1

DESIGN FOR HEALTHCARERELATED TO DIABETES

2

Agenda

1. Introduction

2. Literature Review

3. Interface Design for Healthcarea. Information Design

b. Mobile and Small Devices

4. Usefulness and Usability for Healthcare Applicationsa. Functional Analysis

b. Performance Analysis

5. Healthcare Data & Information a. Data Integrity and Quality

b. Interactions with the Systems

c. Recommendations

6. Conclusion

3

1. INTRODUCTION

4

1. Introduction• Millions of consumers have sought health information

online.

• Due to the increasing availability and accessibility of the Internet with advancements in technology including mobile devices.

• Diabetes is one of most difficult challenges facing the health-care industry today.

• Mobile technology is widely used in managing chronic diseases.

5

1. Introduction• Use of the Internet

• Studies indicate that 30 to 35% of diabetes patients seek information about their illness on the Internet.

• The ability to find information quickly and easily with anytime access and no geographical barriers.

• Mobile Apps Trend• Patients have many apps to choose for managing diabetes.• Studies shown mobile and internet tools helped a group of

people with diabetes lower their blood glucose levels.

Common interaction issues are the visual design of the user interface and the case with hand-held devices’ limited screen size

6

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

7

2. Literature Review

• Incurable disease is becoming as widespread as the mobile phone itself.

• Context-awareness can enable these individuals to make better informed choices.

• Self-management of diabetes consists of exercises, nutrition control, etc.

• Facilitating ideal functions on self-help tools for diabetes patient.

8

3. INTERFACE DESIGN FOR HEALTHCARE

9

3. Interface Design for Healthcare• Information Design

• Enable viewers to pick up information effortlessly through imagery.

• Neat layout structure of information and give viewers a proper interpretation of information.

• To keep on motivating the users.• Visual interfaces and application structure.• Voice and tactile interfaces.• Automatic tailoring of information, context awareness and

self-configuration of the user interface.

10

3. Interface Design for Healthcare• Mobile and Small Devices

• Each person associated with mobile phone.• Limited screen sizes of mobile devices.• Reading of text on a handheld computer screen is more

difficult than on paper.• Presenting graphical information is limited as regards the

size and complexity of image.• Interactivity may be compromised due to the lack of

keyboard and mouse.

11

4. USEFULNESS AND USABILITY FOR HEALTHCARE APPLICATIONS

12

• Functional Analysis

• Increasing numbers of diabetes patients using internet and mobile devices as source of health information.

• Concerns of the potential harm that inaccurate health information can mislead or misinform to patients.

• Marketing Health Services found that patients having unrealistic hopes or needless anxiety as a result of online information.

4. Usefulness and Usability for Healthcare Applications

13

• Web-based Applications

• The readability of web-based material was found to be ‘too difficult’ for most consumers.

• Diabetes patients felt overwhelmed or confused by the amount of information.

• Only half of the sites contain contents that were in line with current diabetes science and clinical practices (Children’s Hospital Boston).

4. Usefulness and Usability for Healthcare Applications

14

4. Usefulness and Usability for Healthcare Applications• Mobile Health Applications

• Regardless of appearance, if it does not address a specific problem, it will not be considered useful/

• Currently health consumers are being overloaded with mobile health apps.

• Difficulty with finding the right app, and information and features are fragmented over too many apps thereby limiting usefulness.

15

• Performance Analysis

• Poorly designed or misleading health applications could have consequences for consumers. E.g. frustration, wrong treatment.

• Diabetes management required long-term behavior modification, thus, rigorous assessment is essential for health care applications.

• A comprehensive review of diabetes web sites showed there are many diabetes information sites cannot be operated with ease and efficiency.

• Adult with poor visions/memory limitation face design problems such as small screens with small text and poor color contrast, and a font size.

4. Usefulness and Usability for Healthcare Applications

16

4. Usefulness and Usability for Healthcare Applications• Recommendations - Involvement of Relevant

Authorities

• Health seekers also pay attention to what many experts believe in judging quality of health information.

• Health professionals should involve in the evaluation of diabetes applications to ensure the accuracy and completeness.

• Health application are often required to have clinician input into the design.

• The convergence of health care professionals, technologists and consumers is becoming a must in mobile health industry.

