HEART DISEASE

Spann, JanisWilliams, ChristineAdusah,Elizabeth

BLS 150Hostos College

Professor D’AgostinoFall 2011

INTRODUCTION In this presentation we will evaluate Heart Disease

and its risk factors as well as statistical information to support it.

In 2006, 631,636 people died from heart disease.

Heart disease is responsible for a 26% mortality rate-more than one in every four-in the United States.

Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women but more so women.

In 2005, coronary heart disease - the most common type of heart disease - claimed the lives of 445,687 people.

Christine Williams

WHAT IS HEART DISEASE?

Heart disease is or cardiovascular disease refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a myocardial infarction (heart attack), angina (chest pain) or stoke.

Heart disease is considered a broad term due to the fact that there are quite a few types of disease's that affect the heart like coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart infections, and heart defects.

Christine Williams

MECHANISMS OF HEART DISEASE Smoking: Carbon monoxide damages the lining of the

blood vessels, making you susceptible to atherosclerosis. High Blood Pressure: Uncontrolled blood pressure

causes thickening and hardening of the arteries and narrowing of the vessels stoppping blood flow.

Diabetes: Increases the risk of heart disease. Obesity: Excessive weight worsens all other risk factors. Alcoholism: Over drinking can cause an increase or

decrease in blood sugar. Family history: This factor increases the risk for

coronary artery disease. Age: Getting older increases the risk of damaged arteries

and as you get older the heart muscles weaken. All of this contributes to heart disease.

Christine Williams

STATISTICS OF HEART DISEASE 2005 AND 2009

Janis Spann

NORMAL VS. CLOGGED ARTERIES DUE TO HEART DISEASE

Janis Spann

SYMPTOMS

Shortness of breath, angina (chest pain) and heart attack

Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) Anemia may occur that leads to malnutrition Heart and blood vessel disease Congestive heart failure High blood pressure and hypertension

Elizabeth Adusah

TREATMENT

Change of lifestyle: Low-fat low-sodium diet, 30 minutes of exercise , quit smoking and limit amount of alcohol.

Medications: Diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta blockers, blood thinners, or cholesterol lowering medications.

Surgery: Procedures like an angioplasty is done to clear out blockages that are found in the heart.

Christine Williams

RISK FACTOR 1: ACTIVE/ PASSIVE SMOKING

MECHANISM: The environment ( working or living with

active smokers) Association with active smokers Peer pressure to start or continue smoking

and progress to active smoking. Being exposed to second hand smoke and in

turn becoming a passive smoker. Media and television advertising smoking.

Janis Spann

Janis Spann

RISK FACTOR 2: AGING MECHANISM: Certain medications Family history Emotional stress/Extreme physical exertion Previous heart attack Gender Differences in cardiovascular risk level have

been suggested to contribute to the age-related excess risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).

Elizabeth Adusah

RISK FACTOR 3: DIABETES

MECHINISM: Family History: Your risk of diabetes

increases if a parent of sibling has the disease.

Age: At greater risk at an older age. Diet and weight: the more fat that is

ingested the more your cells resist insulin. Race: Afro-Americans, Hispanics, American

Indians and Asians at a greater risk for diabetes.

Activity level: The less active the more at risk.

Christine Williams

LITERATURE REVIEW: ACTIVE/PASSIVE SMOKING

Passive smoking and Heart Disease (Stanton A. Glantz, PhD and William W. Parmley, MD)

Surgeons General Report in 1983 concluded that cigarette smoking is one of the three major independent heart disease risk factors.

Cigarette smoking is one of the largest preventable causes for Heart Disease in the US.

Janis Spann

LITERATURE REVIEW: ACTIVE/PASSIVE SMOKING

Passive smoking and risk for coronary heart disease ( Jiang He MD PhD, etc.)

Conducted 18 studies ( 10 cohort and 8 case control) to study exposure to cigarette smoking

How much tobacco a person has been exposed to a day depends on their level of risk for heart disease.

In 1995, 481,287 people died in the US as a result of heart disease. 100,000 of those were due to smoking.

Janis Spann

LITERATURE REVIEW: DIABETES

Understanding Cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 Diabetes (Stephen Wheatcroft, MD; Mark Kearney, MD)

Case study with two diabetic cohorts one male and one female to determine which is at greater risk

Conclusion: Female diabetic patients are at a greater risk of cardiovascular events

Christine Williams

LITERATURE REVIEW: DIABETES Diabetes and decline in heart disease

mortality in U.S. adults (Ken Gu, PhD; Catherine C. Cowie, PhD; etc.)

Male and female cohorts both with and without diabetes were studied between 1971 and 1975. Each cohort was followed up over a course of 8 to 9 years.

Conclusion: Non-diabetic men had a 36.4% decline in heart disease mortality compared to a 13.1% decline in diabetic men. Non-diabetic women had a decline of 27% but, increased by 23% in diabetic women.

Christine Williams

LITERATURE REVIEW: AGING The impact of cardiovascular risk factor

on the age –related excess risk of coronary heart disease; the international Journal of Epidemiology.

The data:- They carried out individual participant data meta-analysis of 41 students from 3 continents.

It was concluded that the Systolic blood pressure was the most important modifiable risk factor contribute to the excess CHD in that with aging in men and women.

The impact of cardiovascular risk factor on the age –related excess risk of coronary heart disease

Elizabeth Aduah

HYPOTHESIS Aging, Active/Passive Smoking and Diabetes are risk

factors for Heart Disease. Mechanisms Summarized: Active/Passive Smoking: Not only can you

develop heart disease from smoking but also from inhaling tobacco from other active smokers ( second hand smoke).

Aging: Men and Women over a certain age are at a higher risk for developing heart disease.

Diabetes: Uncontrolled diabetes due to family history, age, weight or race can place you at a higher risk for heart disease.

Janis Spann

BIBLIOGRAPHY  Glantz, Stanton A., and William W. Parmley. "Passive Smoking

and Heart Disease." Clinical Progress Series.

He, Jiang, and Suma Vupputuri. "Passive Smoking and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease — A Meta-Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies." New England Journal of Medicine 340.12 (1999): 920-26. Print.

Huxley, Rachel R., and Mark Woodward. "Cigarette Smoking as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease in Women Compared with Men: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies." The Lancet (2011). Print.

Journals, Oxford, comp. "International Journal of Epidemiology." Internal Journal of Epidemiology 35.4 (2006): 1025-033. Oxford Journals | Medicine | International Journal of Epidemiology. Web. 25 Oct. 2011.

<http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/4/1025.short>.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Haffner, Steven M., and Seppo Lehto. "Mortality from Coronary

Heart Disease in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes and in Nondiabetic Subjects with and without Prior Myocardial Infraction." New English Journal of Medicine (1998).

Print.

Gu, Ken, and Catherine C. Cowie. "Diabetes and Decline in Heart Disease Mortality in US Adults." The Journal of the American Medical Association (1999). Print

"Diabetes." www.mayoclinic.com. Mayo Clinic, 9 Mar. 2011. Web. 19 Oct. 2011.

"All About Diabetes." www.medicalnewstoday.com. Medical News Today. Web. 19 Oct. 2011.

"Heart Disease." www.mayoclinic.com. Mayo Clinic, 12 Jan. 2011. Web. 24 Oct. 2011