hawt, vawt
TRANSCRIPT
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Wind TechnologyHistorical
Drive TrainsConversion Devices
Configurations (HAWT, VAWT)Rotor Design
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW, 1941~700 hrs
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Gedser24 m, 250 kW1957-1967
© Risø National Laboratory
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Tvind54 m, 2 MW1978-Present
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Growian100 m, 3 MW,
1981~400 hrs
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Large Turbine Manufacturers• Vestas (DK)• Bonus-Siemans• NEG-Micon (DK)• Enercon (D)• GE Wind (D-US)• Gamesa (ES)• Mitsubishi (JP)
• Nordex (DK)• Ecotecnia (ES)• DeWind (D)• Suzlon (India)• Lagerwey (NL)• RePower (D)• Fuhrländer (D)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Bonus 63 m, 1.3 MW
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Bonus
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Ecotecnia 1.6 MW
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © Ecotecnia
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Direct-Drive Wind Turbines• Enercon (D)• Lagerwey (NL)• Jeumont-Industrie (F)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org© Enercon
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Lagerwey Direct-Drive
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Lagerwey
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Jeumont-IndustrieDirect Drive• Discoid
French Nuclear Submarines
• 50 Units Built
J48 © Jeumont-Industrie
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Configuration: Axis of Rotation
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
HAWT VAWT
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Wind Energy Conversion Devices
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Drag DevicesHAWT (Seldom)VAWT (Often)
First Choice of “Inventors”
• Lift DevicesHAWT (Dominant)VAWT (Rare)
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VAWT Configurations
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Persian Panemone
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Savonius or “S” Rotors
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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VAWTs Darrieus4 Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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VAWTs Darrieus3 Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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VAWTs Darrieus2 Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
DAF-IndalAtlantic Wind Test Site, PEI
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VAWTs Darrieus2 Blades
DAF-Indal, Kortright Cente, Ontario
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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VAWTs DarrieusBi-Blade
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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GiromillArticulating Straight Blade VAWT
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Giromill (McDonnell Aircraft)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Giromill (McDonnell Aircraft)
• High Hype• Complex• Costly• DOE
Boondoggle
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Variable Geometry VAWT (Musgrove)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © PI Specialists
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We Know What Works . . .and What Doesn’t
Eole, Cap Chat
© Vortec
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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HAWT Configurations
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Blade Number
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• 1 Blade• 2 Blades• 3 Blades• Multiblade
Farm Windmill
• No BladesNo, Really
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One-Blade Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Lightweight• Only One Blade• Small Gearbox• High RPM• Noisy• Complex Rotor• Odd
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Two Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Lighter than Three• Static Balance• Dynamic Imbalance in Yaw• Teetering Hub• Pitch-Coupled Teetering• Higher RPM than Three• Noisier than Three• Visual Imbalance
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Two-Blade Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Two-Blade Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Two Blade Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Two-Blade Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Three Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Dynamic Balance in Yaw
• Complicates Erection• Visually Balanced• Lower RPM• Bigger Gearbox• Can Use Simple Hub
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Wood Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Composite Wood Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Metal Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Aluminum• Steel
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Blade Shape
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Taper• Twist• Glauert Formula
Shark Fin Shape
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Blade Taper
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Blade Color
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• White• Gray• Black
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Ducted Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Vortec
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Coning-Positive
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Coning-Negative
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Nordex
RePower, Husum, Germany
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OrientationVAWTS Omnidirectional
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Orientation of HAWTSTracks
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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OrientationFan Tails
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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OrientationYaw Motors
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© DeWind
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OrientationPassive Yaw-Tail Vanes
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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OrientationPassive Yaw-Tail Vanes
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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OrientationPassive-Downwind
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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No Aerodynamic Rotor Controls• Mechanical Brakes
Tacke• Flutter
SWP Air• Electro-Dynamic
SWP SkystreamPaul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Overspeed ControlsFurling-Vertical
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Rotor ControlsFurling-Horizontal
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Rotor ControlsAir Brakes
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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OverspeedControls
Variable Pitch
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Pitch-to-Feather
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Tip Brakes (Plates)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Overspeed ControlsPitching Blade Tips
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Overspeed ControlsSpoilers
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Airfoils
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Single Surface• Constant Planform• Tip Shape• Tip Speed Ratio• Stall Control
Single Surface
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Airfoils
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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AirfoilsConstant Planform
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Airfoils
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Vestas
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AirfoilsBlade Tips
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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