Unit Concepts~Unit 1 Geography its

Nature and Perspectives

How did the following people contribute to

Geography? Babylonians Ibn-Battutah: Eratosthenes:

What are the 3 Types of Regions?

Functional Formal Vernacular

Functional Region “Nodal Region”: organized around a

“node” or focal point and includes the area that “uses” the node Ex: newspaper circulation, Wal-Mart and

its customers

EDA

Formal Region Uniform region/homogenous region Everyone shares in one or more distinctive

characteristics (physically connected!) Ex: Using the Koppen System (What is the

Koppen System) Defines 5 types of climate worldwide What unit of geography did this influence?Variations in religion or level of economic development

Name a Formal Region from this Map

Another Ex. of a Formal Region

Vegetation What unit of geography did this influence? 4 Biomes (Plant Communities)

ForestSavannaGrasslandDesert

Unless you are insaneyou will never think youare apart of a tropical region when you livein the desert!

Vernacular Region Perceptual Region A place people believe exists because of

their cultural identity Not necessarily physically

connected….Just emotionally

What is Cultural Ecology?

Explain Environmental Determinism with 1 example

Explain Possibilism with 1 example

What is Globalization?

How does it affect the economy?

How does it affect culture?

How does it affect international relations?

What is a transnational corporation??

How is Apple and its iPhone a perfect example of how these corporations work? Why do they do any of their work in

the US or Europe, etc. if it would be cheaper to function in an LDC?

What are the positives and negatives of transnational corporations investing in the industrialization of underdeveloped countries?

What is Distribution

The arrangement features in the world

What are the 3 main properties?: density, concentration

, and pattern

What is Density

The frequency with which something occurs in space

What are the 3 types of density and define them. Arithmetic Density: total

number of objects in an area Physiological Density:

number of people compared to arable land

Agricultural Density: number of farmers per unit of farmland

What do we learn if we look at Physiological and

Agricultural Densities together?

The capacity of the land to produce food (with which measure of density?) and how efficient they are at using this land (with which measure of density?)

What is Concentration

To what extent a feature is spread over space What are the two options?

Clustered: Objects in an area are close together

Dispersed: Far apart

Original Professional Football Teams

Has the Density Increased?Has the concentration become more or less dispersed?

What is Pattern?

Geometric arrangement of objects in space Ex: Linear patterns: houses along a

street Squared or Rectangular patterns:

Gridded streets (Charleston, SC); Land Ordinance of 1785

What was the Land Ordinance of 1785?

What are Spatial Interactions?

Why and how are distance decay and space time compression changing?

What are the 2 main types of Diffusion?

Relocation Diffusion: spreading an idea by physical movement

Expansion Diffusion: spreads in a snowball getting bigger and bigger What are the 3 types of Expansion

diffusion? Hierarchical Contagious Stimulus

What is Hierarchical Diffusion?

Spread of an idea from a person or node of authority to other people or places What are some examples of this?

What is Contagious Diffusion?

Widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population What are some

examples of this method?

What is Stimulus Diffusion?

Spread of an underlying principal when a whole concept fails to diffuse How could the

development of Islam be an example of this?

Connecting the Concepts

You have 5 min to look at your notes and 25 min to write your response without notes On a separate sheet of paper, answer the prompts. #2 should be in complete sentences, no length requirement, but you should answer all parts of the question for full credit. Remember write everything you know that applies!

1. What are the 3 dominant world cities?

2. Use the following concepts to explain how transnational corporations have caused culture and economic activities to diffuse from these 3 hearths.

1. Transnational Corporations2. Hierarchical Diffusion3. Popular Culture4. Folk Culture5. Space Time Compression6. Core7. Periphery8. Globalization

AP REVIEW!!!

Unit Concepts~Unit 2 Population

World Pop Stats NIR currently at 1.2% About 80 million people are

added to the Earth annually The growth rate has dropped

sharply in the last decade Current doubling time: 54

years (2100 24 billion people in the world!!!)

Where is most of the population growth occurring? Why is this a problem?

What can the Infant Mortality Rate tell you about a country?

Health Care System Trained doctors and nurses Modern hospitals and

medicines

Demographic Transition

What two factors affect the rate at which a country goes through this transition? Culture and economic conditions

When is it possible to regress to an earlier stage?

