heart work sheet.doc

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AS Edexcel BiologyTopic 1 Lifestyle, health and risk

1.2 The heart and health

Name:_________________________

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Heart Structure:

Label the diagram of the heart

What tissue is the heart made of?

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What makes this tissue unique compared to other tissues?

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Functions of the structures in the heart:

Structure Function

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Questions (page 25 of Edexcel Student Book)

1. Describe the path of blood around the human body, identifying at which points the

blood is oxygenated and where it is deoxygenated. Explain how this system efficientlysupplies cells with the oxygen they need.

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2. Discuss the relationship between structure and function for these parts of the heart:Semilunar valvesMuscle walls (and its thickness) in the atria and ventriclesTendinous cord

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How your heart works:

Explain what causes the lub-dub sound of a heart beat:

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The cardiac cycle

Identify the stages (diastole or atrial systole or ventricular systole) in the cardiac cycle andlabel the valves (state whether they are open or closed)

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Define the terms below:

Diastole:_____________________________________________________________

Atrial systole:_________________________________________________________

Ventricular systole:_____________________________________________________

Complete the table below by writing open or closed for each valve at each stage of thecardiac cycle:

Stage of cardiac cycle Atrio-ventricular valves Semi-lunar valves

Diastole

Atrial systole

Ventricular systole

Explain why the semi-lunar valves close in diastole in terms of the pressure in the aorta,pulmonary artery and ventricles:

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Explain why the atrio-ventricular valves open in atrial systole in terms of the differentpressures in the atria and ventricles:

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Explain the positions (open or closed) of the atrio-ventricular valves and semi-lunar valvesin ventricular systole:_______________________________________________________________________

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Explain the relationship between the volume and pressure in the ventricles:

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Why does the atrial pressure increase during ventricular systole?

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Why does the pressure in both the atria and ventricles increase during diastole?

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What do you think the phonocardiagram is detecting and points 1 and 2?

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What affects the heartbeat:

Explain why heart rate increases during physical exercise:

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Cardiac muscle is said to be myogenic. This means it has the ability to contract on its ownwithout electrical stimulation. This is also known as intrinsic rhythmicity. Describe oneway we can show, experimentally, that adult cardiac muscle shows intrinsic rhythmicity:

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What is the natural intrinsic rhythm of the heart?

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How is the heartbeat rhythm maintained in the body?

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In order to respond to changes in the environment the heart is supplied with nervescontrolled by what part of the brain?

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How do each of the two nerves affect the heart?

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Explain how carbon dioxide affects heart rate

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Name a hormone that causes the heart rate to increase:

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Answer questions 1 and 2 on page

Blood pressure

Relate the points in the cardiac cycle to blood pressure in the blood vessel:

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What is peripheral resistance and how does it affect blood flow?

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Why is there little resistance in arteries?

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What is the affect of elastic recoil in the arteries?

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Why does peripheral resistance increase in arterioles and capillaries but blood pressurefalls?

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Explain how sphygmomanometers work:

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Describe the advantages and disadvantages of manual and automaticsphygmomanometers:

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Explain the terms:

i) systolic blood pressure:

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ii) diastolic blood pressure:

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What are the units for blood pressure?

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What is classed as normal blood pressure?

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What is hypertension and what sustained value for blood pressure is an indicator for it?

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What is hypotension and what blood pressure value is an indicator for it?

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What conditions could result in hypotension and hypertension?

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Cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular diseases consist of which two groups of diseases?

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Using the information in the diagram on page ? answer the questions below:

What is the biggest cause of death in men of all ages?

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What is the biggest cause of death in men aged-20 74?

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How are deaths classified in this age group?

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What is the biggest cause of death in women of all ages?

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What is the biggest cause of death in women aged 20 74?

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What causes of death could be included n the section titled other?

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Many CVDs are linked to arthersclerosis. Briefly explain what this is:

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Where are plaques most likely to form?

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What can cause damage to the endothelial cells of arteries?

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Why does artherosclerosis normally occur in arteries rather than veins?

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Explain why the fatty deposits, or artheroma, occur:

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What causes the artheroma to harden and what effect does this have on the functioningof arteries?

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Based on the information above give a more detailed definition for arthersclerosis:

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Explain the effect arthesclerosis has on blood pressure:

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What are aneurisms and how are they caused?

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Explain how high blood pressure can damage the kidneys:

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How can doctors detect kidney damage?

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How can high blood pressure cause blindness?

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ANSWER QUESTIONS 1 AND 2 ON PAGE 31

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Heart Disease

Name the two most common forms of heart disease:

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Explain the link between artherosclerosis and angina:

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What lifestyle changes can help prevent or reduce angina?

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How do drugs help treat angina?

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In severe cases what else maybe required to treat angina?

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What is a myocardial infarction?

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What three events or factors trigger the clotting cascade in arteries affected byartherosclerosis?

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What is a coronary thrombosis and how can it lead to a heart attack?

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Describe some symptoms of a heart attack:

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Why is aspirin a useful first aid treatment for suspected heart attacks?

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What is a stroke?

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What are the two events that can cause a stroke?

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What determines the severity of a stroke?

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What are some of the symptoms of a stroke?

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ANSWER QUESTIONS 1 AND 2 ON PAGE 33 (Hint: question 1 requires actual detail ofthe blood clotting process)

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