heating systems mk tisk - cvut.cz
TRANSCRIPT
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Czech Technical University in PragueFaculty of Civil Engineering
Department of Microenvironmental and Building Services Engineering
Michal Kabrhel 12008/2009
Heating systemsApllied thermodynamics
Indoor environment
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2Michal Kabrhel
Heating
n The function n Heat supply to guarantee required indoor
temperaturen Heat supply for technology n Heat supply for hot water generation
n The principle
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3Michal Kabrhel
Heating - History 700 BC - 0
Hypocausta
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4Michal KabrhelBEE1 - prof.Kabele
Heating - History – Middle Ages
n Fireplace, stove
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5Michal Kabrhel
Heating - History 18th-19th
century - steam system
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6Michal Kabrhel
Heating - History 20thcentury
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7Michal Kabrhel
History 20th century warm water systems
Steam systems are replaced by warm water ones - use of electricity, pumps, control
Warm water boiler Strebl 1927
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8Michal Kabrhel
1900-1945
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9Michal Kabrhel
Heating nowadaysn Warm water systemsn Gas boilers operated by
electronics n Heating surface inside
floor, wall, ceilingn Computer models
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10Michal Kabrhel
Heating nowadays
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11Michal Kabrhel2008/2009
Applied thermodynamicsn Heat, heat energy
n Heat is the energy transferred between a system and its surroundings due solely to a temperaturedifference between the system and some parts of itssurroundings.
n Temperaturen State variable describing kinetics energy of the
particles of the systemn Thermodynamic /Kelvin/ T [K]n Celsius t [°C] t= T-273,15n Fahrenheit [°F] 1°F=5/9°C (°F-32).5/9=°C
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12Michal Kabrhel2008/2009
Basic laws of thermodynamics
n Zeroth lawn There is a state variable TEMPERATURE. Two
systems at the same temperature are in thermodynamics equilibrium.
n The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if forexample you have a Body (A) and a Body (B), both atthe same temperature; and then you have a Body (C) which is at the same temperature as Body (B); Therefore the temperature of Body (C) is equal to thetemperature of Body (A).
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13Michal Kabrhel2008/2009
Basic laws of thermodynamics
n 1.lawn The total energy of the system plus the surroundings
is constant. (internal energy of system)n 2.law
n The second law is concerned with entropy (S), whichis a measure of disorder. The entropy of the universeincreases.
n 3.lawn It is impossible to cool a body to absolute zero
by any finite process
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14Michal Kabrhel2008/2009
Heat transfer modesn Heat Conductionn Heat is transferred between two systems
through a connecting medium, Biot-Fourier
n Heat Convection n Macroscopic movement of the matter in the
forms of convection currents. n Newton-Richman, Fourier-Kirchhof
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15Michal Kabrhel2008/2009
Heat transfer
n Transmissionconvection+conduction+convection
n Radiation nElectromagnetic waves
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16Michal Kabrhel2008/2009
Indoor environmentn Theory of the indoor environment
n Hygrothermal microclimaten Acoustic microclimaten Psychical microclimaten Light microclimaten Electrostatic microclimate
n Hygrothermal microclimaten Indoor environment state from the viewpoint of
thermal and moisture flows between the human body and surroundings
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17Michal Kabrhel2008/2009
Heat Exchange between the Human Body and the Enviroment
n Metabolic Rate Mn degree of muscular activities,n environmental conditions n body size.