Stage 1: __________________

How were people living when were at this stage? Hunter-gatherers

When civilizations began to grow after the __________ what kept the world in this stage? War, Disease, Famine

Have all countries made it out of stage 1?

Stage 2 _________________

1. Industrial Revolution In what year? What did this do to

health, wealth, i.e. the standard of living?

This moves what areas into Stage 2?

What were the 2 causes of Stage 2?

2. Medical Revolution In what year? What happened?

Stage 3 _______________

What happens to the NIR at this stage?

What are the 2 causes of this stage?1. Better medical practices

This lowered IMR, so people chose to do what?

2. Urbanization For what 2 reasons does this lead

to a slow down in population growth

Less kids needed to work in comparison to agricultural life

Less space makes children more of a liability

Stage 4 _______________

What specific type of population growth is exhibited at this stage? What is the total fertility rate like in

these countries? To stay at this stage what must happen

to this number if the country exhibits high number of net-in migration?

What are the 3 causes of this stage? Women enter the labor force Birth Control More adult recreational activities

Possible Stage 5 ____________

Where is this occurring? What was the cause of

this phenomenon? Results of Communism

(pollution and extreme family planning)

What is a population Pyramid?

Bar graph displaying age and gender What demographic

indicator determines its shape?

Age Distribution

What is the dependency ratio? What numbers on the

pyramid do you use to determine this?

What would this tell you? Larger the percentage of

dependents the greater the financial burden on those who are working

Which stage has the highest number of dependents?

“Graying” of the MDC

What does the concept “Graying” of the MDCs mean in terms of government services?

Overpopulation: Bad

Who said that population is growing larger than our food supply? What did he believe was the

method for solving the problem? What do we call the people who

have expanded his theory ? How did they expand the theory?

More than just food but also resources, especially in relation to the unequal distribution of wealth between LDCs and MDCs

Overpopulation: Good

Boserup, Kuznets, and Simon say that a larger population can be a good thing. Why? Generates more

customers and inventors more resources to

use and more people to consume them = better economy

Marxists

Marxists ( or Communists) do not believe population growth is to blame for poverty and hungry. They believe what is to blame? Corrupt rulers not

distributing wealth or social justices equally

Who should rule in their opinion?

Reality of Overpopulation

Although the worldwide food supply is high enough to support all people, Regions face food shortages because the wealth is not available to get the resources to them

What are 2 ways to lower population

growth?1. Improving their economic

situation How does this help?

Increases healthcare and education for women causing more babies to survive and educating women about working, waiting to have children, and safe sex practices

2. Distributing Contraceptives Why is this usually the most

widely used method?

What is the Epidemiological

Transition? Study of the distribution and control of

epidemics What does it relate to?

Stages 1

What is this stage called? Stage of Pestilence and

Famine What are some

characteristics of this stage? Parasites, animal or human

attacks, Example: ________________

Stage 2

What do we call stage 2? Stage of Receding

Pandemics What revolutions may

have helped slow the spread of pandemics? Industrial Revolution Medical Revolution

Stage 3 What is this stage called?

Stage of Degenerated and Human-created Diseases

What does this mean? Age related diseases rise: cardio-vascular

and cancer What helps lower diseases for children

at this stage?

Stage 4

What is this stage called? Stage of delayed

degenerative diseases Although disease remains

what increase life expectancy at this stage?

What earlier concept is as a result of this stage?

Possible Stage 5 What is this stage called?

Stage of Reemergence of Infectious and Parasitic Disease

What 3 Reasons have caused this to possibly occur?1. Evolution (super germs)2. Poverty3. Improved Travel

Migration Vocabulary

What is mobility? What is the difference

between circulation and migration?

Migration Vocabulary

What do you call moving from a location?

What do you call moving to a location? What does your country

have when it has more immigrants than emigrants?

Net in-migration Is this Absorption or

Dispersion? What does your country

have if emigrants out # immigrants?

Net out-migration Absorption or Dispersion?

Net in-Migration

Net out-migration

What are the 3 main reasons people

migrate? Which is the most common, which is

considered forced? 1. Economic: Most common 2. Cultural: Forced migration: compelled to move by cultural factors Political instability

What do we call the people who have been forced to move?

