“…heretical protestant millionaires are pouring their money into colombia…” el trato a las...

8/2/2019 Heretical Protestant Millionaires are pouring their Money into Colombia El Trato a las Minoras Religiosas 1948-1953.

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Meqwfa~jjme

N` if 9=12 diwji n` memjmf an ~e e~nrf pnwmfaf an cnhndfei jfeznwriafwi i` bwneqn an`

Hfgmnwef Jneqwi` anzp~z an 92 ifz an iadmemzqwijmfenz @mgnwi`nz% Iz dmzdf, n` if

9=13 zniì n` nzqi``maf an` bnednef zfjmi` } pf`qmjf y~n ne ì cmzqfwmfhwibi qwiamjmfei`ci piziaf i anefdmeiwzn jfdf n` pnwmfaf an @i Rmf`nejmi, nz anjmw, iy~n` nzpijmf

qndpfwi`, y~n ri cizqi 9=>8, } y~n zn jiwijqnwm{ pfw ì nspiezme neadmji an amedmjiz

an rmf`nejmi y~n, zm gmne zn amzqmeh~ie qieqf pfw z~ piwqmj~ìw gw~qi`maia jdf pfw z~z

d`qmp`nz dfqmrijmfenz $wnmrmeamjijmfenz njfedmjiz } zfjmi`nz, `~jci pfw ì qmnwwi,

rneanqqiz pnwzfei`nz, nqj%$ ef fgzqieqn qfaiz n`ìz piwnjie qnenw ~e b~nwqn qwizbfeaf pf`qmjf

an eaf`n piwqmamzqi $@mgnwi`nz rz% Jfeznwriafwnz%

Icfwi gmne, a~wieqn n` pnwmfaf jfdpwneamaf neqwn 9=:? } 9=12, nz anjmw a~wieqn ì `ìdiaiWnpg`mji @mgnwi`, zn cm{f piqneqn jdf ì Mh`nzmi Jiq`mji Jf`fdgmiei, qieqf ne z~z

afj~dneqfz fbmjmi`nz jfdf anzan i`h~efz dnamfz an amb~zme ibmenz i zqi, zn amf i ì qiwni

an maneqmbmjiw } ziqiem{iw i ~e pn`mhwfzf nendmhf y~n rneawi i z~diwzn i `fz }i

qwiamjmfei`nz jfd~emzqiz, `mgnwi`nz } dizfenz; nzn nendmhf nwi n` pwfqnzqieqmzdf%

Ne z dmzdi, ì maneqmbmjijme an` _wfqnzqieqmzdf jfdf nendmhf an ì Mh`nzmi Jiq`mji ef

wnrmzqn emeh~ei efrnaia }i y~n, anzan `fz Jfejm`mfz an Qwneqf #9>11$9>2:- } Riqmjief M

#932=$938?- n` j`nwf jiq`mjf, wnpwnzneqiaf ne `fz Jiwanei`nz } _ipiz, cigi jfeaneiaf i

ìz `ìdiaiz znjqiz pwfqnzqieqnz pfw z~ jiwjqnw cnwqmjf } jmzdqmjf } ìz cigi cnjcf

wnzpfezig`nz an ì cnjiqfdgn dfwi` y~n iy~nkigi i` d~eaf dfanwef ne rmzqi an y~n,

znhe ì knwiwy~i nj`nzmzqmji, ì anzjfdpfzmjme zfjmi` } nzpmwmq~i` an ì jmrm`m{ijme

jwmzqmiei $pwfpmjmiai pfw n` i~hn an maniwmfz qi`nz jfdf n` `mgnwi`mzdf, n` jipmqi`mzdf, n`

wijmfei`mzdf, n` eiq~wi`mzdf, n` iqnzdf } n` jfd~emzdf$ cigi memjmiaf jfe n` jmzdi an`

zmh`f SRM, jfdf zn pfen an diembmnzqf ne ì `ìdiai Jfezqmq~jme Afhdqmji zfgwn ì Bn

Jiq`mji, dnkfw jfefjmai jfdf Bm`m~z Anm, pwfa~jmai ne n` znh~eaf jfejm`mf dnejmfeiaf }

y~n nzq~rf rmhneqn cizqi n` jfejm`mf Riqmjief MM #9=27$9=2>-%7

7Dmneqwiz wnjfwaidfz jfe jfwi{fenz ihwianjmafz, jfdf jfwwnzpfean, nzqfz } fqwfz mezmhenz bw~qfz y~n ì

dmznwmjfwami amrmei ci fqfwhiaf i ì Mh`nzmi, nzpnjmi`dneqn pfw dnamf an` `qmdf zefaf nj~demjf, efpfandfz iji`ìw n` idiwhf af`fw y~n zneqmdfz pfw qie hwirnz di`nz, y~n cie z~whmaf ne z~ di}fw piwqn }izni pfwy~n ì i~qfwmaia an` zihwiaf zefaf b~n anzpwnjmiai pfw d~jcfz, }i pfwy~n b~nwfe enhiafz z~zzigmfz anjwnqfz% Eiamn mhefwi y~n nzqiz cnwnkiz, jfeaneiaiz pfw `fz piawnz an Qwneqf, y~n wnjci{iwfe n`


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Icfwi gmne, piwi n` jizf jf`fdgmief, nz mdpfwqieqn qnenw ne j~neqi ì mdpfwqiejmi an`

wnjfefjmdmneqf an zqn nendmhf ne ì dnamai ne y~n amjci maneqmbmjijme pwfpmjm ~ei

jidpii an ane~ejmi } anzpwnzqmhmf an idp`mi nernwhia~wi y~n qneawi jfdf jfeznj~nejmi

ì p~nzqi ne diwjci an ~ei rmf`neqi pnwznj~jme wn`mhmfzi, ne n` diwjf dz hnenwi` an @iRmf`nejmi an dnamiafz an` zmh`f SS, qfaf `f j~i` ai piwi pneziw y~n, zm gmne n` nknwjmjmf

wnpwnzmrf jfeqwi `fz hw~pfz dmefwmqiwmfz jwmzqmiefz ef b~n `manwiaf fbmjmi`dneqn anzan ì

mezqmq~jmfei`maia jiq`mji, nzqi zmq~ijme q~rf neqwn z~z mezpmwiafwnz, ànwnz } nknj~qfwnz, i

n`ndneqfz meqnhwieqnz an ì mezqmq~jme j`nwmji`, iz jfdf i igenhiafz bn`mhwnznz jiq`mjfz

b~nwqndneqn meb`~nejmiafz pfw ì ndpwnzi pwfpihieamzqi i`~amai zmq~ijme y~n zn nspwnzi

jìwidneqn ne n` qmq~`f an nzqi amznwqijme, qfdiaf `mqnwi`dneqn an` qnsqf an Kidnz Hfbb

y~mne, i z~ rn{, `f cigwi ipwfpmiaf an` zijnwafqn B`fwnejmf `riwn{ Z%K%, pwwfjf an` giwwmfan ì _nwznrnwiejmi ne Gfhfq, y~mne pwfqihfem{ ~e mejmaneqn gizqieqn `ìdiqmrf y~n znw

qwigikiaf dz ianìeqn%:

I pnziw an `f ieqnwmfwdneqn nsp~nzqf, ie ef ci zmaf wnz~n`qf ~e meqnwwfhieqn gzmjf }

b~eaidneqi` piwi ì jfdpwnzme an` pwfg`ndi, i zignw; _fw y~ b~nwfe pnwznh~mafz `fz

pwfqnzqieqnz6, nz anjmw, y~ meqnwnznz pfawi qnenw ì mezqmq~jmfei`maia jiq`mji ne ì

maneqmbmjijme } nzqmhdiqm{ijme an nzn pn`mhwfzf nendmhf6, ijizf ì mednezi di}fwi an

`fz jm~aiaiefz jf`fdgmiefz an ì pwmdnwi dmqia an` zmh`f SS ef zn maneqmbmjigie jfdf

jiq`mjfz6< zqiz pwnh~eqiz jfgwie nzpnjmi` wn`nriejmi zm iamjmfeidfz i `f ieqnjnaneqn n`

dihmzqnwmf amrmef an ì Mh`nzmi } amnwfe pizf i y~n ìz pwnh~eqiz wn`mhmfziz b~nwie dfqmrf an k~mjmf an jiaimeamrma~f, cie hwia~i`dneqn jfìpziaf ne ~ei d~`qmp`mjmaia an znjqiz, }i zni ne ij~nwaf f anzij~nwaf~eiz jfe fqwiz< } an nzqi dienwi d~jci hneqn ci qnemaf qfai bn ne Jwmzqf jfdf anzqw~mai% Jmnwqidneqn,mej`~zf ì Zieqi Gmg`mi dmzdi, ì j~i` n``fz jìdigie i` ~ezfef znw ì emji b~neqn } jwmqnwmf an ì bn jwmzqmiei,ef nz dz pwfjìdiai jfdf amrmei zmef y~n jfdmne{ie i izmdmìwì i ìz mernejmfenz an` dmqf% An nzqidienwi eijn } zn amb~ean i `f ìwhf } iejcf an` d~eaf iy~n`ì afjqwmei an` wijmfei`mzdf f eiq~wi`mzdf $$wiamji`dneqn fp~nzqi i ì wn`mhme jwmzqmiei, }i y~n zqi nz an fwmhne zfgwneiq~wi`$$, ì j~i` ef icfwwinzb~nw{fz ne `fhwiw y~n Jwmzqf, y~mne nz e~nzqwf emjf Znfw } zi`riafw, zni nsj`~maf an ìz dneqnz an ìz

pnwzfeiz iz jfdf an ì rmai dfwi` an ìz eijmfenz } zn nzqig`n{ji iz n` wnmef an `f y~n n``fz `ìdie ìzmdp`n wi{e f eiq~wi`n{i% N` igieafef } wnjci{f an ì wn`mhme jwmzqmiei, iz jfdf ì enhijme an Amfz } z~Jwmzqf, ci z~dnwhmaf ì dneqn an d~jcfz ne n` igmzdf an` pieqnzdf, diqnwmi`mzdf } iqnzdf, an dfaf y~nnzqe `~jcieaf pfw ì enhijme an ì eiq~wi`n{i wijmfei` dmzdi, an qfai efwdi zfgwn `f jfwwnjqf } k~zqf, }pfw ì w~mei an `fz b~eaidneqfz dmzdfz an ì zfjmnaia c~diei% Jfejm`mf Riqmjief M, Jfezqmq~jmeAfhdqmji Bm`m~z$Anm Zfgwn @i Bn Jiq`mji%cqqp;&&nz%jiqcf`mj%enq&zijnwafqnz&777&71>2&iwqmj~`f%pcp6ma47:739 #Jfez~`qiaf n` 71 an Nenwf an 7?97-%:

