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© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser

Presentation for use with the textbook Data Structures and Algorithms in Java, 6th edition, by M. T. Goodrich, R. Tamassia, and M. H. Goldwasser, Wiley, 2014

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Recall Priority Queue ADT

q  A priority queue stores a collection of entries

q  Each entry is a pair (key, value)

q  Main methods of the Priority Queue ADT n  insert(k, v)

inserts an entry with key k and value v

n  removeMin() removes and returns the entry with smallest key

q  Additional methods n  min()

returns, but does not remove, an entry with smallest key

n  size(), isEmpty()

q  Applications: n  Standby flyers n  Auctions n  Stock market


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Recall PQ Sorting q  We use a priority queue

n  Insert the elements with a series of insert operations

n  Remove the elements in sorted order with a series of removeMin operations

q  The running time depends on the priority queue implementation: n  Unsorted sequence gives

selection-sort: O(n2) time n  Sorted sequence gives

insertion-sort: O(n2) time

q  Can we do better?

Algorithm PQ-Sort(S, C) Input sequence S, comparator C for the elements of S Output sequence S sorted in increasing order according to C P ← priority queue with

comparator C while ¬S.isEmpty ()

e ← S.remove (S. first ()) P.insert (e, e)

while ¬P.isEmpty() e ← P.removeMin().getKey() S.addLast(e)


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Heaps q  A heap is a binary tree storing

keys at its nodes and satisfying the following properties:

q  Heap-Order: for every internal node v other than the root, key(v) ≥ key(parent(v))

q  Complete Binary Tree: let h be the height of the heap n  for i = 0, … , h - 1, there are 2i

nodes of depth i n  at depth h - 1, the internal nodes

are to the left of the external nodes

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q  The last node of a heap is the rightmost node of maximum depth

last node


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Height of a Heap q  Theorem: A heap storing n keys has height O(log n)

Proof: (we apply the complete binary tree property) n  Let h be the height of a heap storing n keys n  Since there are 2i keys at depth i = 0, … , h - 1 and at least one key

at depth h, we have n ≥ 1 + 2 + 4 + … + 2h-1 + 1

n  Thus, n ≥ 2h , i.e., h ≤ log n

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Heaps and Priority Queues q  We can use a heap to implement a priority queue q  We store a (key, element) item at each internal node q  We keep track of the position of the last node

(2, Sue)

(6, Mark) (5, Pat)

(9, Jeff) (7, Anna)


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Insertion into a Heap q  Method insertItem of the

priority queue ADT corresponds to the insertion of a key k to the heap

q  The insertion algorithm consists of three steps n  Find the insertion node z

(the new last node) n  Store k at z n  Restore the heap-order

property (discussed next)

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insertion node

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z

z


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Upheap q  After the insertion of a new key k, the heap-order property may be

violated q  Algorithm upheap restores the heap-order property by swapping k

along an upward path from the insertion node q  Upheap terminates when the key k reaches the root or a node

whose parent has a key smaller than or equal to k q  Since a heap has height O(log n), upheap runs in O(log n) time

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Removal from a Heap q  Method removeMin of

the priority queue ADT corresponds to the removal of the root key from the heap

q  The removal algorithm consists of three steps n  Replace the root key with

the key of the last node w n  Remove w n  Restore the heap-order

property (discussed next)

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last node

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new last node


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Downheap q  After replacing the root key with the key k of the last node, the

heap-order property may be violated q  Algorithm downheap restores the heap-order property by

swapping key k along a downward path from the root q  Upheap terminates when key k reaches a leaf or a node whose

children have keys greater than or equal to k q  Since a heap has height O(log n), downheap runs in O(log n) time

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Updating the Last Node q  The insertion node can be found by traversing a path of O(log n)

nodes n  Go up until a left child or the root is reached n  If a left child is reached, go to the right child n  Go down left until a leaf is reached

q  Similar algorithm for updating the last node after a removal


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Heap-Sort q  Consider a priority

queue with n items implemented by means of a heap n  the space used is O(n) n  methods insert and

removeMin take O(log n) time

n  methods size, isEmpty, and min take time O(1) time

q  Using a heap-based priority queue, we can sort a sequence of n elements in O(n log n) time

q  The resulting algorithm is called heap-sort

q  Heap-sort is much faster than quadratic sorting algorithms, such as insertion-sort and selection-sort


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Array-based Heap Implementation q  We can represent a heap with n

keys by means of an array of length n

q  For the node at rank i n  the left child is at rank 2i + 1 n  the right child is at rank 2i + 2

q  Links between nodes are not explicitly stored

q  Operation add corresponds to inserting at rank n + 1

q  Operation remove_min corresponds to removing at rank n

q  Yields in-place heap-sort

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Java Implementation

© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Heaps 14

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Merging Two Heaps q  We are given two two

heaps and a key k q  We create a new heap

with the root node storing k and with the two heaps as subtrees

q  We perform downheap to restore the heap-order property

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q  We can construct a heap storing n given keys in using a bottom-up construction with log n phases

q  In phase i, pairs of heaps with 2i -1 keys are merged into heaps with 2i+1-1 keys

Bottom-up Heap Construction

2i -1 2i -1

2i+1-1


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Example

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Example (contd.)

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Example (contd.)

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Example (end)

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Analysis q  We visualize the worst-case time of a downheap with a proxy path

that goes first right and then repeatedly goes left until the bottom of the heap (this path may differ from the actual downheap path)

q  Since each node is traversed by at most two proxy paths, the total number of nodes of the proxy paths is O(n)

q  Thus, bottom-up heap construction runs in O(n) time q  Bottom-up heap construction is faster than n successive insertions

and speeds up the first phase of heap-sort


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