healthy plants in your school - minnesota landscape arboretum...healthy plants in your school...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Healthy plants in your school - Minnesota Landscape Arboretum...Healthy plants in your school garden: Fertilizers Anne Sawyer PhD Candidate, Department of Soil, Water, and Climate](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042318/5f07d0397e708231d41ee0b9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Healthy plants in your school garden: Fertilizers
Anne Sawyer
PhD Candidate, Department of Soil, Water, and Climate Master Gardener in Rice County
University of Minnesota [email protected]
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What do plants need?
Food:
6CO2 + 6H2O
---Light energy--->
C6H12O2 + 6O2
"Photosynthesis" by At09kg - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
Also need: Growth medium
Water Oxygen
Nutrients
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Today’s talk:
• What are nutrients and how do plants obtain them?
• How do I know which fertilizers to use?
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Like us, plants need nutrients!
17 essential minerals for plant growth
Micronutrients: Fe, B, Mn, Cu, Zn,
Cl, Mo, Ni
Secondary nutrients:
Sulfur, calcium, magnesium
Primary nutrients:
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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How do plants get nutrients?
http://www.sunkarresources.com/en/pages/nutrients_and_their__role
It depends!
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How do plants get nutrients?
It depends!
With the water,
https://www.scienceproject.com/projects/intro/Senior/SB181.asp
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How do plants get nutrients?
It depends!
With the water,
directly into the root (passive or active ion
transport), Soil
Root
Diffusion
Facilitated
Diffusion
Active
Transport
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How do plants get nutrients?
It depends!
With the water,
directly into the root (passive or active
transport), or
with a little help from their friends (beneficial
microbes)!
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Medicago_italica_root_nodules_2.JPG
http://www.blm.gov/nstc/soil/fungi/
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How do plants get nutrients?
What do these things have in common?
Plants take up inorganic ions and don’t care where they come from!
I
IONS!
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Ions? Which ions (and molecules)?
NH4+
NO3-
H+ O2
H2O CO2
H2PO4-
HPO42-
K+
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
Primary nutrients: Nitrogen
Phosphorus Potassium
Secondary nutrients: Sulfur
Calcium Magnesium SO4
2-
Ca2+
Mg2+
Micronutrients: Iron, copper, zinc, nickel,
chlorine, molybdenum manganese, boron
Fe2+
H3BO3 Mn2+
Zn2+ Cu2+ Ni2+
Cl- MoO4
2-
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Ions? Which ions (and molecules)?
NH4+
NO3-
H+ O2
H2O CO2
H2PO4-
HPO42-
K+
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
Primary nutrients: Nitrogen
Phosphorus Potassium
Secondary nutrients: Sulfur
Calcium Magnesium SO4
2-
Ca2+
Mg2+
Micronutrients: Iron, copper, zinc, nickel,
chlorine, molybdenum manganese, boron
Fe2+
H3BO3 Mn2+
Zn2+ Cu2+ Ni2+
Cl- MoO4
2-
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Ions? Which ions (and molecules)?
NH4+
NO3-
H+ O2
H2O CO2
H2PO4-
HPO42-
K+
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
Primary nutrients: Nitrogen
Phosphorus Potassium
Secondary nutrients: Sulfur
Calcium Magnesium SO4
2-
Ca2+
Mg2+
Micronutrients: Iron, copper, zinc, nickel,
chlorine, molybdenum manganese, boron
Fe2+
H3BO3 Mn2+
Zn2+ Cu2+ Ni2+
Cl- MoO4
2-
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Ions? Which ions (and molecules)?
NH4+
NO3-
H+ O2
H2O CO2
H2PO4-
HPO42-
K+
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
Primary nutrients: Nitrogen
Phosphorus Potassium
Secondary nutrients: Sulfur
Calcium Magnesium SO4
2-
Ca2+
Mg2+
Micronutrients: Iron, copper, zinc, nickel,
chlorine, molybdenum manganese, boron
Fe2+
H3BO3 Mn2+
Zn2+ Cu2+ Ni2+
Cl- MoO4
2-
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Ions? Which ions (and molecules)?
NH4+
NO3-
H+ O2
H2O CO2
H2PO4-
HPO42-
K+
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
Primary nutrients: Nitrogen
Phosphorus Potassium
Secondary nutrients: Sulfur
Calcium Magnesium SO4
2-
Ca2+
Mg2+
Micronutrients: Iron, copper, zinc, nickel,
chlorine, molybdenum manganese, boron
Fe2+
H3BO3 Mn2+
Zn2+ Cu2+ Ni2+
Cl- MoO4
2-
Most MN soils have adequate levels of
micronutriets.
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Where are the nutrients?
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What is soil? Where are the nutrients?
Minerals: Sand, silt, clay
~45%
Water ~20-30% Organic matter
~5%
Air ~20-30%
Profile of a loam soil
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What are soil minerals?
http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/gardennotes/214.html
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http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/gardennotes/214.html
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What is soil organic matter?
“Living things, dead things, and very dead things”
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Living things
University of Tokyo
http://cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu/content/soil-microbes
Decomposers responsible for nutrient
turnover
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Living things: MICROBES!
Microbes account for 80-90% of total soil metabolic activity
>
~20,000 species of bacteria in ONE gram of soil
>>
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Dead things
Pool of active nutrient cycling from readily decomposed organic
matter
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Very dead things (humus)
Slow but continuous source of nutrients
http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611 ontent/OrganicMatter/graphics.htm
Complex molecules resistant to
further decay
Humate molecule
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Organic matter affects…
- Drainage
- Water holding capacity
- Aggregate stability
- Aeration
- Microbial diversity - Nutrients
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How much does organic matter matter?