Kidnz Nwenzq Hfbb% Qcn _nwznj~qmfe fb _wfqnzqieq Jcwmzqmiez me Jf`fdgmi, 9>?$9>9%
http://es.catholic.net/sacerdotes/222/2456/articulo.php?id=23281http://es.catholic.net/sacerdotes/222/2456/articulo.php?id=23281


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cnjcf an y~n ìz `ìdiaiz znjqiz pwfqnzqieqnz ef wnpwnzneqigie ~ei idnei{i wni` piwi ì

pwnndmenejmi fzqneqiai pfw ì Mh`nzmi Jiq`mji Jf`fdgmiei, pfw `f dnefz ne qwdmefz an

meb`~nejmi #pf`qmji } wn`mhmfzi- } nsqnezme #ednwf an bmn`nz- ne n` jfwqf } dnamief pì{f%

Ne nzn fwane an maniz, zfzqnehf y~n ì jidpii an ane~ejmi, f dnkfw, an ambidijme jfeqwiìz dmefwiz pwfqnzqieqnz pwnzneqnz ne n` qnwwmqfwmf jf`fdgmief, } amwmhmai anzan jmnwqfz

znjqfwnz an ì Mh`nzmi Jiq`mji $} y~n zn qwia~jmwi ne ~ei rmf`neqi pnwznj~jme wn`mhmfzi

nbnjq~iai pfw i`h~efz zijnwafqnz } bmn`nz$ q~rf neqwn z~z dfqmrijmfenz n` meqnwz an ì i`qi

knwiwy~i nj`nzmzqmji pfw ane~ejmiw i ~e merizfw y~n, pfw dnamf an z~ ijqmrf pwfzn`mqmzdf

wn`mhmfzf #nriehn`m{ijme- iz jfdf pfw z~z memjmiqmriz an gnenbmjnejmi ne diqnwmiz qi`nz

jfdf na~jijme #b~eaijme an jf`nhmfz- } zi`~a #gwmhiaiz an zi`~a-, nzqigi dmeieaf n`

dfefpf`mf jfebnzmfei` } zfjmi` fzqneqiaf cizqi nzn dfdneqf pfw ì mezqmq~jme j`nwmji`%Z~diaf i `f pwnjnaneqn, ne nzqi mernzqmhijme qidgme y~mnwf anbneanw ì mani an y~n ì

jidpii an ane~ejmi } ambidijme fwhiem{iai anzan i`h~efz znjqfwnz an ì i`qi knwiwy~i

nj`nzmzqmji ne jfeqwi an ìz di` `ìdiaiz znjqiz pwfqnzqieqnz nzqigi nediwjiai ne ì

jidpii dz hnenwi` an `~jci bwfeqi` jfeqwi iy~n``fz maniwmfz } nwwfwnz an ì

Dfanwemaiafjjmaneqi` y~n zn cigie mebm`qwiaf ne ì zfjmnaia jf`fdgmiei pfw j~neqi an ì

meznwjme nsmqfzi an ì njfefdi `fji` ne n` dnwjiaf jipmqi`mzqi meqnweijmfei` a~wieqn

ìz pwmdnwiz ajiaiz an` zmh`f SS$1 }i y~n, i` `fhwiw iwqmj~ìwzn nbmji{dneqn' i ìz

amedmjiz an` dnwjiaf d~eami`, ì jfd~emaia } n` Hfgmnwef Eijmfei` ef zf`f zn rmnwfe

nsp~nzqfz i ~ei e~nri wni`maia njfedmji pfw j~neqi an ì mea~zqwmi`m{ijme,> zmef y~n

iandz zn rmnwfe nebwneqiafz i e~nrfz maniwmfz } bfwdiz an fwhiem{ijme zfjmi` }

pf`qmji y~n, ne ~e piz jfdf Jf`fdgmi pfw iy~n` neqfejnz wna~jqf an` jiqf`mjmzdf dz

fwqfafsf$ b~nwfe iz~dmaiz pfw `fz znjqfwnz dz qwiamjmfei`mzqiz an ì zfjmnaia jfdf

pn`mhwfziz piwi ì eijmfei`maia } piwi ì dfwi`maia jiq`mji an `fz jm~aiaiefz% Iz, `fz

e~nrfz maniwmfz } qneanejmiz pf`qmjiz an amrnwzi eaf`n y~n zn cmjmnwfe pwnzneqnz }&f zn

ibmie{iwfe ne ì zfjmnaia jf`fdgmiei a~wieqn ì pwmdnwi dmqia an` piziaf zmh`f, neqwn `fzy~n zn j~neqie ìz amrnwziz afjqwmeiz an `fz hw~pfz wn`mhmfzfz anefdmeiafz hnewmjidneqn

1Zi`fde Li`diefrmq{ Lwi~qnw, Njfefdi } Eijme; ~ei gwnrn cmzqfwmi an Jf`fdgmi% #Gfhfq; Zmh`f SSM

Namqfwnz, 9=33-, 93>$778%>

Zi`fde Li`diefrmq{ Lwi~qnw, Njfefdi } Eijme, 7:9$7=7%


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jfdf _wfqnzqieqnz, b~nwfe fgknqf an jfeaneijme pfw piwqn an` j`nwf jf`fdgmief< zme

ndgiwhf, y~mzmnwi nebiqm{iw y~n, piwi n` jizf an` _wfqnzqieqmzdf, zqn b~n jfdgiqmaf ~e

qieqf dz newhmjidneqn pfw j~ieqf nwi iz~dmaf jfdf ì p~eqi an` ìe{i an`

mdpnwmi`mzdf nzqiaf~emanezn, iandz an pwfpmjmiafw an` iqnzdf } ì medfwi`maia, qfaiznzqiz jiwijqnwzqmjiz z~didneqn jfeaneig`nz ne ~e piz ne afean n` npmzfamf an _ieid

ie nzqigi bwnzjf ne ì dndfwmi an d~jcfz, } ne afean zn pwnzneqigi n` jizf ne y~n n`

Hfgmnwef Eijmfei` cigi fqfwhiaf i ì Mh`nzmi Wfdiei ìz pwnwwfhiqmriz `nhi`nz enjnziwmiz

piwi y~n nzqi iz~dmnwi n` wf` an bfwdiafw an ~ei eijmfei`maia jiq`mji jf`fdgmiei%

Y~mzmnwi ihwnhiw i `f }i nsp~nzqf y~n, jfe n` iarnemdmneqf an` qwm~ebf n`njqfwi` `mgnwi` ne

9=:? jfmejmaneqn jfe ì meqnezmbmjijme an` pwfzn`mqmzdf an `fz hw~pfz nrieh`mjfz$ `fz

wnpwnzneqieqnz an ì Mh`nzmi Wfdiei ne Jf`fdgmi zn cigwie zneqmaf iìwdiafz ieqn nìriejn an ì anzpwnjmiaiDfanwemaiane n` qnwwmqfwmf jf`fdgmief, zneqmdmneqf ne n` y~n `fz

j`wmhfz zn cigwie wiqmbmjiaf ieqn ìz memjmiqmriz wnbfwdmzqiz an 9=:2 pfw dnamf an ìz

j~i`nz n` Hfgmnwef @mgnwi` cigwi pwfp~heiaf pfw ~ei dfanwem{ijme an` piz ne

izpnjqfz qi`nz jfdf ì na~jijme } ìz wnìjmfenz Mh`nzmi$Nzqiaf, `f y~n z~diaf i ì

meqnezmbmjijme an bnednefz qi`nz jfdf ìz `~jciz zfjmi`nz } ì ìgfw nriehn`m{iafwi an `fz

`ìdiafz jmzdqmjfz, cigwie pwfrfjiaf neqwn anqnwdmeiafz znjqfwnz nj`nzmzqmjfz ~ei

wnijjme afhdqmji } amzj~wzmri y~n, ne `qmdiz, cigwi zmaf ~ef an `fz b~eaidneqfz zfgwn

`fz j~i`nz zn ipf}iwie i`h~efz znjqfwnz gn`mhnwieqnz a~wieqn ì Rmf`nejmi piwi k~zqmbmjiw

z~ pwfjnanw jfeqwi pnwzfeiz } jfd~emaianz neqnwiz, pnwjmgmaiz pfw n``fz jfdf

jfww~pqfwiz } nendmhiz an ì piqwmi, jfdf b~n n` jizf an ìz dmefwiz wn`mhmfziz

pwfqnzqieqnz%

Ne `f wnbnwneqn i` Nzqiaf an` Iwqn wnìjmfeiaf jfe dm mernzqmhijme, y~mzmnwi wnzi`qiw n`

cnjcf an y~n, zm gmne n` qndi an ì pnwznj~jme jfeqwi `fz pwfqnzqieqnz ne Jf`fdgmi a~wieqn

ì pwmdnwi dmqia an` zmh`f SS ci zmaf qwigikiaf pfw d`qmp`nz i~qfwnz, zf`f afz f qwnz an

n``fz zn cie fj~piaf an nzqi qndqmji jfe ì pwfb~eamaia y~n idnwmqi n` jizf, `fz andz ìcie igfwaiaf jfdf ~e nrneqf diwhmei` ne ì cmzqfwmi an` _wfqnzqieqmzdf ne Jf`fdgmi, pfw

`f y~n zf`f `n cie anamjiaf ~eiz j~ieqiz phmeiz an z~z nzjwmqfz% Qi` nz n` jizf an Jfwen`mi

G~q`nw, y~mne nzq~ami n` Dfrmdmneqf _neqnjfzqi` Jf`fdgmief neqwn 9=:2 } 9=81,

pìeqnieaf ì cmpqnzmz znhe ì j~i`, jfe ì mej~wzme an hw~pfz pneqnjfzqi`nz ne i`h~eiz


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9?