n Heat loss Qn Respirationn Convectionn Radiationn Conductionn Evaporation
n Body thermal balance equationM=Q comfortM>Q hotM<Q cold
Ta
Tp
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18Michal Kabrhel
n Humann Metabolic Raten Clothing Insulation
n Spacen Air Temperature (Dry-Bulb)n Relative Humidityn Air Velocityn Radiation (Mean Radiant Temperature)
2008/2009
Factors Influencing Thermal Comfort
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19Michal Kabrhel
n Operative Temperature
n where tg = operative temperaturen ta = ambient air temperaturen tr = mean radiant temperaturen hc = convective heat transfer coefficientn hr = mean radiative heat transfer coefficient
2008/2009
Environmental indices
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20Michal Kabrhel2008/2009
Environmental indicesn Mean Radiant Temperature
n wheren tr = mean radiant temperaturen Ti = temperature of the surrounding surface i,
i=1,2,....,nn φrn = shape factor which indicates the fraction of
total radiant energy leaving the clothing surface 0 and arriving directly on surface i, i=1,2,...n
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21Michal Kabrhel2008/2009
Thermal comfort evaluation
n PMV index (Predicted mean vote)
n PPD index (Predictedpercentage ofdissatisfied)
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Czech Technical University in PragueFaculty of Civil Engineering
Department of Microenvironmental and Building Services Engineering
Michal Kabrhel 22125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
HeatingPrinciples of heating equipment
Heat emmitters
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23Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Hot water heating
n Principlen Heating system
n Heat sourcen Distribution
networkn Heat emitter
n Heat transfer mediumn watern steamn air
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24Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009
Convectors
NaturalFan-convectorsFloorWall
Michal Kabrhel
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25Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009
Radiators
Michal Kabrhel
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26Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Off-peak storage
n Staticn Dynamicn Hybrid
n Convectorn Radiator
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27Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Air flow patterns
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28Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Heat emittersn Design principlesn Heating outputn Locationn Covering - furnituren Connection to the pipe systemn Type
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29Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Heater emitters design
n Covering = changes in the output
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30Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Low - temperature radiant heating
n floor, wall and/or ceiling with embedded pipes or el.wires in concrete slabn Temperature distribution
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31Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009
Underfloor heating
n History
Michal Kabrhel
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32Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Low - temperature radiant heating
n Floor structure
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33Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Underfloor heating - structure
TYP ATYP B
TYP C
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34Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Low - temperature radiant heating
n Technical solutionn Pipe layout
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35Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Low - temperature radiant heating
n Output n Limited surface temperature á limited output cca
100 W.m-2
n Energy savings n Lower air temperature á lower heat losses
n Controln Low temperature difference á autocontrol effect
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36Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Underfloor heating - examples
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37Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Radiant panels
n Low temperaturen heaters max 110 °C (water, steam, el. power)
n High temperaturen dark - about 350°C - radiant tube heating
system (gas)n light - about 800 °C - flameless surface gas
combustion
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38Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Heat emitters
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Czech Technical University in PragueFaculty of Civil Engineering
Department of Microenvironmental and Building Services Engineering
Michal Kabrhel 39125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
HeatingHot water heating systems
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40Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Hot-water heatingn Terminology
Boiler
Emitter
Main supply/return pipe
Branch supply/return pipe
Radiator valve
Ventcock
Drain/feed cock
Shutoff valves
Expansion vessel
Manual Control valve
Emitter
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41Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Heating system designInitial information about the
buildingn Type
n industrial, office, dwelling
n Operationn continuous, intermittentn single, multiple
n Structuren heavy, light n new, reconstruction
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42Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Heating system design Functional requirements
n Connection of the heat emitters with the heat source
n Deaerationn Drainingn Integration into the building
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43Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Design parameters of hot water heating systems
n (1) Water circulationn (2) Geometry of the systemn (3) Water temperaturen (4) Expansion vessel n (5) Materials
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44Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009
Water circulation
n Natural – without pumpP1=h.ρ1 .g
P2=h.ρ2.g
ΔPF=ΔPn + ΔPP
n Forced – with pump
ΔPn=P2-P1=h.(ρ2- ρ1 ).g
P1 P2
Michal Kabrhel
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45Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Geometry of the system
n Relative connection of the heat emittersn One-pipe, two-pipe
n Main pipe lay-outn Upper, lower, combined
n Branch pipes lay-out n vertical, horizontal , microbore
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46Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Geometry of the system Relative connection of the heat emitters
n Two-pipe systemn One-pipe system
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47Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Two-pipe systems
n Contraflow, parallel flow
Tichelmann
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48Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
One-pipe systemsBasic schemes of the connection
•With mixing valve•Two-point•One-point
• With By-Pass–“Horse Rider“ – Controlled by-pass
•Serial
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49Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
One-pipe systemsMixing valves
Two-point valves
One-point valves
Ventil compact
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50Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Relative connection of the heat emitters
Conclusion
Two-pipe X one-pipe system
n Length of the pipesn Water circulationn Measuring and controln Pressures in the system
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51Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Geometry of the systemMain-pipe layout
Upper
Lower
Combined
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52Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Branch pipes layout
Vertical
Horizontal
Microbore
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53Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Temperature Operational temperature
n Design temperature
t2
t1
tw1
tw2
tTp,max
tw
Temperature difference - emitter = tw1 - tw2
Temperature difference system = t1 - t2
System supply t1
System return t2
Emitter supply tw1
Emitter return tw2
Maximal emitter surface temperature tTp max
Mean emitter temperature tw
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54Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Temperature in the system
n Heat transferred by the system
n Heat transferred by the emitter
t2
t1
tw1
tw2
tp1,max
tw
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55Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Temperatures Design Criterions
• Economical criterions
• Physical properties of the medium
• Hygiene requirements
• Technical properties of the heat source
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56Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
TemperatureParameters design
n Heating system supply temperature• Low- temperature t1 <=65°C• Medium - temperature 65°C< t1 <= 115°C• High temperature t1 > 115°C
n Temperature difference n 10K - 25K, high temperature 40K - 50K. n 90/70 °C, 80/60°C, 75/55°C, 55/45°C
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57Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Temperature Parameters Design
n Emitter n Maximal surface temperature (85 - 90°C)
n Temperature differencen Two-pipe = system temperature difference (15 - 25
K) n one-pipe < system temperature difference OS (5 -
10 K)
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58Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Piping materials
n The material should be selected at the beginning of the design process
n Used materialsn steeln coppern plastic
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59Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Piping materialsSteel
n Traditional materialn Welding, flanges
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60Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Piping materialCopper
n Lower material usagen Chemical reaction with water pH min7n Electrochemical corrosion (Al)n soldering , torch brazing
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61Michal Kabrhel125BEE1_2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Piping materialPlastic
• Materials• Netted polyethylene (PEX, VPE),• polybuten (polybutylen, polybuten-1,PB),• polypropylen (PP-R, PP-RC,PP-3),• Chlorided PVC (C-PVC, PVC-C)• Multilayer pipes with metal
n Life-cycle !!!n Oxygen barierre ?
