here is the world…
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HERE IS THE WORLD…. …AND HERE IS NORTH AFRICA AND SOUTHWEST ASIA. Due to the location, it’s called the Crossroads of Continents: Europe, Africa, and Asia. NORTH AFRICA. MIDDLE EAST. SOUTHWEST ASIA. SOUTHWEST ASIA IS MORE COMMONLY CALLED THE “MIDDLE EAST”. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
HERE IS THE WORLD…
…AND HERE IS NORTH AFRICA AND SOUTHWEST ASIA
Due to the location, it’s called the Crossroads of Continents: Europe, Africa, and Asia
SOUTHWEST ASIA IS MORE COMMONLY CALLED THE “MIDDLE EAST”
NORTH AFRICA SOUTHWEST ASIA
MIDDLE EAST
SOME COUNTRIES IN NORTH AFRICA ARE
ALGERIA
LIBYA
AND EGYPT
(Sinai Peninsula)
SOME COUNTRIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST ARE:
ISRAEL
SAUDI ARABIA
TURKEY
IRAN
KUWAIT
QATAR
AND THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)
IRAQ
AFGHANISTAN
Most of the climate is arid (dry) and semi-arid (partly dry)
DESERTDESERT
DESERT
DESERT
SEMI
SEMI
SEM
I
SAHEL
DESERT
DES
ERT
http://www.fgsd.winnipeg.mb.ca/vmc/swaweb/cc/ccswow6.htm
The Pyramids at Giza
The ancient Egyptians used manual labor and wooden tools to build these magnificent tombs for pharoahs.
MOSQUES: places of worship for
Muslims. Typical features are domes
and minarets DOME
MINARETS
The Hagia Sofia in Istanbul, Turkey. Built between 532 and 537 by the Christian Emperor Justinian I as a
Byzantine church, which it functionedas for the next 900 years. In 1453, the Islamic-faithed Ottomans took over Constantinople (now Istanbul). They wasted little time in converting the Hagia Sophia into a mosque. It served the Muslims for almost 500 years. The Ottomans painted over the Christian mosaics - and erected the four defining minarets we see today. In 1934, Turkey changed the Hagia Sofia's status from mosque to museum and uncovered the priceless Byzantine mosaics.
http://www.sacredsites.com/1st30/domeof.html
The Dome of the Rock
Jerusalem: This Muslim holy site was built on the remains of the Temple of Solomon, a holy site for Jews
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~brvs/kaaba.html
The Kaaba
Located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the Kaaba is the most sacred site for Muslims. A Muslim must take the haj (pilgrimage) to Mecca at least once in his/her life.
http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/mfa/go-visual.asp?MFAJ01wh0
The Church of the Holy Sepulcher
Jerusalem: This church was built on the site where Christians believe that Jesus Christ was crucified.
http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/mfa/go-visual.asp?MFAJ01wh0
The Church of the Holy Sepulcher
Jerusalem: This church was built on the site where Christians believe that Jesus Christ was crucified.
http://www.igc.apc.org/ddickerson/western-wall.gif
The Western Wall in Jerusalem: Also known as the
Wailing Wall
http://www.sacredsites.com/1st30/domeof.html
Middle East
a. Neolithic Revolution 10,000 – 3500 BC
b. Hunters and gatherers to farmersc. Ground work of civilizationd. Domestication of animals and
farminge. Lead to development of cities
Early Mesopotamia
a. Tigris and Euphrates River Valleysb. Plains easy to invadec. Much cultural diffusiond. Fertile Crescente. Crossroads of civilization
Sumerian Civilization
PolytheisticZigguratsCity stateGrew rich from tradeContributions
WheelCuneiformAlgebra/geometry
Other Civilizations of the fertile Cresecent
a. Many outside groups invaded the Fertile Cresecent
b. Assyriansc. Persiansd. Babylon/ Hammurabi’s laws Codee. Favored the upper class over lower ones/
punishment was harshf. Hittites/Irong. Lydians/coined moneyh. Phoenicians/carriers of civilization
Byzantine Empire
a. Justinian’s Law Codeb. Byzantine Architecturec. Control of the Dardanellesd. Strait of Bosporuse. Eastern Orthodox Religionf. The Great Schism/Icons 1054g. Preserved Greco-Roman Culture
Rise of Judaism
a. Monotheisticb. Torahc. Ten Commandmentsd. Old Testament of the Bible contains the
Torahe. Moral Standards and Justicef. Dietary laws/pork and shellfish prohibitedg. Combining meat and dairy
Rise of Islama. Muhammadb. Hegira (hijra) Mecca to Medinac. Koran (Quran)d. Five Pillars
a. Allah is the one and only Godb. Pray five times a dayc. Give alms to the poord. Fast during Ramadane. Pilgrimage to Mecca
Islama.Dietary Rules: no pork/ no alcohol/b.no gambling c.Dress requirements for womend.Appealed to many because it emphasized
honesty, generosity, and social justicee.Built vast trading empires/important
means of spreading Islam as well as warf. Golden Age Mathematics and
Science/Medicine
Islam
a. Divisions within Islama. Sunnis believed that the caliph
should be chosen by Muslim leadersb. Shiites believe that only
descendents of Muhammad should be his successor
Islam
Special tax on non Muslims/ but allowed to practice own faithSlaveryMajor Dynasties/Umayyad & AbbassidCrusades
Crusadesa.Were driven by Christian desire to force
the Muslims from Palestine as well as to gain power and wealth
b.Resulted in trade increase with the Muslim world
c.Introduced Europeans to the advances of Byzantine and Muslim civilizations
d.Catholic Church loses powere.Social Mobility more than European
societyf. Decline of feudalism
Ottoman Empire
a.1453 – 1918b.Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turksc.Istanbuld.Continued growth of Islame.Before and during WW I demand of
nationalist groups leads to breakup of Empire
f. Rise of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk/Turkeyg.Modernizes Turkey secular gov’t
1800s to Present: Key people and groups
• Kemal Ataturk• Ben Gurion/Golda Meir/ Menachem
Begin/Yitzhak Rabin• Gamal Nasser/Anwar Sadat• Ayatollah Khomeini• Yasir Arafat• Saddam Hussein
Key Groups and Events
Balfour DeclarationPLOOPECCamp David AccordsInifataPersian Gulf WarIranian RevolutionIslamic FundamentalistsArab Israeli Wars
Kemal Ataturk
a.Westernizes and modernizes Turkey in 1923b.Created a new legal systemc.Separated the laws of Islam from the laws of
the nation.d.Abolished religious courtse.Women gained more rightsf. Latin Alphabetg.Industrialized Turkey
Geography/Natural Resources Middle East
a. Limited water supply: Only Turkey and Egypt have an adequate water supply.