{feiz an Jf`fdgmi, qidgme zn pwnzneqiwfe amz`fjijmfenz zfjmfj~`q~wi`nz ne ìz

jfd~emaianz wnjnpqfwiz an amjciz ihw~pijmfenz, `f y~n pfqnejmi`m{ ì hnenwijme an ì{fz

jfd~emqiwmfz an zf`maiwmaia } jffpnwijme, iz jfdf bwmjjmfenz jfe ìz nzqw~jq~wiz

qwiamjmfei`nz% @i mernzqmhijme jfeqnemai ne zqn `mgwf efz pwnzneqi ~e nzq~amf y~n qmnean iri`fwiw n` pipn` k~hiaf pfw ìz ihw~pijmfenz pwfqnzqieqnz ne ìz jfd~emaianz ne afean

fpnwie, zme ndgiwhf, angf anjmw y~n zqn qnsqf wna~jn ì dnejme an ì pnwznj~jme ieqm$

pwfqnzqieqn z~jnamai a~wieqn ìz ajiaiz an 9=1? } 9=>? i ~e ijfeqnjmdmneqf znj~eaiwmf% 2

_fw z~ piwqn, n` i~qfw _ig`f Dfwnef qwigiki n` qndi an` z~whmdmneqf } anziwwf``f an `f y~n `

`ìdi _wfqnzqieqmzdf Cmzqwmjf ne Jf`fdgmi iwh~dneqieaf y~n, i pnziw an qwiqiwzn an

hw~pfz wn`mhmfzfz dmefwmqiwmfz, ìz jf`njqmrmaianz pwfqnzqieqnz cie nknwjmaf ~e ijqmrf pipn`

jfdf ijqfwnz zfjmi`nz } pf`qmjfz angmaf, neqwn fqwiz wi{fenz, i z~z nzb~nw{fz pwfzn`mqmzqizqneamneqnz i wfdpnw jfe n` dfefpf`mf jiq`mjf zfgwn j~nzqmfenz wnìqmriz i ì wn`mhme } i ì

na~jijme%8

Wnzpnjqf an ì i~qfwi Z~{ieen Aim`n}, z~ qnsqf qmnen pfw qndi ìz wnijjmfenz z~zjmqiaiz ne

ì pwnezi jfebnzmfei` } ef jfebnzmfei` ne `fz NN%^^ ne wi{e an ì pnwznj~jme an

pwfqnzqieqnz ne Jf`fdgmi a~wieqn ì Rmf`nejmi% Iz, Aim`n} zfzqmnen y~n ì jfeqwfrnwzmi

nrmanejmiai ne `fz dnamfz an jfd~emjijme efwqnidnwmjiefz wnzpnjqf an ì pnwznj~jme

wn`mhmfzi ne Jf`fdgmi b~n pwfa~jqf an ì pwnfj~pijme an `fz pwfqnzqieqnz nzqiaf~emaneznz

ieqn ì jwnjmneqn meb`~nejmi an` jiqf`mjmzdf i emrn` `fji`, `f y~n ``nr i d~jcfz ànwnz

pwfqnzqieqnz i ri`nwzn an ì ambjm` zmq~ijme an z~z cnwdiefz jf`fdgmiefz piwi memjmiw ~ei

jidpii an anzpwnzqmhmf jfeqwi z~ jfeqwipiwqnpipmzqi%3

Ne `f y~n jfejmnwen i` i~qfw Airma Cidg`me, zqn qwiqi n` qndi an ì cmzqfwmi an `fz

dfrmdmneqfz pwfqnzqieqnz ne Jf`fdgmi anzan ì ajiai an 9=:? cizqi n` if 7???% N` i~qfw

anbmnean ì cmpqnzmz znhe ì j~i` `fz dfrmdmneqfz pwfqnzqieqnz ne Jf`fdgmi cie

nspnwmdneqiaf ~e jwnjmdmneqf } anziwwf``f jfezqieqnz ne ~e jfeqnsqf hnenwi` an qf`nwiejmi

2Jfwen`mi G~q`nw B`fwi, _neqnjfzqi`mzd me Jf`fdgmi; Gipqmzd g} Bmwn iea Zpmwmq #Jwieg~w}, Enx Knwzn};

Izzfjmiqna êmrnwzmq} _wnzz, 9=82-%8 _ig`f Dfwnef, _wfqnzqieqmzdf Cmzqwmjf ne Jf`fdgmi, ne Cmzqfwmi an` Jwmzqmiemzdf ne Jf`fdgmi;

Jfwwmneqnz } Amrnwzmaia, amwmhmaf pfw Iei Diwi Gmanhime #Gfhfq; Namqfwmi` Qi~w~z, 7??1-%3

Z~{ieen Aim`n}, êmqna Zqiqnz Wnijqmfez qf qcn _nwznj~qmfe fb _wfqnzqieqz me Jf`fdgmi A~wmeh qcn 9=>?z #Iee Ciwgfw, Dmjcmhie; êmrnwzmq} Dmjwfbm`dz, 9=89-%


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pfw piwqn an ì pfgìjme `fji`, pìeqnieaf i z~ rn{ y~n ì rmf`nejmi nknwjmai jfeqwi `fz

pwfqnzqieqnz i dnamiafz an` zmh`f SS ef q~rf eiai an piwqmj~ìw pfw j~ieqf cm{f piwqn an`

nknwjmjmf dz nsqneamaf an ì rmf`nejmi pf`qmji } zfjmi` z~bwmai pfw hwie jieqmaia an

jf`fdgmiefz a~wieqn n` dmzdf pnwmfaf%=N` `mgwf an` i~qfw Kidnz Hfbb qmnen pfw qndi ì pnwznj~jme pianjmai pfw ìz dmefwiz

pwfqnzqieqnz ne Jf`fdgmi a~wieqn ì Rmf`nejmi% Hfbb zfzqmnen y~n, i` jfeqwiwmf an `f y~n

amwie `fz wnpwnzneqieqnz } piwqmaiwmfz an ì Mh`nzmi Jiq`mji Jf`fdgmiei, ne zqn piz z

c~gf ~ei pnwznj~jme jfeqwi `fz dmndgwfz an ìz jfehwnhijmfenz pwfqnzqieqnz ne wi{e an

z~z jwnnejmiz wn`mhmfziz% _iwi pwfgiw nzqf, n` i~qfw iz~dn ì memjmiqmri an mernzqmhiw jizfz an

rmf`nejmi } di`qwiqf jfeqwi pwfqnzqieqnz i `f ìwhf } iejcf an ì hnfhwibi jf`fdgmiei% Nzqi

b~neqn b~n an rmqi` mdpfwqiejmi piwi ì wni`m{ijme an dm mernzqmhijme }i y~n, i` qwiqiwzn an~e dmemzqwf pwfqnzqieqn y~n nknwji z~ ìgfw dmzmfei` ne qnwwmqfwmf jf`fdgmief a~wieqn ì

ajiai an 9=>? $z~diaf i` cnjcf an y~n ` b~n ~ef an `fz igieanwiafz ne ì b~eaijme an

ì Jfebnanwijme Nrieh`mji an Jf`fdgmi #JNANJ- } ne ì wnjfpmìjme } afj~dneqijme

an qnzqmdfemfz an pwfqnzqieqnz rjqmdiz an ì pnwznj~jme wn`mhmfzi$ z~ qnzmz afjqfwi`

jfezqmq~mwi ~ei b~neqn pwmdiwmi }, cizqi jmnwqf p~eqf fbmjmi` y~n ai j~neqi an ì dienwi

jdf `fz pwfqnzqieqnz pnwjmgmnwfe `f z~jnamaf ne Jf`fdgmi a~wieqn iy~n` jfer~`zmfeiaf

pnwmfaf an dnamiafz an` zmh`f SS% _fw z~p~nzqf, amjci qnzmz, zm gmne qmnen pwnqnezmfenz

ijiadmjiz, ef pfw nzf anki an nzqiw pnwdniai pfw ~ei jìwi meqnejmfei`maia an ane~ejmi

pfw piwqn an z~ i~qfw, `f y~n ef `n wnzqi dwmqf i ì mernzqmhijme ne ì dnamai ne y~n ìz

ibmwdijmfenz ne n`ì jfeqnemaiz nzqe angmaidneqn z~zqneqiaiz pfw afj~dneqijme an

amrnwzi eaf`n, iz jfdf pfw `fz qnzqmdfemfz iwjcmriafz pfw ì JNANJ%9?

Ne `f wnìjmfeiaf jfe `fz i~qfwnz Diwhiwmqi Jief } Dmh~n` Gfwki, z~ qnzmz an hwiaf qmnen

pfw qndi ì mejmanejmi an ì jidpii ieqm$pwfqnzqieqn ne `f z~jnamaf a~wieqn n` pnwmfaf an

ì Rmf`nejmi% An nzqi bfwdi, Y~meqnwf } Gfwki iwh~dneqie y~n n` maniwmf jiq`mjf

=Airma Cidg`me, I Zfjmi` Cmzqfw} fb _wfqnzqieqmzd me Jf`fdgmi 9=:?$7??? #Iee Ciwgfw, Dmjcmhie; ^DM

Amzznwqiqmfe Znwrmjnz, 7??>-%9?