3. Environmental: physically attractive areas from hazardous ones

Migration Transition At Stage 2 of Demographic

Transition w hat type of migration would you find usually? Why? Technology: not as many farmers

necessary move for work At Stage 3 and 4 of

Demographic Transition what type of migration would you usually find? Why? Destination of international

migrants Intraregional migration

(from _______ to ____________?

Influences on Destination

Proximity Where would Cubans want to go? Where would Mexicans want to go?

What do you call it when people migrate to a specific area because their family have moved their or people of their ethnicity?

2 Main Obstacles What used to be the hardest part of migrating? What are the two problems immigrants face

today? Permission to enter Hostile attitudes

Refugees What reasons give refugees

special priority to avoid immigration laws? What reason is not accepted?

Critical Thinking: Making Connections

Describe the characteristics of each of the 5 stages of the Demographic transition in terms of growth, causes, disease, and type of migration prevalent. This does not need to be in complete sentences or even well explained just a quick list for easy reference. Follow this template: Where you have no information just write NA Stage 1

Growth: Causes: Disease: Type of Migration:

AP REVIEW!!!

Unit Concepts~

Unit 3 Culture

What are the 2 categories of Culture?

Define them Folk Culture: customs often practiced by small, rural, and homogenous (uniform) peoples

Popular Culture: Certain habits shared by large, heterogeneous (mixed) societies despite personal differences

Where do Folk Cultures originate?

The hearths are __________ Tied to the environment

where they originate usually LDCs Ex: Foods eaten,

preparation methods, housing materials all relate to resources available locally

Why is Hip Hop folk music turned popular?

Food Why is food the longest lasting folk

culture? What is a taboo?

“Cooking is even more uniquely characteristic of our species than language. Animals do at least bark, roar, chirp, do at least signal by sound; only we bake, boil, roast, and fry”

How doe Folk Culture diffuse?

Relocation Diffusion

Hearths of Popular Culture

Pop culture is the product of what type of countries? Top 3: North America,

Western Europe, Japan When will pop culture

begin to originate? What is the difference

between popular music and folk music?

Hierarchical Diffusion From where to where? What has helped this

spread so much quicker?

By what method does popular

culture diffuse?

PROBLEMS WITH GLOBALIZATION OF

POP CULTURE

2 problems Threat to Folk Culture Environmental impact of pop culture

Threat to Folk Culture

Rising Incomes

Desire for pop culture items

Death of traditions

Spread of Western Perspective

Loss of Traditional Values

Clothing: western dress Status symbol Threat to values

Ex. Fundamentalist Muslim cultures

Role of Women More equality More prostitution

Economic/Cultural Imperialism

Threat to Independence TV Spreads Western Values:

Social Mobility Freedom for Women Glorify Youth Violence

Attractive but conflict with traditions

US and Britain dominate news LDC answer: government

control

Vocab! Acculturation: Process of adopting

only certain customs that will be to their advantage Ex. Taking on a language but not food

or religion Assimilation: Process of less

dominant cultures losing their culture to a more dominant culture Ex. Folk culture being replaced by pop

culture

Environmental Impact of Pop

Culture Little regard for physical features Modify environment to

promote activity or product (ex golf)

Promote uniformity People recognize and want

the product

Negative Environmental

Impact Increased demand for scarce

resources Petroleum Extinction of animals Pollution

Language Vocab Language family

Languages that share unknown origins

Language branch Languages that share

origins found in the archeological record

Language group Languages within a

branch that share recent origins and share very similar vocab and grammar

Indo-European Language Family

Most extensively spoken language family Includes: Indo-Iranian, Romance,

Germanic, and Balto-Slavic Clustered from S. Asia to Europe to N.

America English: Germanic Language

Activity

Language Vocab

Dialect Regional language

variations Differs in Pronunciation,

Grammar, and Vocab Standard Language

Most acceptable dialect for Gov. Biz., Ed., Mass communication

Isogloss Regional boundaries

between word-usage

Evolution of Languages

Result of interaction and isolation

Interaction ~> same language ~> migration ~> isolation ~> dialects ~> new languages

Origins of Indo-European

Similar roots for: Beech, oak, bear, deer, pheasant, bee Winter and snow (inverno, 3nma)