b. Arguments over dam and water rightsc. Building of desalinization plants: Kuwait and
Saudi Arabia/ very expensived. Largest Oil Fields in the Worlde. Oil rich nations gain wealth & political &
economic power Formation of OPEC.f. Oil is not evenly distributed across the
region/war over oil rich lands/Persian Gulf War.g. Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran largest
producers of oil.
OPECOrganization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesFormed in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, & VenezuelaLater others joinedGoal: control oil industry by controlling production and pricesUsed as a weapon/ cut supplies to Israel’s allies. 1973Interdependence of Countries
Arab Israel Conflict1917/ 1923 Balfour Declaration by BritainSupported the Idea of Zionism/nation for the JewsBoth Jews and Palestinians claimed the right to the land of Palestine/historic claim1947 United Nations drew up a planDividing PalestineWar broke outCold War: US backs Israel/Soviet Union backs Arabs
Arab Israeli ConflictIsrael wins / 700,000 Palestinians homelessBen Gurion/nationalist leader of IsraelDoubles its territory1948-1949 War1956 War: over Suez Canal1967 War: Six Day War1973 War:Yom Kippur War1980’s Arab unity difficult to achieveIsrael common enemy
PLO
Palestine Liberation OrganizationTerrorist Group representing the ArabsGoal regain homeland/kill all JewsExtinguish the ZionistsLeader Yasir Arafat
Arafat
I don’t know anyone who has as much civilian Jewish blood on his hands as Arafat since the Nazis’ time.” Former Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon, October 1995
Camp David Accords 1979
Anwar Sadat (Egypt) & Menachen Begin (Israel)1st Peace Treaty between Arabs & Jews
Oslo Accords 1993
Self Rule for Palestinians in Gaza and West BankSigned by Yasir Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin
Peace Slips Away
1987 Intifada or uprisingTakes the form of demonstrations, boycotts and attacks on Israeli soldiersRock throwing by unarmed Palestinian teenagersCivil disobedience put pressure on Israel
Continued HostilitiesPeace still has not been achieved in the Middle EastWhy?Two nationalists movements/Israeli and PalestinianMilitants on both sides/hatred/60 years of fighting and dyingEconomic trouble in Palestinian controlled areasIsraeli need to maintain territorial securityRight of return by Palestinians Disagreements over the Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula, and the Gaza Strip
Second Intifada
Late 1990s and 2000sViolence escalatesTerrorism increasesIsraeli soldiers destroy homes of terrorists and close off the West BankTrouble with HamasHamas now controls the Palestinian Authority
Civil War in Lebanon
Religious Civil War between Christians and Muslims
a.Began in 1975b.Israeli and Syrian forces were also
involvedc.Anarchy in Lebanond.1990s a degree of order had returnede.2006 Israel invades Lebanon again to
destroy terrorist bases in that country.
The Iranian Revolution 0f 1979
Muhammad Reza Pahlavi/The Shah of IranControlled the Gov’tDictatorPro Western/ USWesternized and modernized his countryReplaced by a theocracy: a government ruled by a religious person
Iranian RevolutionRevolution Leader/Ayatollah KhomeiniShiite MuslimAnti Western and US/ Declares Islamic Republic/ Islamic FundamentalistsWestern books, music and movies were bannedStrict adherence to Muslim religious traditionMany rights taken from womenSeize American Embassy
Saddam Hussein and Iraqa. 1980 Iran Iraq Warb. Ends in 1988c. Persian Gulf Ward. 1990 Iraq invades Kuwait and seizes oil fieldse. 1991 US and United Nations defeat Iraqf. Economic Sanctions against Iraqg. UN/Iraq must destroy weapons of mass
destructionh. Kurds minority group that wants to overthrow
Hussein/protected by US
Post 9/11 The War on Iraq
a.George Bush and the Us claimed that Saddam Hussein had chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction.
b.March 2003 US Invadesc.Us has fought Saddam’s supporters,
foreign terrorists and Islamic Militantsd.2005 New Iraqi government elected
Islamic FundamentalismStrict adherence to Muslim traditions/ writings in the QuranIran/Libya/AlgeriaAnti westernWomen loses rightsConflicts between traditionalists and modernistsShiites (fundamentalists) vs Sunnis (modernists) and or Westernized countries
Egypt
a.1950s ruled by Nasserb.Soviet Union Alliancec.1956 Nationalize the Suez Canald.Wants money to modernize Egypte.Leads to war 1956 Egypt vs. Israel,
Britain and France.f. Aswan Dam