Hfbb, Kidnz Nwenzq% Qcn _nwznj~qmfe fb _wfqnzqieq Jcwmzqmiez me Jf`fdgmi


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mdpnwieqn ne ì zfjmnaia jf`fdgmiei pwfdfrm ì pnwznj~jme jfeqwi `fz hw~pfz wn`mhmfzfz

jwmzqmiefz dmefwmqiwmfz a~wieqn n` pnwmfaf 9=13$9=>3%99

Wnzpnjqf an `fz ipfwqnz } angm`maianz an zqn hw~pf an b~neqnz, angf anjmw y~n qfafz nzqfz

afj~dneqfz jfezqmq~}ne mernzqmhijmfenz meri`~ig`nz piwi ì cmzqfwmfhwibi an ì Rmf`nejmine Jf`fdgmi pfw j~ieqf qfaiz n`ìz zn pwnfj~pie pfw rmzmgm`m{iw ~ei bijnqi meiarnwqmai ne

fqwfz nzq~amfz y~n zn cie wni`m{iaf zfgwn ì qndqmji ne j~nzqme, qnemneaf ne j~neqi y~n ìz

p~g`mjijmfenz zfgwn ìz amedmjiz an rmf`nejmi ne Jf`fdgmi zmndpwn zn cie wni`m{iaf

cijmneaf ebizmz ne n` ie`mzmz an `fz bijqfwnz njfedmjfz } pf`qmjfz% Ef fgzqieqn, ef

y~mzmnwi qnwdmeiw nzqn nzqiaf an` iwqn zme jfezmheiw ~ei b~neqn d~} nzpnjmi` pfw j~ieqf, an

i`h~ei bfwdi, jfezqmq~}n ì rnwzme fbmjmi` an ì Mh`nzmi Jiq`mji Jf`fdgmiei wnzpnjqf an ì

z~p~nzqi pnwznj~jme wn`mhmfzi y~n zn pwnzneq ne n` qnwwmqfwmf eijmfei` a~wieqn ìz ajiaizan 9=1? } 9=>?, amjci b~neqnz nz n` qnsqf an` _iawn Na~iwaf Fzpmei Z%K% y~mne, ne z~

nspfzmjme, ibmwdi y~n ì `ìdiai pnwznj~jme wn`mhmfzi ef nsmzqm }i y~n ì rmf`nejmi

z~bwmai pfw `fz pwfqnzqieqnz ne e~nzqwf piz ef b~n ambnwneqn an ì rmf`nejmi z~bwmai pfw ìz

andz rjqmdiz an` jfeb`mjqf iwdiaf } y~n, ne n` jizf an `fz pwfqnzqieqnz, zm nzqfz z~bwmnwfe

i`he qmpf an rmf`nejmi, b~n pfw z~ nrmaneqn bm`mijme jfe n` gieaf`nwmzdf `mgnwi` } pfw z~

jidpii ambidiqfwmi ne jfeqwi an ì Mh`nzmi an Jwmzqf%97

Ne nzqn p~eqf, y~mzmnwi anjmw y~n, pfw dnamf an dm mernzqmhijme, cn y~nwmaf ipfwqiw i`

nzq~amf an ì pwfg`ndqmji y~n efz iqin ~ei pnwzpnjqmri ambnwneqn an ìz y~n }i zn cie

qwigikiaf, ne n` zneqmaf ne y~n, piwi dm, ef zn qwiqi zmdp`ndneqn an ane~ejmiw f an

jfezmheiw n` qwiqf aiaf i ìz dmefwiz wn`mhmfziz jwmzqmieiz ne Jf`fdgmi i dnamiafz an`

zmh`f SS, zmef y~n zn qwiqi dz gmne an jfdpwneanw pfw y~ `nz amnwfe nzn qwiqf } ne y~

emrn`nz zn pwnzneq n` nknwjmjmf rmf`neqf, ne fqwiz piìgwiz, ef pwnqneaf zmdp`ndneqn eiwwiw

`fz ijfeqnjmdmneqfz qi` } jfdf fj~wwmnwfe, `f y~n pwnqneaf pfw dnamf an dm amznwqijme nz

fbwnjnw ~e ie`mzmz an ìz pfzmg`nz ji~ziz y~n pwfpmjmiwfe n` bnednef an pnwznj~jme

wn`mhmfzi, idp`mieaf ì efjme an rmf`nejmi an qi` dienwi y~n ne n` ie`mzmz zn nrmanejmnjdf n` ijqf rmf`neqf ef zn `mdmq qie zf`f i `fz cnjcfz wnìqmrfz i iznzmeiqfz f qfwq~wiz,

99Diwhiwmqi Y~meqnwf Jief } Dmh~n` Ieqfemf Gfwki Iìwje, @i _nwznj~jme an `fz _wfqnzqieqnz a~wieqn ì

Rmf`nejmi ne Jf`fdgmi #Qnzmz an _wnhwiaf, êmrnwzmaia Eijmfei` an Jf`fdgmi, 9=38-%97

Na~iwaf Fzpmei Z%K%, @iz Znjqiz _wfqnzqieqnz ne Jf`fdgmi; gwnrn wnzni cmzqwmji jfe ~e nzq~amf nzpnjmiàn ì `ìdiai _nwznj~jme Wn`mhmfzi, #Gfhfq; Mdpwneqi Eijmfei`, 9=>1-%


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zmef y~n qwizjneam i emrn`nz dz pwfg`ndqmjfz y~n n` bzmjf, jfdf pfw nkndp`f ì

amzjwmdmeijme y~n zn pwnzneq i emrn` an` zmzqndi na~jiqmrf f pfw dnamf an ì

pwfd~`hijme an `n}nz, n mej`~zf i emrn` j~`q~wi` pfw dnamf an ì ipnìjme i ì Wn`mhme

Jiq`mji jfdf ì rnwaianwi wn`mhme piwi amzjwmdmeiw, n mej`~zf iznzmeiw, i y~mnenz efiazjwmgie i` afhdi di}fwmqiwmf%

_iwi j~dp`mw jfe n` fgknqmrf ieqnz qwi{iaf, dn cn ri`maf an ì jiqnhfwm{ijme an Rmf`nejmi

jfezqw~mai pfw n` pf`mq`fhf efw~nhf Kfcie Hi`q~eh, y~mne amzqmeh~n qwnz emrn`nz ne n`

nknwjmjmf rmf`neqf, i zignw; ì Rmf`nejmi Amwnjqi, ì Rmf`nejmi Nzqw~jq~wi` } ì Rmf`nejmi

J~`q~wi`% Z~diaf i nzqiz jiqnhfwiz, qidgme dn cn ri`maf an ì jiqnhfwi an Cnhndfei

jfezqw~mai pfw n` i~qfw mqi`mief Ieqfemf Hwidzjm% _iwi bijm`mqiw ì nzjwmq~wi an nzqn

afj~dneqf, cn jfezmanwiaf pnwqmeneqn anbmemw ìz jiqnhfwiz ieqnz wnbnwmaiz ne `fz jipq~`fzne afean ciw ~zf an n`ìz, pfw `f y~n ì anzjwmpjme an jiai ~ef an `fz jfejnpqfz jmqiafz

zn ciw dz ianìeqn jfebfwdn iriejn ì nspfzmjme%

I` ``nhiw i nzqn p~eqf, y~mzmnwi pwnjmziw y~n, piwi ì wni`m{ijme an nzqi mernzqmhijme, cn

fpqiaf pfw wnjfpmìw } iei`m{iw b~neqnz pwmdiwmiz j~}f jfeqnemaf an j~neqi an` amzj~wzf

jiq`mjf fbmjmi` ne `f jfejnwemneqn i ì pwnznejmi } ìgfw pwfzn`mqmzqi nbnjq~iai pfw `fz

dmndgwfz an ìz znjqiz pwfqnzqieqnz a~wieqn ì pwmdnwi dmqia an` zmh`f SS% Anzan nzi

pnwzpnjqmri, cn aiaf nzpnjmi` mdpfwqiejmi i `fz iwqj~`fz jfeqnemafz ne ìWnrmzqi Kirnwmiei

zfgwn amjci diqnwmi< nzqi wnrmzqi b~n jfez~`qiai ne n` Iwjcmrf Cmzqwmjf Kirnwmief K~ie

Die~n` _ijcnjf, Z%K%, } jfezqmq~}n ~ei b~neqn an jiwjqnw fbmjmi` pfw j~ieqf nwi n` whief

an amb~zme an ì êmrnwzmaia Kirnwmiei, mezqmq~jme an na~jijme z~pnwmfw b~eaiai }

iadmemzqwiai pfw ì Jfdpii an Knzz% Z~diaf i nzqf, qidgme cn pwfj~wiaf ri`nwdn an

ìz jiwqiz pizqfwi`nz an Dmh~n` ehn` G~m`nz, Fgmzpf an Zieqi Wfzi an Fzfz, y~mne, pfw

dnamf an ìz npzqfìz amwmhmaiz i z~z bn`mhwnznz, efz d~nzqwi j~` pfawi cignw zmaf ì

pfzmjme iafpqiai pfw `fz jiq`mjfz dz qwiamjmfei`mzqiz n meqwiezmhneqnz wnzpnjqf an`

ijjmfeiw an ìz znjqiz cnwqmjiz ne e~nzqwf piz8-%


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eiwwiqmri i dfaf an am`fhfz, nspfen ì eiq~wi`n{i efjmri y~n n` pwfqnzqieqmzdf qmnen

piwi ì zfjmnaia jiq`mji jf`fdgmiei } an` _iawn Na~iwaf Fzpmei Z%K%,92

y~mnenz `manwiwfe ì memjmiqmri jiq`mji qneamneqn i nspfenw jdf n` pwfqnzqieqmzdf ef zf`fnzqigi meqnhwiaf pfw ~e jfek~eqf an hw~pzj~`fz jiqmjfz j~}iz afjqwmeiz amrnwhneqnz

~eiz an fqwiz nwie ne z~ jfek~eqf jfeqwiwmiz i ì rnwaia amrmei wnrnìai pfw Amfz i ì

Mh`nzmi, zmef y~n iandz jfezqmq~ie ~e rnwaianwf pn`mhwf piwi @i _iqwmi pfw j~ieqf

idnei{igie jfe amzf`rnw ì ~emaia wn`mhmfzi y~n jiwijqnwm{igi i` p~ng`f jf`fdgmief% _fw

