health and safety in tunnel construction - ita-aites.cz
TRANSCRIPT
The 3rd Training course TUNNELLING IN URBAN AREA
Prague, 4-5th May 2007
Health and Safety in Tunnel Health and Safety in Tunnel ConstructionConstruction
Donald Lamont C.Eng FICEDonald Lamont C.Eng FICEHealth and Safety Executive, UKHealth and Safety Executive, UK
Animateur ITA WG5Animateur ITA WG5
ITA - AITES WORLD TUNNEL CONGRESS 2007 PRAGUE
TRAINING MATERIAL PREPARED BY
5Conclusions Conclusions and and referencesreferences
Chapter 1 Chapter 1 –– Occupational healthOccupational health
Chapter 2 Chapter 2 -- WelfareWelfare
IntroductionIntroduction
Chapter 3 Chapter 3 -- SafetySafety
Index
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IntroductionSources of guidance
CEN StandardsITA publicationsNational legislation
and standardsIndustry guidance
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IntroductionITA publication “Safe Working in Tunnelling”
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IntroductionThe hazards of tunnelling are
exacerbated by– Uncertainty and variability of ground– Confined space of tunnel environment– Inadequate safety culture– Lack of commitment by all parties– Failure to learn from mistakes– Work in compressed air
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Chapter 1
Occupational health
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Chapter 1
Occupational healthTo ensure fitness for work– e.g. Eye sight requirements for plant
operatorsTo address ill health due to work– e.g. Hand arm vibration syndrome
from use of vibrating pneumatic tools
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Chapter 1
Ill health in tunnellingGeneral occupational ill health– No published data in UK– Very little published data worldwide
Decompression illness – UK data published– Some data published for other countries also
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Chapter 1Occupational health hazards
Cementitious materials –dermatitis
Epoxy materials –dermatitis and respiratory problems
Noise – hearing loss
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Chapter 1
Occupational health hazards
Heat strainVibration Manual
handling
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Chapter 1
Occupational health hazards
DustSoil
conditioners
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Chapter 1Occupational health hazards
Work in compressed air
Decompression illness is a hazard
Risk of DCI reduced by use of oxygen
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Chapter 2
Welfare
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Chapter 2
WelfareBasic toilet facilitiesWashing facilitiesDrinking water Messing facilitiesFirst aid
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Chapter 3
Safety
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Chapter 3
Role of Client• Sets environment for procurement
–Can dictate health and safety strategy–Designers take on Client’s values
• Provides resources for health and safety in terms of finance and time
–Can require contractors to do likewise
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Chapter 3
Role of DesignerDesign influences on health and
safety include:-– Avoidance of contaminated land– Setting of tunnel diameter– Facilitating use of TBMs– Specification of fire fighting, atmospheric monitoring, communications systems
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Chapter 3
Other procurement issues• Partnering
– Should have benefits for health and safety
• Joint ventures– Use expertise of all parties
• Good project management– Includes health and safety management
• Role of insurance companiesHealth and Safety in Tunnel ConstructionHealth and Safety in Tunnel Construction
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Chapter 3
Ground riskRisk to Client
– Financial lossRisk to work force
– Death or injuryRisk to public
– Death or injuryHigh consequence
low frequency event
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Chapter 3
Ground riskPrimary lining of fundamental
importance to safety of tunnelSequence of excavation as
designed must be maintainedAdherence to specification for
materials and workmanship essentialLearn from mistakes of others
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Chapter 3Ground risk
Site investigation must be adequate if risk to be minimised
Design must address excavation and primary support requirements
Designer and Contractor should liase
–Stability of permanent works–Stability of primary lining–Tunnel stability at all stages of construction
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Chapter 3Excavation & Lining methods
Soft ground–TBM –NATM or SCL–Hand techniques
Use of TBM –Limits settlement–Speeds excavation–Enhances safety underground–May increase risk to 3rd
parties
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Chapter 3Excavation & Lining methods
Hard rock–Unshielded TBM–Drill & Blast
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Chapter 3Observational Methods
Require extensive engineering input
Most probable and most unlikely cases
Incremental steps Triggers and
alarmsContingency plansEmergency plans
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Chapter 3Machinery Safety Standards
EN 815 –Unshielded TBMs
EN 12336 –Shield machines
EN 12111 –Roadheaders
EN 12110 -Airlocks
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Chapter 3
Tunnel machinery hazards
Segment build area
–Heavy loads–Poor visibility
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Chapter 3
Tunnel machinery hazards
Fire ElectricityControl points and
systems
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Chapter 3Tunnel machinery hazards
Access to cutterhead
Handling of heavy components
Rotation/stabilityWalkways and
access openingsVisibility
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Chapter 3
Excavation & Lining methods
Control points and systems
Hydraulic systemsFire Operator
protectionPotentially
explosive atmospheres
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Chapter 3
Explosive atmospheres
Explosion protection of mechanical and electrical plant when in potentially explosive atmospheres
ATEX Directives
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Chapter 3
Tunnel transport systems
Bored tunnels– Railway systems
Fuelling Exhaust emissions
Other tunnels– Wheeled or tracked vehicles
Exhaust emissions
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Chapter 3Tunnel transport systems
Visibility poorDriver visibility
poorSeparation of
vehicles and pedestrians
Reduce vehicle movements
–Slurry systems–Conveyors
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Chapter 3
Tunnel atmosphere hazardsOxygen deficiency and enrichmentToxic gases – CO, NO, NO2, H2S, NH3, SO2
Carcinogens – Toluene, benzene, xyleneAsphyxiant gases - CO2
Potentially explosive gases - CH4, VOCsRadon Dust - silicaHeat
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Chapter 3Ventilation
–Removes contaminants–Brings in fresh air–Cools tunnel–Controls smoke
Must be correctly positioned
Must be maintained
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Chapter 3
ExplosivesDrilling hazards
–Dust–Noise–Vibration
Premature detonation
Toxic fumeBlast shelter
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Chapter 3
Fire, flood, rescue and escape
Fire + smoke = major hazard to workforce
Fire can damage lining
This threatens the existence of the tunnel – a valuable asset
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Chapter 3
Fire, flood, rescue and escape
Extensive flammable material underground
Need for fire mitigation policy
–Low flammability hydraulic fluid–On-board fire suppression systems
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Chapter 3
Fire, flood, rescue and escape
Good housekeeping is essential
Detection and alarm systems required
System for accounting for personnel
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Chapter 3
Fire, flood, rescue and escape
Rescue team if necessary
Oxygen self rescuers for everyone underground
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Chapter 3
Fire, flood, rescue and escape
Clear walkway for escape
Rescue train in long tunnels
Rescue container in tunnel
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Chapter 3
Work in compressed air
For ground stability below water table
Essential to safe operation of certain TBM types
Use of TBMs reduces numbers of exposures
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Chapter 3
Work in compressed air
Enhanced fire risk –Increased mass concentration of oxygen in compressed air– increased volumetric concentration if leakage/discharge of oxygen to tunnel atmosphere
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Chapter 3
Work in compressed air
Safe working pressure
Controls and instrumentation
DimensionsFire protectionOxygen breathing
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Conclusions and references
This presentation has focussed on three important aspects of good tunnelling practice
Occupational health WelfareSafety
In the time available it has only been possible to present an overview but more information and references can be found in my paper.
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Conclusions and references
Thank you for your attention
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