Cold wintered, wooded environment? Marija Gimbutas’s Theory

4300 BCE Kurgan People (Btwn Russia and Kazakhstan)

Nomadic Herders: Warriors spreading to Asia and Europe

Origins of Indo-European

Colin Renfrew 6300 BCE From Anatolia in Turkey,

Eastward and Westward Migrated with agriculture not militarily

Distribution of English

English is the official language in more countries than any other language

Why???? British

Colonization

Language Vocab

Creole language Mixing of colonizer’s language and

indigenous language Lingua Franca

Languages created through trade Mixes elements of both languages

Language Vocab Centrifugal Force:

unifying force Countries where

different peoples speak the same language united

Centripetal Force: dividing force Countries with multiple

languages less united Ex: India: 18 official

languages Business in English Hindi majority (33 %) Others less connected

2 types of Religion

Universalizing Religion Global, tries to

appeal to all people regardless of location or culture (62%)

Ethnic Religion Appeals to one group

living in one place (24%)

Overview of Universalizing

Religions 3 Universalizing religions

Christianity (2 billion: most followers)

Islam (1.3 billion followers) Buddhism (400 million followers)

3 Divisions within in each Branch: Large, fundamental division Denomination: Divides branch,

connect local congregations Sect: Small group broken away from

a denomination

Diffusion of Christianity

Diffused through all types of diffusion

First: Relocation Diffusion Missionaries (Paul) Colonization (God, Gold, & Glory)

Contagious Diffusion: Daily contact with believers

Hierarchical Diffusion: Emperors/Kings converted

ORIGINS

Muhammad: descendent of Ishmael Successful trader

Angel Gabriel came to him Messenger of Allah (one true God)

Same God as Judaism and Christianity Believe in Abraham, Moses, and Jesus

Created Islam (622) Begins with Hijrah (migration to Medina) Islam means: Submission to the will of Allah Muslim = one who submitted

2 Branches of Islam1. Sunni (orthodox) 83%

Muhammad last divinely inspired individual

Caliphs (successors of Muhammad) keepers of political independence and religious integrity …NO religious significance

2 Branches of Islam1. Shiites (sectarian)

Caliphs should be descendants of Muhammad which are considered divine by birth

Clustered in Iran, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, and Iraq

Diffusion of Islam

Relocation Diffusion Missionaries to

Sub-Saharan Africa and SE Asia

Indonesia 4th most populated

country: Muslim BC of trading

Islam’s Holy Place

The Hajj: to Mecca! Birthplace of Muhammad Pilgrimage to the Ka’ba

Cube-like structure at center of Great Mosque

Formally tribal shrine, taken by Muhammad

All Wear Same white robes Symbolizes unity and equality of

IslamHajj Visas

40% from Middle East, 40% N. Africa, 20% Asia

Long travel lessens number of Indonesians

Holy Places of Buddhism

Related to important events in Buddha’s life 2 most important:

1. Lumbini, Nepal (Buddha’s birthplace)2. Bodh Gaya, India (where he reaches

nirvana) Sights where his miracles took place

Missionaries 257 Asoka

(ruler of India Buddhist) sponsored missionaries in Sri Lanka, Kashmir, Himalayas, Myanmar

Trading to China

Diffusion

Holy Places of Buddhism

Related to important events in Buddha’s life 2 most important:

1. Lumbini, Nepal (Buddha’s birthplace)2. Bodh Gaya, India (where he reaches

nirvana) Sights where his miracles took place

Buddha’s miracles It is said that immediately after the birth of

Siddhartha Gautama, who later became known as The Buddha, he stood up, took seven steps north, and fearlessly uttered:

"Supreme am I in the worldGreatest am I in the world.Noblest am I in the world.This is my last birth,Never shall I be reborn"

Twin Miracle Taming the Elephant Ascending to Heaven

Pagodas

Pagodas: contain relics of Buddha’s body or clothing

Not for congregational worship

UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS

2 Others: Sikhism and Bahá’ís

Sikhism: 15th century

One supreme God, 25 million followers God is perfect People can move

towards perfection through accepting personal responsibility for their actions

Bahá’ís: 19th Century Bahá’u’lláh (glory of god)

prophet of God End disunity of religion Establish universal faith

abolishing racial, class, and religious prejudice

8 million adherents ALL over the world

Chief Check 11/30

1. What path must Buddhist follow to attain enlightenment? Describe 3 parts of this path.

2. By what 2 methods and to where did Buddhism diffuse from its hearth?

3. What are the 2 most important holy places in Buddhism and why are they important?

4. What are pagodas used for?5. What is the basic principle of the Baha’i

faith?