`qmdf, ef y~mzmnwi ankiw an dnejmfeiw ì qnzmz afjqfwi` an N~hnemf Wnzqwnpf y~mne, pfw

dnamf an z~ mernzqmhijme, pwfpnean pfw jfefjnw i` nendmhf pwfqnzqieqn, y~n jiai ai zn

nspiean i `f ìwhf } iejcf an` qnwwmqfwmf jf`fdgmief, piwi pfzqnwmfwdneqn, } ne gizn i `fzaiqfz wnjfpmìafz, pwfpfenw zf`~jmfenz i` pwfg`ndi nrmanejmiaf ne z~ amznwqijme

ijiadmji%98 An qfaf `f ieqnz nsp~nzqf zn anzpwnean y~n ìz b~neqnz jfez~`qiaiz, ieqn z~

nrmaneqn fwmhne mezqmq~jmfei`, efz pnwdmqne cijnwefz ~ei mani, pfw andz gizqieqn jìwi,

zfgwn n` maniwmf jiq`mjf wnzpnjqf an ì z~p~nzqi merizme an ìz cnwnkiz pwfqnzqieqnz i`

qnwwmqfwmf jf`fdgmief } an `f anzqw~jqmrf y~n nzqf pfawi wnz~`qiw piwi ì eijme%

_fw z~p~nzqf, piwi pfanw nrmanejmiw `fz jizfz an rmf`nejmi nknj~qiafz jfeqwi `fz

pwfqnzqieqnz ef p~naf `mdmqiwdn i ìz b~neqnz jiq`mjiz fbmjmi`nz $zm gmne ne nzqiz zn pfen

jìwidneqn an diembmnzqf ì rmf`nejmi amzj~wzmri } j~`q~wi` jfdf zn rnw dz ianìeqn$, pfw

n` jfeqwiwmf, piwi pfanw igfwaiw dnkfw ì pwfg`ndqmji an` nknwjmjmf an ì rmf`nejmi ne

d`qmp`nz emrn`nz, cn qnemaf y~n g~zjiw b~neqnz fbmjmi`nz pwfqnzqieqnz, f pfw `f dnefz ef

jiq`mjiz, y~n dn pnwdmqmnwie ipwfsmdiwdn i ì pwfg`ndqmji ne j~nzqme anzan fqwiz

pnwzpnjqmriz% _iwi qi` bme, dn cn ri`maf, ne pwmdnw qwdmef, an ì qnzmz an Kidnz Hfbb pfw `fz

dfqmrfz y~n }i cn nspwnziaf i `fz y~n iamjmfeiwi ì wnìjme dnqmj~`fzi y~n n` i~qfw

wni`m{ ne `f jfejnwemneqn i `fz d`qmp`nz jizfz an pnwznj~jme jfeqwi pwfqnzqieqnz, pfw `f

91I% Wfawh~n{ Jizqwf, Jfeqwi n` Jfeqihmf _wfqnzqieqn

9>Mzdin` _nwafdf, Nzq~amf Zfgwn ì Jidpii } _nenqwijme _wfqnzqieqn ne Jf`fdgmi #Gfhfq; Namqfwmi`

@~dne Jcwmzqm Z%I%, z% b%-%92

Na~iwaf Fzpmei Z%K%, N` _wfqnzqieqmzdf; z~ nzqiaf ijq~i` i ì `~{ an ì cmzqfwmi } z~ afjqwmei i ì `~{ an ìGmg`mi #Dnan`è; Namqfwmi` Gnaf~q, 9=>2-%98

N~hnemf Wnzqwnpf wmgn, N` _wfqnzqieqmzdf ne Jf`fdgmi #Gfhfq; Kfznpc K% Widwn{, 9=11-%


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y~n ì b~neqn ne j~nzqme zn ci jfernwqmaf ne ~ef an `fz pmìwnz an nzqi mernzqmhijme% I

amjciz b~neqnz fbmjmi`nz qidgme ihwnhiwi n` `mgwf an Bwiejmzjf Fwafn{,93 pwfbnzfw an`

Mezqmq~qf Gg`mjf Gnqcn`, ~gmjiaf ne ì jm~aia an Iwdnemi, y~mne pfw dnamf an z~ qnsqf ef

zf`f zn pwfpfen eiwwiw ì cmzqfwmi an` pwfqnzqieqmzdf jf`fdgmief, zmef y~n iandzipwfrnjci piwi ane~ejmiw `fz di`fz qwiqfz meb`mhmafz i `fz jmzdqmjfz pfw piwqn an` j`nwf

wfdief< nzqi `qmdi b~neqn ì cn ~qm`m{iaf qie zf`f piwi pwnjmziw ~e piw an jfejnpqfz }

i`h~eiz nzqiazqmjiz, pnwf ef jign a~ai an y~n nzqn nz ~ef an `fz qnsqfz dz mdpfwqieqnz

zfgwn ì cmzqfwmi hnenwi` an` pwfqnzqieqmzdf ne Jf`fdgmi nzjwmqf pfw ~e dmndgwf an nzi

jf`njqmrmaia% _fw `qmdf, y~mzmnwi wnbnwmw `fz qnsqfz an K~iei G% an G~jiei 9= } Naxiwa

Ciaafs7?, idgfz ijiadmjfz j~}f pwmejmpi` meqnwz jfezmzqn ne wni`m{iw ~e ijnwjidmneqf

iei`qmjf i` bnednef wn`mhmfzf ne Jf`fdgmi, pfw `f y~n nzqiz b~neqnz dn cie znwrmaf zfgwnqfaf piwi pwnjmziw ìz amdnezmfenz y~n n` pwfg`ndi pwfqnzqieqn cigwi jfgwiaf piwi

dnamiafz an` piziaf zmh`f, } iz pfanw zfpnziw ìz fpmemfenz an `fz zijnwafqnz jiq`mjfz

jf`fdgmiefz jfe i`h~efz aiqfz nzqiazqmjfz dnefz mani`m{iafz } an di}fw jwnamgm`maia%

_iwi jfej`~mw, y~mzmnwi fbwnjnw ~ei gwnrn anzjwmpjme an ì nzqw~jq~wijme an nzqn

afj~dneqf jfe n` emdf an fbwnjnw i` `njqfw ~e pny~nf ieqmjmpf an `f y~n nejfeqwiw ne

ìz zmh~mneqnz phmeiz; ne n` pwmdnw jipq~`f, qmq~ìaf n` pwfg`ndi, cihf ~e meqneqf pfw

nrmanejmiw ìz amdnezmfenz y~n n` bnednef wn`mhmfzf pwfqnzqieqn jfgw neqwn ìz ajiaiz an

9=:? } 9=>?< ne n` znh~eaf jipq~`f, qmq~ìaf Amzj~wzfz, pwnqneaf iei`m{iw `fz

iwh~dneqfz nzgf{iafz pfw `fz ipf`fhnqiz an ì z~pwndiji jiq`mji ne Jf`fdgmi wnzpnjqf

an ì ìgfw nriehn`m{iafwi pwfqnzqieqn } z~ meb`~kf ne ì zfjmnaia< ne n` qnwjnw jipq~`f,

qmq~ìaf Riz an Cnjcf, pwfj~wf nrmanejmiw jdf n` nknwjmjmf an ì rmf`nejmi jfeqwi `fz

pwfqnzqieqnz b~n ``nriaf i jigf ne riwmfz emrn`nz } an d`qmp`nz bfwdiz, `f y~n `n ai i`

bnednef an ìpnwznj~jme wn`mhmfzi jfeefqijmfenz y~n mwie dz i`` an` di`qwiqf bzmjf f

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Jipq~`f 9; N` _wfg`ndi

Iy~ qnemz jfeaneziaiz ne pfjiz èniz ìz jfziz dzmdpfwqieqnz y~n angmz zignw ijnwji an` _wfqnzqieqmzdf Bmn`nz iì jfezmhei aiai ne n` Jfehwnzf _wfqnzqieqn an _ieid, ananzjiqf`m{iw i ì Idwmji Nzpifì, e~nrfz ipzqf`nz wnjfwwnee~nzqwiz pfgìjmfenz pwfj~wieaf zna~jmwfz jfe z~ enbieaiafjqwmei< pnwf rfzfqwfz ef angmz aiw`nz fafz< n``fz zfe `fgfzwipijnz rnzqmafz an diezfz jfwanwm``fz, y~n y~mnwne wfgiwfzr~nzqwi bn, ì bn y~n fz `nhiwfe r~nzqwfz di}fwnz% I% Wfawh~n{Jizqwf%79

N` pwnzneqn ipiwqn qmnen pfw fgknqf anbmemw y~ zn angn neqneanw j~ieaf zn cigì an hw~pfz f

znjqiz77 pwfqnzqieqnz $qidgme anefdmeiaiz nrieh`mjiz$ qwiqieaf an anqnwdmeiw n`

ednwf an dmndgwfz jfe y~n jfeqigie amjciz ihw~pijmfenz wn`mhmfziz pwnzneqnz ne n`

qnwwmqfwmf jf`fdgmief a~wieqn`fz pwmdnwfz ifz an @i Rmf`nejmi

%@fz dfrmdmneqfz wn`mhmfzfz jwmzqmiefz cnwnanwfz an ì Wnbfwdi @~qnwiei an` zmh`f SRM,

ihw~piafz gikf `fz ji`mbmjiqmrfz _wfqnzqieqnz f Nrieh`mjfz, cie nzqiaf ijqmrfz ne n`

qnwwmqfwmf jf`fdgmief an dienwi bfwdi` nz anjmw, jfdf ~ei jfehwnhijme y~n nknwjn ~e

j~`qf fwhiem{iaf$ anzan bnjciz qie qndpwieiz jfdf 93>2, j~ieaf iwwmg i Gfhfq n`

dmzmfenwf pwnzgmqnwmief nzqiaf~emanezn Cnew} Giwwmehqfe _wiqq, y~mne zneq ìz giznz piwi

ì pwmdnwi jfd~emaia nrieh`mji an jiwjqnw pnwdieneqn ne n` piz%7:

Icfwi gmne, `fz z~zqieqmrfz _wfqnzqieqn } Nrieh`mjf71 cie zmaf ~qm`m{iafz

meamzqmeqidneqn piwi pfenw ne wnìjme i qfai ~ei p`~wi`maia an hw~pfz jfebnzmfei`nz