17

• Recommendations - User Education and Training

• Suggest to identify important role for user education and training to inform patients on how to identify reliable information.

• The mobile apps should intuitive and easy to learn.

• Can be improved by having fewer things to learn.

• Or making the learning process more intuitive.

4. Usefulness and Usability for Healthcare Applications

18

5. HEALTHCARE DATA & INFORMATION

19

5. Healthcare Data & Information • Preece et al stated that the goal of human computer

interaction is to ensure that designed systems should be able to support humans to carry out their tasks safely, efficiently, effectively and enjoyably [7].

• Dix et al explained that we study human computer interaction to determine how we can make computer more usable by human [8].

20

5. Healthcare Data & Information • Data Integrity and Quality• Data Logging - A study had been done on various diabetes

management applications using keystroke level modelling (KLM) [1]. The results had shown that the main issues laid on the personal settings and data entries. Heuristics evaluation had shown that further problems were related to the loss of the device, learnability, aesthetics, error management and security [1].

• Decision Supporting Context - To be able to decide better on the dosage of insulin used for a patient diagnosed with Type 1 insulin dependent diabetes, one can make use of the hindsight of supporting context of past activities which match to the current situation [2].

21

5. Healthcare Data & Information • Critical Role Identity - An application called Mobile Access to Health

Information (MAHI) is capable of recording rich and intensely personal stories of a diabetic person [3]. These contents may not necessarily be related to the management of diabetes such as logging of blood glucose level, etc. but stories which were inspiring to help diabetic individuals cope with negative emotions, to regain their confidence, to maintain the link to their selves before they were diagnosed with the disease. With these, researchers in social sciences have argued that these are factors related to identity management [3].

22

5. Healthcare Data & Information • Interactions with the Systems• Connectivity - There are systems which make use of RFID

technology and the convenient internet connectivity to monitor the patients’ health statuses in an ambient assisted living (AAL) based on internet of things (IoT) [4]. Timely update of their glucose levels would be retrieved from the personal device and stored at the management portal via the internet.

• Integration of Devices - The contextual evidences can be captured by using a camera, with time stamps. Subsequently, these data are displayed in the means of data visualization [5]. In a prolonged period, these useful data can be analysed to explain the changes discovered in the glucose levels of a patient captured by a glucometer and help to increase awareness of them to better manage the disease [5].

23

5. Healthcare Data & Information • Support - Robots were invented to be the companions for diabetic

children to reduce the children’s stress, to educate the children with the relevant knowledge so as to improve their response to the treatments like that of Robot Assisted Learning [6]. And to improve their self-efficacy by developing their self-confidence and responsibility like that of Animal Assisted Therapy and lastly to motivate them to do physical activity [6].

24

5. Recommendations• In most of the solutions provided for the management of diabetes,

they have been using ubiquitous computing [1], data analytics [2], social media sourcing [3], centralized management system [4], new media functionality [5] and artificial intelligence [6] as mentioned above.

• Some suggestions are about integrating advanced technologies further into the ambient assisted living environments such as installing monitoring and educational systems into the electronic appliances like refrigerator, weighing machine, and onto home structures like the bathroom mirror as well as home entertainment systems.

• With that, the idea here is to integrate seamlessly into one’s surrounding for easier adaption and encourage better responses to information, monitoring and treatment, etc. to improve a diabetic condition and also to help prevent getting the disease.

25

6. CONCLUSION

26

6. Conclusion• Information Design for Mobile and Small Devices - When

addressing to information design, both the perceptual organization and conceptual model are important factors to be considered but to apply them, a good understanding of the small screen usability is essential.

• Functional and Performance Analysis - Because of the challenges in the area of accuracy, readability and disintegration of the diabetes related healthcare information, the effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction of the usage of applications consisting of such information have been greatly degraded. Therefore, the involvement of relevant authorities, and user training and education are needed.

27

6. Conclusion• Data Integrity and Quality for Interactions with the Systems - To

ensure data integrity and quality, the effectiveness and efficiency of data logging, leveraging on decision supporting context, and collecting social content on critical social role identity need to be understood. And in order to enhance the usability of healthcare computing systems, using centralized management approach, combining new media functionalities, and using artificial intelligence are also necessary for implementation.

28

THANK YOU