Ethnic

Hinduism

RELIGIONS

General Diffusion of Ethnic Religions

Lack Missionaries devoted to conversion

Diffusion of Universalizing Religions at expense of ethnic religions acculturation or assimilation?

Sometimes Merge the two acculturation or assimilation?

Only spreads through migration

General Info of Hinduism

3 Largest Religion (860 mill adherents)

Concentrated in India (97%)

Hinduism and The Caste System

Karma and Reincarnation Strengthened Castes

A Caste was a life sentence Dominated every aspect of

life: marriage, friends, foods, dress, work

Cleanliness and Purity all important

Still strong in some rural areas

Judaism 15 mill adherents Concentrated in large cities and Isreal Roots of Christianity and Islam (Abrahamic

religions) First recorded monotheistic religion Ethnic religion to Israel (formerly Palestine

and originally Canaan)

Judaism

Exception to distribution of ethnic religions Found all over the world due to Diaspora

(dispersion of Jews starting in AD 70 w Roman Empire)

Ghettos: began in 16th century: forced segregation of Jewish people Walled, gated, and

locked to preventescape

Animism

100 mill adherents to various animist religions

Concentrated in Africa Inanimate objects (rocks, plants,

natural events, etc.) have spirits and conscious life

Oral tradition Christianity and Islam replaced

traditional beliefs

Religious Wars in the Middle East

Claims to Palestine Jewish

“Promised Land”-given to Father Abraham by God

Customs and rituals tied to agricultural heritage of ancient Hebrew tribes

Diaspora until 20th century

Western Wall: what stands of temple destroyed by Romans

Religious Wars in the Middle East

Claims to Palestine Christians

Control after Rome conquered area Holds the “Holy City” of Jerusalem:

Home of Jesus’ life, death, and resurrection

Church of Holy Sepulcher: believed to be where Jesus was resurrected and ascended to heaven

Religious Wars in the Middle East

Claims to Palestine Muslim

Have occupied the land since 7th Century

Jerusalem: 3rd Holiest Islamic City where Muhammad ascended to heaven and Abraham devoted himself to God

Dome of the Rock: Temple over rock where Abraham was to sacrifice his son Isaac for God and Muhammad ascended to heaven

Historical Battles

Crusades Initial European successes but

eventual defeat to Muslims Great Britain controlled area

after WWI Britain withdrew after WWII UN Decision post WWII

1948 split Palestine in 2: 1 Jewish Nation (Israel), 1 Muslim Nation (Jordon)

Jerusalem international city open to all

Historical Battles

Muslim states immediately declared war on Israel

Split Jerusalem in 1949: Jordon old city, Israel new city (forbidden to visit old city)

Six-Day War 1967 Israel gains territory: West Bank

(all of Jerusalem), Gaza Strip, and Sinai Peninsula

Gives Sinai Peninsula back to Egypt in exchange for peace and recognition of its legitimacy as a country

Gaza Strip and West Bank still being fought over

Palestinian (Muslim) Perspective Palestinians: Muslims who lived or

continue to live in the area now known as Israel, especially those areas won by Israel during the Six-Day War Upset over migration of Jewish people

into the West Bank (10% of pop today) Military Control by Israeli gov to protect

these citizens Palestine Liberation Organization:

coordinates fights with Israel and now granted limited governmental control but unsatisfied

Palestinian (Muslim) Perspective

2 Parties, 2 different Perspectives Fatah Party

Recognize Israel if land taken during Six-Day war returned to Palestinians

Hamas Party Refuse recognition of Israel Will fight for control of entire area Considered terrorist organization by

West and Israel

Geographic Israeli Perspective

Largest cities (Tel Aviv and Haifa) within 40 miles of Palestinian territory…Jerusalem boarders West Bank

Israel surrounded by mountains (Golan Heights) used to stage attacks Now controlled by Israel but still

hostile No intention of giving up control of

Jerusalem, center of disagreements

AP REVIEW!!!