79I% Wfawh~n{ Jizqwf, Jfeqwi n` Jfeqihmf _wfqnzqieqn, 2%

77N` Amjjmfeiwmf an ì Wni` Ijiandmi an ì @neh~i Nzpifì efz amjn y~n, neqwn ìz d`qmp`nz ijnpjmfenz an`

qwdmef znjqi zn nej~neqwi ì zmh~mneqn; Jfek~eqf an jwn}neqnz an ~ei afjqwmei piwqmj~ìw f an bmn`nz an~ei wn`mhme y~n n` cigìeqn jfezmanwi bi`zi% Ne dm fpmeme, nz jfe zqi meqnejmfei`maia pn}fwiqmri y~n, neìz b~neqnz pwfjnaneqnz an ì Mh`nzmi Jiq`mji, zn ~qm`m{i ì nspwnzme i`~amai% Wni` Ijiandmi Nzpifì,Amjjmfeiwmf an ì @neh~i Nzpifì, rmhzmdf znh~eai namjme,cqqp;&&g~zjfe%win%nz&awinM&Zwr`qJfez~`qi6QM_FVG^Z4:"@NDI4znjqi #jfez~`qiaf n` 91 an K~emf an 7?99-%7:

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dmefwmqiwmfz j~}fz wizhfz jfd~enz dz efqfwmfz zfe; n` znw jfezmanwiafz `fz cnwnanwfz an

ì cnwnki an` Zmh`f SRM, } z~z cmzqwmjiz anzirnenejmiz jfe n` Jiqf`mjmzdf Wfdief%7>

Ne nzn fwane an maniz, qnendfz y~n `fz hw~pfz f znjqiz pwfqnzqieqnz pwnzneqnz ne

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nriehn`m{ijme% I dfaf an nkndp`f, y~mzmnwi cijnw dnejme an ì z~gamrmzme y~n, aneqwf

an` pwfqnzqieqmzdf jf`fdgmief, `fz nzq~amfzfz an` qndi cie cnjcf neqwn iy~n`ìz qneanejmiz

nediwjiaiz aneqwf an` `ìdiaf pwfqnzqieqmzdf cmzqwmjf } ìz qneanejmiz nrieh`mjiz

dnefz fwqfafsiz $neqwn y~mnenz anzqijie `fz `ìdiafz _neqnjfzqi`nz% Wnzpnjqf an ì

pwmdnwi jiqnhfwi, zqi cijn wnbnwnejmi i iy~n`ìz ihw~pijmfenz nrieh`mjiz jiwijqnwm{iaiz

pfw z~ ieqmhnaia $qieqf ne z~ jfebfwdijme jfdf fpjmfenz wn`mhmfziz amrnwhneqnz an`Jiqf`mjmzdf i piwqmw an ì Wnbfwdi @~qnwiei, jfdf ne `f jfejnwemneqn i z~ iwwmgf i

Jf`fdgmi neqwn dnamiafz an` zmh`f SMS } ì ajiai an 9=:?$,72 iz jfdf ne `f wnìqmrf i ì

fwqfafsmi afjqwmei` wnzpnjqf an ì pwmdiji an ìz Zihwiaiz Nzjwmq~wiz jfdf b~neqn

pwmdmhnemi an ì Wnrnìjme Amrmei%78 @f ieqnjnaneqn jfeqwizqi jfe iy~n`ìz qneanejmi

pwfqnzqieqnz dnefz qwiamjmfei`nz, jfdf nz n` jizf an `fz _neqnjfzqi`nz, y~mnenz iwwmgiwfe i`

piz i dnamiafz an` zmh`f piziaf } zn jiwijqnwm{ie pfw n` nzpnjmi` ebizmz y~n cijne ne ìz

diembnzqijmfenz an` Nzpwmq~ Zieqf #qi~diq~whmi, pwfbnjiz, h`fzfì`mi- y~n aiwie j~neqi an

19% zqn i~qfw anzqiji n` qwdmef nrieh`mjf jfdf ~e anefdmeiafw jfde an ìz Mh`nzmiz cnwnanwiz an ì

qwiamjme an ì Wnbfwdi _wfqnzqieqn i qwirz an` dfrmdmneqf dmzmfenwf an` zmh`f SMS< z~gwi}ieaf y~n ìdi}fw piwqn an `fz dmzmfenwfz y~n rmemnwfe i Idwmji @iqmei pnwqnenjie i ~e znjqfw an` _wfqnzqieqmzdfn~wfpnf f efwqnidnwmjief y~n ne meh`z zn anzjwmgn jfdf nriehn`mji`} y~n ne N~wfpi zn z~n`n anzjwmgmw

jfe n` qwdmef pmnqmzqi % _ig`f Dfwnef, _wfqnzqieqmzdf Cmzqwmjf ne Jf`fdgmi, 177% 7>

Ieqnz an jfeqme~iw jfe dm nspfzmjme y~mzmnwi cijnw ì zmh~mneqn zi`rnaia; ne n` qwiezj~wzf an dmamznwqijme ndp`niw, piwi wnbnwmwdn i ìz ihw~pijmfenz pwfqnzqieqnz f nrieh`mjiz, qwdmefz jfdfjmzdqmjfz, pihiefz, pwfpihiafwnz an` nwwfw, cnwnzmiwjiz, merizfwnz, jfww~pqfwnz, dneqmwfzfz,nendmhfz an ì wn`mhme } an ì piqwmi, neqwn fqwfz iaknqmrfz jìwidneqn anzpnjqmrfz< iz dmzdf, ~qm`m{iwnspwnzmfenz qi`nz jfdf mebm`qwijme pwfqnzqieqn n mebnjjme pwfqnzqieqn, piwi jiwijqnwm{iw ì ndpwnzinriehn`m{iafwi pwfqnzqieqn ne Jf`fdgmi% @f pwnjnaneqn jfe n` pwfpzmqf an birfwnjnw d nzjwmqf qieqf ne

qwdmefz an ì wnaijjme an` dmzdf, jfdf ne iwiz an aiw j~neqi an ì bfwdi jdf `fz i~qfwnz jiq`mjfzjfez~`qiafz piwi nzqn qwigikf zn wnbnwie i `fz jwmzqmiefz y~n ef zn wnhie pfw `fz anzmhemfz an` Fgmzpf anWfdi }, ne jidgmf, iazjwmgmwe i i`h~ef an `fz afhdiz z~whmafz i piwqmw an` zmzdi an` zmh`f SRM , `f y~npfeawi ne nrmanejmi n` b~nwqn jfdpfeneqn rmf`neqf pwnzneqn ne n` amzj~wzf fbmjmi` nj`nzmzqmjf%72

_ig`f Dfwnef, _wfqnzqieqmzdf Cmzqwmjf ne Jf`fdgmi, 179$172%78

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ì jfernwzme } wneijnw nzpmwmq~i` an` jwn}neqn, `f y~n ipiwneqndneqn birfwnjnwi ì

pwmdiji an ì fwi`maia, pfw dnamf an` `ìdiaf afe an @neh~iz, jfdf bfwdi an

diembnzqijme b~eaidneqi` an ì nzpmwmq~i`maia $ne anqwmdneqf an ìz Nzjwmq~wiz%73

An zqi bfwdi, qnendfz y~n ìz jiqnhfwiz pwfqnzqieqn } nrieh`mjf, zm gmne i`~ane i ~ejfek~eqf an jfd~emaianz jfe iqwmg~qfz jfd~enz, qidgme cijne wnbnwnejmi i hw~pfz

wn`mhmfzfz jfe diwjiaiz ambnwnejmiz%

Ne zqn p~eqf, } ne iwiz an i}~aiw i ì jfdpwnezme an ì amrnwzmaia an ìz dmefwiz

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an ìz anefdmeijmfenz nrieh`mjiz dz mdpfwqieqnz y~n cijie pwnznejmi ne qnwwmqfwmf

jf`fdgmief neqwn ìz ajiaiz an 9=1? } 9=>?%7=

Wnzpnjqf an@fz _wnzgmqnwmiefz

, n` i~qfw N~hnemf Wnzqwnpf efz amjn y~n z~ qneanejmiqnf`hmji nz b~eaidneqi`dneqn ji`rmemzqi, z~ dfan`f iadmemzqwiqmrf nzq giziaf ne n`

pwnzgmqnwmf } jiwnjne an ~e wmq~i` cfdfhenf ne z~z j~`qfz%:? Neqwn `fz pwnzgmqnwmiefz

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dmndgwfz, rmeafzn ner~n`qfz ne bwmjjmfenz jfe n` Dfrmdmneqf _wnzgmqnwmief an `fz

NN%^^%, fpqiwfe pfw znpiwiwzn an z~z jfwwn`mhmfeiwmfz%:9

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neqwn `fz hw~pfz pwfqnzqieqnz pfw j~ieqf z~z dmndgwfz jwnne ne ì medmeneqn rnemai an

Knz~jwmzqf% Wnzpnjqf an z~ fwhiem{ijme iadmemzqwiqmri, amjcf i~qfw dnejmfei y~n, zm gmne

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nzjwmqf, efz fbwnjn ~ei anqi`ìai mernzqmhijme an ìz anefdmeijmfenz pwfqnzqieqnz pwnzneqnz ne Jf`fdgmi idnamiafz an ì ajiai an 9=1?, aieaf j~neqi an` ednwf an z~z ianpqfz, z~ ~gmjijme hnfhwbmji, z~zpiwqmj~ìwmaianz qnf`hmjiz } iadmemzqwiqmriz, qfaf `f j~i` qmnen jfdf bme `qmdf, dnkfwiw ì jfdpwnezmey~n zn qmnen an amjciz znjqiz piwi, pfzqnwmfwdneqn, pfzmgm`mqiw n` amznf an pf`qmjiz y~n `n pnwdmqie i `fz

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K~iei G% an G~jiei, @i Mh`nzmi Nrieh`mji, 81%


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nz iz piwi ì rnwqmneqn an nzi ihw~pijme dnkfw jfefjmai jfdf Iarneqmzqiz an` Zpqmdf

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amjcf zijwidneqf #n` gi~qmzdf- zf`f angn iadmemzqwiwzn i `fz jwn}neqnz y~n nzqe ne

jipijmaia an anjmamw i~qefdidneqn zm y~mnwne piwqmjmpiw an ` f ef, pfw `f y~n ef zn

pnwdmqn y~n `fz emfz znie gi~qm{iafz% Icfwi gmne, `fz Gi~qmzqiz zfe ji`rmemzqiz, i~ey~n

emnhie z~ iacnzme i j~i`y~mnw jfwwmneqn qnf`hmji angmaf i y~n, neqwn z~z qneanejmiz

jfebnzmfei`nz, anzqijie n` pipn` y~n qmnen ì `njq~wi n meqnwpwnqijme meamrma~i` an ì