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62Michal Kabrhel
Heating systemhydraulic calculation
Heating systemhydraulic calculation
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63Michal Kabrhel
Calculation
n Temp difference setupn Transferred outputn Circulation moden Hydraulic scheme,
sections, circuitsn Water flow rate
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64Michal Kabrhel
Design of the pipe diameter
n Forced circulationn method economical specific pressure loss
60 - 200 Pa.m-1
n method optimal velocityn 0,05 - 1,0 m.s-1 (!!! Noise)
– method given pressure differencen buoyancy + pump headn 10-70 kPa
n Natural circulation– method given pressure difference
n buoyancy
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65Michal Kabrhel
Pressure loss calculationn Pressure lossn frictionn local resistance
n Pressure loss of the circuit compare with the pump head
nPressure excess is reduced by the control valves
nPressure lack – must be changed the pump or redesigned the system
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66Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 66Michal Kabrhel
n boiler plantsn combustion process in the
boilers
n heat-exchanger plantsn district heating
n renewable sourcesn utilization of solar, wind,
geothermal energy, co-generation, heat pumps
Heat sources
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67Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 67Michal Kabrhel
Boiler plants classificationn Fuel
n solid, gas, liquid
n Burnern atmosphericn pressurized
n Operating temperature
n steam n hot watern low temperature -
condensing boilers
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Czech Technical University in PragueFaculty of Civil Engineering
Department of Microenvironmental and Building Services Engineering
Michal Kabrhel 682008/2009 68
District heating
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69Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 69Michal Kabrhel
Boiler plants classificationn Output
n I.category n >3500 kW
n II.categoryn >500 <3500 kW
n III.categoryn >50 <500 kW
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70Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 70Michal Kabrhel
Boiler rooms function
n Fuel supplyn solid, liquid, gas (natural x propane)
n Heat distributionn heatingn hot water generationn air-condition heatern technology
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71Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 71Michal Kabrhel
n Safety devicesn Expansion vessel, pressure relief valves
n Control of the boiler outputn Electronic control
n Requirements to the building constructionn Supports of the piping, foundation below heavy
elements (hw tanks, boiler)
n Operation
Boiler rooms function
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72Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 72Michal Kabrhel
Boiler rooms function
n Air supplyn combustionn ventilationn heat gains removal
n Air outletn ventilationn heat gains removal
n Waste gases removaln atmosphericn pressurizedn “turbo” boilers
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73Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 73Michal Kabrhel
District heating
n Heat sourcen Distribution networkn Transfer plantn Heating system
Heat source
DistributionPrimary network
DistributionSecondary network
Transfer plant
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74Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 74Michal Kabrhel
Distribution network
n ductn ductlessn collectorn surface
a) b) c) d)
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75Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 75Michal Kabrhel
Heat exchangersn Tubular n U-tubesn Kit
n Platen sealed and screwedn soldered
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76Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 76Michal Kabrhel
Heat transfer plantn Pressure dependent, water-water
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77Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 77Michal Kabrhel
Heat transfer plantn Pressure independent - water - water
Consumer network
Heat exchager
Secondary network
manifold
Safety and expansion device
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78Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 78Michal Kabrhel
Heat transfer plantn Pressure dependent - steam - steam
Condensate meter
Secondary network manifold
Reduction valve
Condensate tank
Repumping of the condensate
Steam trap
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79Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Example of heat transfer plant water-water
79
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80Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 80Michal Kabrhel
Example of transfer plant
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81Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 81Michal Kabrhel
Electric energy - utilisation
n Direct heatingn Infra red heatersn radiatorsn Convectors, warm air
heatingn Radiant heating
n panelsn curtainsn sheetsn cables
n Warm water (electric boiler)
n Storage heatingn Off-peak storage
n staticn dynamicn hybrid
n warmwater (boiler)n Resistant cables
Appliances
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Czech Technical University in PragueFaculty of Civil Engineering
Department of Microenvironmental and Building Services Engineering
Michal Kabrhel 822008/2009 82
HeatingRenewable heat sources
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83Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 83Michal Kabrhel