Unit Concepts~

Unit 3 Political Organizations in Space

Describe the Difference Between an Ethnicity, Race,

and Nationality Define this person’s Nationality,

Ethnicity, and Race Joseph was born in Mali. On a student

visa, he attended college at the University of Southern California and after obtaining a job in Los Angeles, he became a US citizen in 2003. He is still a practicing Muslim and is planning his Hajj next year.

Nationality: ______________ because his legal affiliation is American

Ethnicity: ______________because he shares cultural traditions with the Islamic faith (a specific cultural affiliation)

Race: ____________ because he shares certain physical traits with other Arabic people of Northern Africa and the Middle East

What does it mean when we say ethnicities are immune to

globalization? Why are they? They will not become global

such as pop culture beliefs Do not try to dominate other

areas, only their local homeland, because their culture is intricately tied to the area in which it originated

How are minorities distributed in cities?

Create what? Clustered creating

Ethnic Enclaves Clustered ethnic

groups surrounded by other groups

What do you call the physical separation of races into geographic

areas? Apartheid

What defines a Nation-State from any other

state? Its territory corresponds to the boundaries of an ethnicity

These began to show up because people believed ethnicities have the right to govern themselves called…. Self Determination

What happens to cultural traditions when an ethnicity becomes a nationality as a result of a group becoming a politically independent nation-state?

Ethnic cultural traditions such as language, customs, and religion fuse with political philosophies

What is the difference between a Multi- Ethnic and a

Multinational state? In Multi-ethnic states

multiple ethnicities combine to form one nationality

In Multinational states ethnicities have agreed to coexist but only after being officially recognized as distinct nationalities

What is the forced removal of an ethnic group by another ethnic

group in order to create a homogeneous region?

Ethnic Cleansing

What is Balkanization?

Balkanization: the process by which a country breaks down due to ethnic conflicts

What was it named after? the unrest in the Balkans

Balkanized: a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into stable states

Characteristics of a state

(little s) Politically a

Formal/uniform region

Has an established government

Defined territory Permanent

Population Sovereignty: no other

state can control its internal affairs

What’s the difference between Colonialism

and Imperialism? Differs in terms of number of local

peoples: Colonialism: establish political,

economic, and cultural principles on a territory that is uninhabited or sparsely inhabited

Imperialism (Africa and Asia) Controlling land that is occupied by an

indigenous society

Shapes of Countries

1. Compact states: distance from the center to the state’s boundaries similar

Ease of communication to all parts of the state

2. Prorupted states: compact state with a large projecting extension

1. For resources or separating boundaries

3. Elongated States Long narrow shapes Poor internal communication

because those on extremes separated from the capital

Shapes of Countries

4. Fragmented State discontinuous pieces of territory

separated by water or intervening states

Hurts communication and forces good relationships with surrounding areas

5. Perforated States states completely surrounded by another

state Forces good relationships with surrounding

nation

6. Landlocked States states completely surrounded by other states

leaving them without direct sea access Need relationships with other areas for trade

What is the Difference between a Frontier and a Boundary? Which is the

most common?

Boundary: imaginary line of separation between two states ; most common

Frontier: geographic zone of tangible land area where no state has complete control

By what 2 methods do states create boundaries? Physical

Boundaries: Mts, deserts, water,

Cultural Boundaries Religion, language,

Ethnicities

How do unitary and Federal Systems differ in terms of who has the power and what type of states benefit from

that system? Central Gov. Central Gov. shares with local gov. Multiethnic Multinational

Nation States Communist States Large States Small Compact States

Who has the Power?

Who Benefits?

Unitary• Small Compact States

• Communist States: Creates uniformity and control

Federal

Central Government

Central Government shares power with a local government

Small Compact StatesCommunist States: Creates

uniformity and control• Nation States: little diversity

to pacify

• Large states where central control would be difficult from

long distances

• Multiethnic or Multinational states looking to give local autonomy to these people

Electoral Geography

What is the difference between how Europe and the US draw their legislative boundaries? What problem does this cause in the US? Europe: bipartisan

independent commissions US: State legislatures

Leads to Gerrymandering: State legislatures redraw the boundaries to benefit their political party

The United Nations

Why was the UN created? Established in 1945 to prevent a

3rd World War Who are the 5 permanent

members of the security council? US, UK, France, Russia, and

China (Cannot be removed) What are its main duties?