Zihwiai Gmg`mi% Ne `f y~n jfejmnwen i z~ dfan`f iadmemzqwiqmrf, `fz Gi~qmzqiz zfejfehwnhijmfei`mzqiz%::

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b~eaidneqi`nz an fqwiz anefdmeijmfenz cnwqmjiz, ef fgzqieqn zn ambnwnejmie ne n`

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rmrmbmjiaf pfw n` Nzpwmq~ Zieqf y~mne, i z~ rn{, pnwdmqn i` pwfz`mqf nspnwmdneqiw iy~n``f

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_neqnjfzqi`nz zn jiwijqnwm{ie pfw jfdgmeiw `fz zmzqndiz pwnzgmqnwmief } jfehwnhijmfei`mzqi

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I jfeqme~ijme, Wnzqwnpf nzqig`njn ~ei ambnwnejmijme neqwn `f y~n ` `ìdi Zfjmnaianz

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:7N~hnemf Wnzqwnpf wmgn, N` _wfqnzqieqmzdf, 2?%

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@i pny~ni anzjwmpjme fbwnjmai ne pwwibfz ieqnwmfwnz ef pwnqnean anzjfefjnw ne dienwi

i`h~ei n` cnjcf an y~n fqwiz ihw~pijmfenz pwfqnzqieqnz qidgme cijie pwnznejmi ne n`

qnwwmqfwmf eijmfei` a~wieqn n` pnwmfaf iy~ nzq~amiaf, f y~n z~ ijqmrmaia pwfzn`mqmzqi }&f

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K~iei G% an G~jiei, ne n` y~n ì i~qfwi ai j~neqi an ìz amrnwziz Ihnejmiz n Mh`nzmiz

pwfqnzqieqnz y~n mehwnziwfe i Jf`fdgmi neqwn 9=:? } 9=13;

QIG@I E9IHNEJMIZ N MH@NZMIZ Y^N NEQWIWFE NEQWN 9=:? ] 9=13

IF IHNEJMI _WFJNANEJMI+ WNHMFENZ AN QWIGIKF

9=:?

Gi~qmzqiz

Meanpneamneqnz++ Gwizm` _~nwqf @nqmjmi

9=:?DmzmfenwiMeanpneamneqn

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9=:: Cnwdiefz êmafz Eiwmf

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9=:3_neqnjfzqi`nzMeanpneamneqnz

Gfhfq } J~eameidiwji

9=:= Dmzme an `fz Ieanz Nzqiafz êmafz Gf}ij

9=19 Dmzme Gi~qmzqi an` Z~w Nzqiafz êmafz Iqèqmjf } Gf`riw

9=17 Mh`nzmi J~iawieh~ìw Gf`riw Zieqieanw an` Z~w

9=17Mh`nzmi DnqfamzqiXnz`n}iei

Nzqiafz êmafz Ieqmfy~mi

9=17ême Nrieh`mji an

Idwmji an` Z~w

Nzqiafz êmafz Dihai`nei, Meahneiz Dfqm`fenz

9=1:Zfjmnaia DmzmfenwiMeqnw$Idnwmjiei

Nzqiafz êmafz Dnan`è } Ieqmfy~mi

nriehn`m{iw i `fz ef jwn}neqnz, zme mdpfwqiw ìz jiwijqnwzqmjiz piwqmj~ìwnz an ì ihw~pijme i ì y~nfwmhmei`dneqn ci}i pnwqnenjmaf n` dmzmfenwf #qi` nz n` jizf an ì Jw~{iai D~eami`-% Bwiejmzjf Fwan{,Cmzqfwmi an` Jwmzqmiemzdf Nrieh`mjf, 7:3% N~hnemf Wnzqwnpf wmgn, N` _wfqnzqieqmzdf, 2=$8?%


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9=1> Cnwdiefz Dnefemqiz Nzqiafz êmafz Ri``n } Jcfj

9=1>Mh`nzmi Nrieh`mjiDnefemqi

Nzqiafz êmafz J~eameidiwji

I` cigìw an pwfjnanejmi zn ip~eqi n` `~hiw an afean rmemnwfe `fz pwmdnwfz dmzmfenwfz i~ey~n nei`h~efz jizfz ef b~n z~ piz an pwfjnanejmi fwmhmei`%

++ @fz dmzmfenwfz meanpneamneqnz hnenwi`dneqn zn ~emnwfe jfe fqwi ihnejmi qwigikieaf ne Jf`fdgmi%

B~neqn; K~iei G% an G~jiei, @i Mh`nzmi Nrieh`mji ne Jf`fdgmi; êi Cmzqfwmi #Gfhfq; G~nei Zndm`ì, 9==>-,pp% 9?2$9?8%

I` ``nhiw i nzqn p~eqf, y~mzmnwi cijnw wnbnwnejmi i ìz jmbwiz an bmn`nz pwfqnzqieqnz pwnzneqnz

ne n` qnwwmqfwmf jf`fdgmief dienkiaiz pfw i`h~efz i~qfwnz, neqwn n``fz N~hnemf Wnzqwnpf

y~mne, ne z~ qnzmz afjqfwi` zfgwn N` _wfqnzqieqmzdf Ne Jf`fdgmi, efz fbwnjn ~ei znwmn an

qigìz pfw dnamf an ìz j~i`nz pwfj~wi aiw j~neqi an` nzqiaf an ì j~nzqme ne ìz ambnwneqnz

iwy~mamjnzmz, amjnzmz, rmjiwmiqfz } pwnbnjq~wiz ipfzq`mjiz ne wnìjme jfe ì pwnznejmi an

`fz _wfqnzqieqnz ne amjciz amrmzmfenz iadmemzqwiqmriz nj`nzmzqmjiz, iz jfdf an ì nsqnezme

an` j~`qf nrieh`mjf ne k~wmzamjjme jiq`mji%:2 I pnziw an `f ieqnwmfw, ef y~mzmnwi nsj`~mw ì

pfzmgm`maia an wnbnwmw fqwfz aiqfz fgqnemafz an b~neqnz ambnwneqnz i` qnsqf an Wnzqwnpf }i

y~n, i dm piwnjnw, ìz jmbwiz jfeqnemaiz ne b~neqnz amzqmeqiz i ì qnzmz afjqfwi` an` i~qfw

jiq`mjf qidgme pfawie znw an ~qm`maia piwi cijnwefz ~ei mani dz jfdp`nqi an ì

rnwaianwi amdnezme an` pwfg`ndi pwfqnzqieqn i dnamiafz an` zmh`f SS% Ne pwmdnwi

mezqiejmi, dn pnwdmqf pwnzneqiw n` j~iawf nzqiazqmjf h`fgi` y~n N~hnemf Wnzqwnpf pwnzneqi

ne z~ `mgwf } pfw dnamf an` j~i` pwnqnean aiw jmbwiz jfejwnqiz wnzpnjqf an ì pwnznejmi an

pwfqnzqieqnz ne qnwwmqfwmf eijmfei` neqwn 9=:? } 9=1:;

:2Angf anjmw y~n Wnzqwnpf nz d~} jìwf ne `f jfejnwemneqn i` cnjcf an y~n `fz aiqfz nzqiazqmjfz

dienkiafz pfw ` ne z~ `mgwf, } ~qm`m{iafz ne zqn nzjwmqf, igiwjie n` pnwmfaf jfdpwneamaf neqwn 9=:? } 9=1:} y~n amjcfz aiqfz pwfrmnene an b~neqnz nzjwmqiz } fwi`nz }, pfw emehe dfqmrf, angne znw qfdiafz jfdfjmbwiz nsijqiz% Iz dmzdf, y~mzmnwi ijìwiw y~n, angmaf i y~n neqwn `fz fgknqmrfz an zqn qwigikf ef zn cijfezmanwiaf ì pfzmgm`maia an fbwnjnw ~ei nspfzmjme nsci~zqmri an` ednwf an _wfqnzqieqnz pwnzneqnz ne n`qnwwmqfwmf eijmfei`, amzjwmdmeieaf ìz jmbwiz pfw wnhmfenz, jipmqi`nz } andz, dn `mdmqiw i wnhmzqwiw zf`f n`j~iawf nzqiazqmjf h`fgi` nìgfwiaf pfw N~hnemf Wnzqwnpf piwi aiw j~neqi an` qfqi` an _wfqnzqieqnzpwnzneqnz ne Jf`fdgmi neqwn 9=:? } 9=1:, fgrmieaf aiqfz wnhmfei`nz dz nzpnjbmjfz% N~hnemf Wnzqwnpf^wmgn, N` _wfqnzqieqmzdf, :7$1>%


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QIG@I E7JÎAWF NZQIAZQMJF H@FGI@ ZFGWN @I _WNZNEJMI AN _WFQNZQIEQNZ NE JF@FDGMI ANZAN 9=:?