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It depends…
Goals?
Budget?
Time?
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What’s in fertilizers?
Fertilizers have a guaranteed analysis:
Micronutrients
Secondary nutrients: S, Ca, Mg
Primary nutrients: N, P, K
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
By law, must contain % of nutrient listed on label
N-P-K, or N-P-K-(other)
Technically:
N - P2O5 - K2O
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Fertilizer examples
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Fertilizer examples
0-0-0-90
N-P-K-S
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Fertilizer examples
N-P-K = 24-8-16
Also has guaranteed analysis for micronutrients
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Nutrient analysis of compost??
Unknown, unless you test it!
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What else about
compost??
Will have variety of nutrients released over time
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Will have microorganisms
What else about
compost??
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Will have other soil health benefits
What else about
compost??
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Reduce waste stream from school
What else about
compost??
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BUT… may not contain much available nitrogen and may have
excessive P and K
What else about
compost??
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AND may contain weed seeds. Know your source!
What else about
compost??
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OK… so how do I know which nutrient sources to use?
FEAR NOT!
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Organic and inorganic fertilizers
• Organic: carbon-based (derived from plant/animal materials) Examples: Compost, manure, blood/bone meal
• Inorganic: chemical-based Examples: Rock phosphate, ammonium nitrate, elemental sulfur
• Synthetic organic: carbon-based, but derived from inorganic materials Example: Urea
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Organic fertilizers
1) Contain organic matter, likely have micronutrients
2) Have slowly-available nutrients (microbially-mediated release)
3) Tend to have lower guaranteed analysis
a) Less likely to ‘burn’ plants
b) Fewer nutrients = more fertilizer ($$$$)
4) May or may not be approved for organic production
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Inorganic fertilizers (and urea)
1) Do not contain organic matter, chemically-based
2) Plant available = fast release (*unless otherwise specified)
3) Tend to have higher guaranteed analysis
a) More likely to ‘burn’ plants
b) More nutrients = less fertilizer ($)
4) May or may not be approved for organic production
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But, what to do??
oregonmetro.gov
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Containers:
• Teaching goals?
• Length of project?
• Type of potting soil?
• Nutrient leaching – need to add fertilizer
regularly
• Budget?
• Time?
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Garden beds:
• Teaching goals?
• Length of project?
• Type of soil?
• Soil test?
• Management practices?
• Budget?
• Time?
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Why choose organic/inorganic fertilizers?
Building soil over time?
Yes
Organic: Slow release, improve
soil health, microorganisms,
varietey of nutrients
Inorganic: Fast-release,
cheap, can get only nutrients
you need
No
Inorganic: Fast-release,
cheap
Have you done a soil
test??
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Why choose organic/inorganic fertilizers?
Limited budget?
Yes
Inorganic: Cheap
No
Organic: Soil health, fewer
chemicals, etc.
Do you need a soil test??
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Why choose organic/inorganic fertilizers?
Need nutrients ASAP?
Yes
Inorganic: Quick release, higher
guaranteed analysis, can get only what you
need
No
Organic: Slow-release, low guaranteed
analysis, variety of nutrients
Have you done a soil
test??
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Why choose organic/inorganic fertilizers?
Leaching nutrients (especially nitrogen)?
Yes
Inorganic: Quick release, can add
only N
Organic: Slow release, harder to find only N
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Why choose organic/inorganic fertilizers?
Are you growing organically?
Yes
Read the label.
No
Read the label.
Have you done a soil
test??
![Page 56: Healthy plants in your school - Minnesota Landscape Arboretum...Healthy plants in your school garden: Fertilizers Anne Sawyer PhD Candidate, Department of Soil, Water, and Climate](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042318/5f07d0397e708231d41ee0b9/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Remember:
• Plants will grow – we can help them grow better with smart fertilizing
"Photosynthesis" by At09kg - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
I
IONS!
![Page 57: Healthy plants in your school - Minnesota Landscape Arboretum...Healthy plants in your school garden: Fertilizers Anne Sawyer PhD Candidate, Department of Soil, Water, and Climate](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042318/5f07d0397e708231d41ee0b9/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
THANK YOU!
![Page 58: Healthy plants in your school - Minnesota Landscape Arboretum...Healthy plants in your school garden: Fertilizers Anne Sawyer PhD Candidate, Department of Soil, Water, and Climate](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042318/5f07d0397e708231d41ee0b9/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Additional image credits:
• Grass and soil profile: nrcs.gov
• Soil organic matter: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/newsroom/features/?cid=stelprdb1081936
• Leaf litter: https://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/f2013/crain_alex/nutrition.htm
• School garden and peppers in pails: http://design.ncsu.edu/natural-learning/content/growing-edibles-containers
• Tomato in container: http://www.extension.ucr.edu/admin/newsletter/201312/1.html
• Kids with raised bed garden: http://extension.uga.edu/k12/school-gardens/curriculum/index.cfm
• Aggregate: http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/~tbw/soils.veg/lecture.outlines/soils.chap.7/chapter_7.htm
• Structure: http://audaxdesign.org/2013/09/22/gqt-soil-structure-texture-and-tilth/
• Algal bloom beach: http://www.mncenter.org/issues/water/types-of-water-pollution/nitrogen-and-phosphorus.aspx
The product images used in this presentation do not imply any endorsement whatsoever.