Establish peace keeping operations,

international sanctions (economic etc),

authorize military action

What are the positives and negatives of the

UN? Positives Almost all states come

together and vote without war

Dedicated to neutrality Negatives

Individual countries must provide the troops and carry out actions meaning rulings are not always followed

When and Why were NATO and the Warsaw

Pact created? NATO: North Atlantic Treaty

Organization: mostly Western Europe originally (now includes Eastern Europe, US, and Canada)

Warsaw Pact: Soviet Union and Communist East Europe after WWII Disbanded with break-up of

Soviet Union

What is the European Union

Promotes Economic Development within member states Eliminates barriers on

free trade of goods, services, capital, and people

Uniform currency (Euro) World’s healthiest

market\ Politically has a

parliament and president

Define Terrorism Using violence

against ordinary people to gain publicity and coerce a government to answer the terrorists demands

What terrorist group did bin Laden

found? Al-Qaeda What makes Al-Qaeda hard to

dismantle Bureaucratic: each has a

specific job Sleeper Cells: ordinary people

awaiting a call to act Franchised: Other groups

ideologically support al-Qaeda,

Besides his hatred for western culture, what benefit does bin Laden see for eliminating the

US? According to bin Laden eliminating

the US: Will eliminate Saudi monarchy and

Israel liberating Holy cities of Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem for the devout Muslims

AP REVIEW!!!

Regional AnalysisNorth America

Population Clusters Which part of North America is

considered one of the world’s population clusters? NE US/SE Canada

Demographics What is significant

about the infant mortality rate in the US? Highest of all

industrialized nations because it does not have universal care and many low income women, especially minorities, do not get the prenatal care they need

Demographic Transition

What stage of the demographic transition is the US and Canada in? 4: Low Growth…both exhibit zero

population growth (just at replacement levels)

Why does the US’s TFR need to below 2.1 to keep the US at zero population growth? Has high in-migration

Demographic Transition Cont’

What does this mean for society? Many women in the

labor force Women wait longer to

have children to enjoy the activities available for adults

Good access to birth control

US Population Pyramid

What accounts for the population bulge from 45-70?

What could be the problem as this group enters retirement? Use your AP human geography language

How’s the healthcare of this country? Why?

Epidemiological Transition

What stage of the Epidemiological Transition is the US and Canada in? Explain this stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases

Still many diseases, especially age-related but people live longer because of improved medical technologies

Migration Transition What types of migration do you see in

North America? Location for international migration

because of economic and cultural push factors Offers jobs and political freedom

Intraregional Migration Largest migration pattern: Cities to

suburbs Interregional Migration

First Westward do to cheap land then Rust Belt to Sun Belt: less unionization and cheap labor leads to new industries and jobs in south and nice climate

Counter Urbanization

3 Eras of US Immigration

1. Colonial Immigration

From Europe and Africa Who was voluntary? Who

was forced? 90% British 650,000 West Africans to US

2. 19th Century Immigration

1840’s and 50’s, 1880’s, turn of the century

1st Northern and Western Europe 2nd Southern and Eastern Push Factors:

Entered Stage 2: overpopulation in cities Famine, Political instability

Pull Factors Cheap Farmland Factory Jobs

3. Recent Immigration

Last 25 years Record immigration Asia and Latin America

US attitudes Opposition to immigrants different

from WASPS Many want to deny access to public

services

Christianity in N & S America

US Stats: 50% Protestant 24% Catholic

Protestant Distribution in US

What is most common in the US? Why?

Baptists Indigenous Spread from white

masters to slaves Remained solid in

South bc agricultural: little migration into area

What is in Utah? Why? Mormons Founded by

Joseph Smith in NY

Persecuted Under Brigham

Young went to Utah for religious freedom

Lack of in-migration agricultural

Protestant Distribution in US

What religion is in the Northern Mid-West? Lutherans Lutheran Germans

contracted to farm here

Chain Migration: families moved in

Lack of urbanization kept in-migration down

Protestant Distribution in US

Catholic Distribution in US

Where is Catholicism clustered? New England, Mid

Western Cities Immigration from

Ireland, Italy, E Europe

South West Immigration from

Latin America

Regional Concentrations of

Ethnicities Where are Hispanics Clustered? Why South West, South Florida Latin American immigration