Electric energy – productionSituation in CZ•70% coal 7,5 GW tj cca 51 000 ton of coal daily, •18% water 1,8 GW•17% nuclear 1,7 (2,7) GW 47,6 ton uranium anually (130 kg daily)•0,5 % other (wind, solar)
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84Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 84Michal Kabrhel
Biomass
² wood² wood residue² straw
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85Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 85Michal Kabrhel
Biomass sources
v Cultivation
v Waste product
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86Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 86Michal Kabrhel
Manufactured biomass
ØBriquettes
ØPellets
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87Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 Michal Kabrhel
Fuel value
vWood 16 MJ/kg
v Briquettes, Pelets 19 MJ/kg
87
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88Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 88Michal Kabrhel
Biomassv Renewable sourcev Local source – not related to
global politicsv Balanced production CO2 – no
greenhouse effect
• Water content – fuel value• Fuel storage• Ash• Lower operation comfort
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89Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 89Michal Kabrhel
Biomass combustion boiler - gasification
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90Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 90Michal Kabrhel
Scheme of gasification boiler connection
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91Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 91Michal Kabrhel
Pellets boiler
n = gasification boiler + fuel storage + screw conveyor
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92Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 92Michal Kabrhel
Pellets transport - pneumatic
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93Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 93Michal Kabrhel
Pellets delivery
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94Michal Kabrhel2008/2009
Pellets transport
Michal Kabrhel 94
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95Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 95Michal Kabrhel
Solar energyn SUN – sky move
n Difusse and direct radiation
n Solar constant 1360 W/m2
n Clouds
n Real radiation max 1000 W/m2
Global radiation ČR [MJ . m-2 .a]
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97Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 97Michal Kabrhel
Renewable heat sourcesn Solar Energyn Passive Systems
n solar windown greenhousen accumulation wall
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98Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 98Michal Kabrhel
Renewable heat sourcesn Solar architecturen location in the countryn building plann thermal insulationn balanced accumulation of the structuren additional heating systemn minimizing of heat gains in summer by
shading
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99Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 99Michal Kabrhel
Renewable heat sourcesn Active solar systemsn Thermal solar systemn water, air collectors
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Water solar system
• Direct• Undirect
• Natural • Forced close
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Water solar system
11.12.20112008/2009 101Michal Kabrhel
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102Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 102Michal Kabrhel
Renewable heat sourcesn Active solar systemsn Photovoltaics cells
Cell Panel Field
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103Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 103Michal Kabrhel
Renewable heat sources
n Grid-onn Grid-off
Inverter Appliance
Appliance
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104Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 104Michal Kabrhel
Renewable heat sourcesGeothermal energy - Heat pumpsn Evaporator, compressor,
condenser, reducing valven Evaporator
n air, water, soil
n Condensatorn low temperature heating, hot
water, swimming pool
n Efficiency -n Output/Input= avg.2,4
http://www.geoexchange.org/frames/case_studies.htm
Energy ofenvironment
Utilisation: heating, hot water
Compressor
Medium vapour
Compressed hot vapour
Liquid mediumCooled medium
Evaporator
Condenser
Reducing
valve
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105Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 105Michal Kabrhel
Heat pumps - alternatives of heat sources
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106Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 106Michal Kabrhel
Combined heat and power generation (CHP)
n gas engine with el.powergenerator
n cooling of the engine is the heat source
n output e.g. 42 kW heat 25 kW electric
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107Michal Kabrhel2008/2009 107
Fuel CellsIn principle, a fuel cell operates
like a battery. Unlike a battery, a fuel cell does not run down or require recharging. It will produce energy in the form of electricity and heat as long as fuel is supplied.
A fuel cell consists of two electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte. Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen over the other, generating electricity, water and heat.
n http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/00-01/fuel_cells/
Michal Kabrhel
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Wind energy
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Wind energyn Wind+building
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Geothermal energy