Regional Concentrations Where are Asian Americans

clustered? West Coast (California) Immigration during 19th century for

railroad construction, gold, etc

Regional Concentrations

Where are Native Americans clustered? South West and Plains due to forced

migration onto reservations

African Americans Where are African Americans

clustered? Why? South and North Eastern Cities

1. South do to Forced Migration from Africa to South• After freed stayed as Sharecroppers:

rented land, equipment, food, and housing paid landowner with large portion of their crop

African Americans2. North Eastern Cities because of Great

Migration of 1910’s and 20’s again in 1940’s and 50’s• Machinery replaced sharecroppers• Booming economy in North

Lack of labor due to wars Stimulated war time economy

• Followed distinct routes to cities along major highways

Would US and Canada be considered multiethnic or multinational? Multiethnic… ethnicities do not

have self-determination and desire to govern themselves

All combine to create one nationality of American or Canadian

Boundaries

What types of boundaries are used between the US and Canada? Geometric and Water

What system of Government does the

US use? Why? Federal System

Local governments given substantial power

Helps give localized ethnicities some autonomy

Suitable for large states to divide power when a central government is too far away to govern effectively

The United Nations

Why was the UN created? Established in 1945 to prevent a

3rd World War Who are the 5 permanent

members of the security council? US, UK, France, Russia, and

China (Cannot be removed) What are its main duties?

Establish peace keeping operations,

international sanctions (economic etc),

authorize military action

What are the positives and negatives of the

UN? Positives Almost all states come

together and vote without war

Dedicated to neutrality Negatives

Individual countries must provide the troops and carry out actions meaning rulings are not always followed

Agricultural Regions in the US

Mixed Crop and Livestock Where in the US? What’s the most important region of this agriculture called? US ~ From the Appalachian

Mts to middle of country Most important region ~ Corn

Belt: Ohio to Iowa (oil, ethanol, food products, and food for animals)

Dairy Farming Where is it found in

North America? Found in: NE US, SE

Canada, ring around urban areas called the milkshed Why are Dairy Farms close

to urban areas? Where is cheese

produced? Why?

North American Wheat

What do they call the prairies of US and Canada? “Breadbasket” What are the 2 Different Types and Where

located? Winter Wheat: Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma

Planted in Autumn, Harvested early Summer Spring Wheat: Dakotas, Montana,

Saskatchewan, (Harsh winters) Planted in Spring, Harvested late Summer

Why do farmers own farms in both areas? Increase production and share equipment

(combine does work) Has caused problems with

desertification in these areas bc of the constant use of land

US Cattle Ranching

Where is it found today? West because of large areas of land

Taught by Spanish and Portuguese settlers

Lost much land when US gov. sold it to sedentary farmers in mid-late 1800’s Disputes btwn farmers and ranchers

“Range Wars”…ended when barbed wire was introduced inhibiting the roaming of cattle

Shift to fixed–location Ranching:

Mediterranean Agriculture

Where is it located in US? California

Farming on arid, irrigated land eating up SW US’s water supply

What is another name for this type of agriculture? Horticulture: commercially

growing fruits, vegetables, and flowers (trees)

Commercial Gardening

Where in the US? Found in: SE US Long growing season,

humid climate, accessible to large NE markets

What is another name for it? Called Truck Farming:

Von Thunen Model in US

Dairy Farms in NE apply to model because close to population cluster

Truck Farming in SE applies because around 3rd ring where still close to markets in NE but using cheaper land

Cattle Ranching in West because far from population cluster

What are the Problems facing US Commercial

Farmers and Commercial Farmers in

general Government subsidies influencing types of crops produced and prices for these products creating overproduction of some products causing certain grocery prices to skyrocket or plummet hurting the consumer or producer

May help keep local small farmers in business though

Urbanization: farms on periphery of cities often taken over by urban sprawl and become apart of suburbs

Where is sustainable agriculture clustered in

the US? Why? California

Hilly coastal landscape is good for integrating livestock and crops because they can graze on hillsides while crops are grown in the valleys. This integration provides nature fertilizer for crops and a food source for the livestock. Additionally, since their dry climate is prone to wildfires, the livestock can provide a natural way of inhibiting the spread of fires by eating dry grasses.

Since they are sustainable they use intertillage to sensitively manage the soil quality and a limited use of chemicals to reduce water pollution from fun off