CIZQI 9=1:

Anpiwqidneqfz 71I`~an i anpiwqidneqfz, meqneanejmiz, jfdmziwiz, nz anjmw, ì amrmzmepf`qmji meqnwei an ì Wnpg`mji an Jf`fdgmi piwi n` pnwmfaf%

Anefdmeijmfenz 97Meamji ìz amrnwziz anefdmeijmfenz cnwqmjiz pwnzneqn ne n` qnwwmqfwmfeijmfei`%

_iwwfy~miz 79>Meamji ìz piwwfy~miz #jneqwfz jfdf Gfhfq f Dnan`è ne afean ci} dzan ~ei piwwfy~mi zfe jfeqiafz jfdf ~ei zf`f piwwfy~mi-

Jneqwfz 918I`~an i `fz `~hiwnz jfebnzmfei`nz pwfqnzqieqnz fwhiem{iafz ne `fz y~n ci}j~`qfz pnwmamjfz amwmhmafz pfw i`he dmemzqwf, pizqfw f xfwlnw%

Jipm`ìz :2

Nzj~nìz >>Zn wnbmnwn i ìz nzj~nìz, jf`nhmfz f j~i`y~mnw jneqwf na~jiqmrf mej`~mafz`fz Mezqmq~qfz Gg`mjfz%

I`~defz 7>:7 Zn wnbmnwn i i`~defz an amjcfz jneqwfz na~jiqmrfz

Dmemzqwfz >8 I`~an i `fz Dmemzqwfz, nz anjmw, `fz meamrma~fz y~n amwmhne n` j~`qf ne `fzjneqwfz an wn~eme

_wfz`mqfz =117 Nz anjmw, ì bn`mhwnzi%

Angf pwnjmziw y~n ìz jmbwiz jfeqnemaiz ne zqi qigì zfe, pfw andz, d~} mejfdp`nqiz }i y~n, qnemneaf nej~neqi y~n ne n`ì zn wnhmzqwie 79> piwwfy~miz #jiq`mjiz-, `fz 918 jneqwfz pwfqnzqieqnz wnhmzqwiafzjfwwnzpfeane i qie zf`f i 37 an ìz 79> piwwfy~miz< ìz :2 jipm`ìz i qie zf`f :: piwwfy~miz< ìz >> nzj~nìzjfwwnzpfeane zfìdneqn i 17 piwwfy~miz< `fz 7>:7 i`~defz zn nej~neqwie zfìdneqn ne 7> piwwfy~miz< `fz>8 dmemzqwfz jfwwnzpfeane i :3 piwwfy~miz #n` i~qfw ibmwdi cignw wnjmgmaf mebfwdijme an y~n ne n`qnwwmqfwmf jf`fdgmief cijie pwnznejmi ~efz :?? dmemzqwfz nsqwieknwfz-< `fz =117 pwfz`mqfz #f ibm`miafz- zn

nej~neqwie emjidneqn ne 2? piwwfy~miz, bi`qieaf `fz aiqfz an jneqwfz qie mdpfwqieqnz jfdf Gfhfq, Ji`mf G~jiwidiehi%

B~neqn; N~hnemf Wnzqwnpf ^wmgn, N` _wfqnzqieqmzdf ne Jf`fdgmi #Gfhfq; Kfznpc K% Widwn{, 9=11-, pp% :7$1>%


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Z~diaf i `f ieqnjnaneqn, qidgme y~mzmnwi pwnzneqiw `fz aiqfz fbwnjmafz pfw n` zfjm`fhf

Gnekide Naxiwa Ciaafs } pfw ì cmzqfwmiafwi K~iei G% an G~jiei y~mnenz, ne z~z

nzq~amfz qmq~ìafz Zfjmnaia } Wn`mhme ne Jf`fdgmi }@i Mh`nzmi Nrieh`mji ne Jf`fdgmi

wnzpnjqmridneqn, cijne dnejme an ìz jmbwiz p~g`mjiaiz pfw ì Jfebnanwijme Nrieh`mjian Jf`fdgmi #JNANJ- jfe ìz j~i`nz zn pwnqnean aiw j~neqi an ì jieqmaia an dmndgwfz }

an mh`nzmiz #`~hiwnz an wn~eme nzpnjbmjidneqn- nrmanejmiafz ne n` qnwwmqfwmf jf`fdgmief

neqwn `fz ifz 9=13 } 9=>:, } y~n wnpwfa~{jf ne ì zmh~mneqn qigì;

QIG@I E:QI[I AN JWNJMDMNEQF AN BN@MHWNZI _WFQNZQIEQN NE JF@FDGMI NEQWN 9=13 ] 9=>:

9=13 9=>: I~dneqf _fwjneqikn

Ednwf an

Dmndgwfz 8=?3 99=>3 1?>? >9.Ednwf an Mh`nzmiz 79: 7?7 $99 $>.

_iwi n` jizf an zqi qigì, cn fpqiaf pfw fdmqmw `fz aiqfz wnìqmrfz i Mh`nzmiz jfezqw~maiz n Mh`nzmizanzqw~maiz, idgfz pwnzneqnz ne ì qigì fwmhmei` nsp~nzqi ne n` qnsqf an ì pwfbnzfwi G~jiei, }i y~n efp~an nejfeqwiw ~ei nsp`mjijme ziqmzbijqfwmi y~n amnwi j~neqi an ìz jmbwiz i`` jfezmheiaiz%

B~neqnz; Naxiwa Ciaafs, Zfjmnaia } Wn`mhme ne Jf`fdgmi; Nzq~amf an ìz Mezqmq~jmfenz Wn`mhmfzizJf`fdgmieiz #Gfhfq; Namqfwmi` Qnwjnw D~eaf, 9=2>-, 11$1>%K~iei G% an G~jiei, @i Mh`nzmi Nrieh`mji ne Jf`fdgmi; êi Cmzqfwmi #Gfhfq; G~nei Zndm`ì, 9==>-, pp% 9>2%

Iz dmzdf, y~mzmnwi wnìjmfeiw fqwiz jmbwiz dienkiaiz pfw K~iei G% an G~jiei, y~mne

qidgme cijn dnejme an `fz aiqfz pwnzneqiafz pfw amrnwzmaia an i~qfwnz, neqwn `fz y~ny~mzmnwi anzqijiw i Afeià J% _i`dnw } Bwiejmzjf Fwafn{% Wnzpnjqf an `fz aiqfz

pwnzneqiafz pfw _i`dnw, zqn ibmwdi y~n, ne qwdmefz h`fgi`nz, n` ednwf an bmn`nz

nrieh`mjfz ne Jf`fdgmi i~dneq :9=. neqwn bmei`nz an ì ajiai an 9=1? } pwmejmpmfz an

ì ajiai an 9=2? }i y~n, znhe nzn i~qfw, ne 9=13 cigi ne Jf`fdgmi 8=?3 nrieh`mjfz },

ne 9=2? nzi jmbwi i~dneqf cizqi ::9>2%:8 Ne `f jfejnwemneqn i `fz aiqfz jfezmheiafz pfw

Bwiejmzjf Fwafn{, n` nzjwmqfw pwnzneqi ~eiz jmbwiz y~n nrmanejmiwie n` i~dneqf ne ì

wnjnpjme an fbwneaiz neqwnhiaiz pfw ìz Mh`nzmiz Nrieh`mjiz an` piz i ìz ZfjmnaianzGg`mjiz an Jf`fdgmi< amjcfz aiqfz b~nwfe zmzqndiqm{iafz pfw K~iei an G~jiei an ì

zmh~mneqn dienwi;

:8K~iei G% an G~jiei, @i Mh`nzmi Nrieh`mji, 9>8%


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QIG@I E1I^DNEQF AN @IZ FBWNEAIZ AN @IZ MH@NZMIZ NRIEH@MJIZ I @I FGWI AN @IZ ZFJMNAIANZ GG@MJIZ NE

JF@FDGMI

9=18 9=>7 9=>1. i~dneqf 9=18 i

9=>1

Jieqmaia !9%8?9,=> !1%1>>,?= !2%19?,7> .788:3

B~neqn; K~iei G% an G~jiei, @i Mh`nzmi Nrieh`mji ne Jf`fdgmi; êi Cmzqfwmi #Gfhfq; G~nei Zndm`ì, 9==>-,pp% 9>8$9>3%

An nzqi z~nwqn, } i piwqmw an ìz jmbwiz pwnzneqiaiz ne zqn ipiwqn, zn p~nan ana~jmw y~n n`

jwnjmdmneqf an ì bn`mhwnzi pwfqnzqieqn ne n` qnwwmqfwmf jf`fdgmief neqwn bmei`nz an ì ajiai

an 9=:? } pwmejmpmfz an ì ajiai an 9=>? b~n d~} pny~nf i~ey~n jfezqieqn pfw `f y~n,

ne pwmejmpmf, zn pfawi ibmwdiw y~n n` nendmhf pwfqnzqieqn maneqmbmjiaf pfw ì knwiwy~i

nj`nzmzqmji a~wieqn nzn pnwmfaf ne wni`maia nwi mensmzqneqn pfw j~ieqf nzfz hw~pfz

wn`mhmfzfz dmefwmqiwmfz ef wnpwnzneqigie ~ei idnei{i wni` piwi ì Mh`nzmi qwiamjmfei` } z~

dfefpf`mf an ìz i`diz, pfw `f dnefz ne n` jfwqf pì{f% Zme ndgiwhf, zm qnendfz ne

j~neqi `fz aiqfz jfezmheiafz ne n` nzjwmqf an Ciaafs, y~mne nspfen ~e j~iawf nzqiazqmjf

nìgfwiaf pfw ~ei Fwane Dmzmfenwi an NN%^^% znhe n` j~i`, ne 9=:3 n` ==%1. an` qfqi` an

ì pfgìjme iazjwmgi i ì rnwqmneqn jiq`mji an` jwmzqmiemzdf dmneqwiz y~n, piwi 9=>2, nzi

jmbwi zn wna~ji i ~e =3%=., zn cijn piqneqn ~e jwnjmdmneqf nspfenejmi` an` _wfqnzqieqmzdf

jf`fdgmief, pfw `f y~n qidgme zn pfawi jfej`~mw y~n, zm gmne ìz ihw~pijmfenz jwmzqmieizef jiq`mjiz ef wnpwnzneqigie ~e wmri` znwmf piwi ì cnhndfei nj`nzmzqmji ne n` b~q~wf

mednamiqf, z pfawie znw`f ne n` dnamief } ìwhf pì{f, pfw `f y~n n` pn`mhwf pnwjmgmaf pfw

ì i`qi knwiwy~i an` Jiqf`mjmzdf ef znwi ne emeh~ei bfwdi m`~zfwmf%:= Nzi jfej`~zme zn

rnwi wnbfw{iai zm iz~dmdfz jfdf bmanamhefz `fz aiqfz ipfwqiafz pfw ì Qigì E:, ne ì

y~n zn pfen an diembmnzqf ~e i~dneqf zmhembmjiqmrf ne n` ednwf an bn`mhwnznz pwfqnzqieqnz

ne wnìjme jfe ~ei amzdme~jme znezmg`n ne n` ednwf an zmqmfz an wn~eme, `f y~n

mdp`mjiwi ~ei jfejneqwijme an ì pfgìjme nrieh`mji }i y~n, jfdf zn ana~jn an `f

ieqnwmfw, nzqidfz cigìeaf an ~e ednwf di}fw an jwn}neqnz y~n zn jfehwnhie ne ~e

:3Bwiejmzjf Fwan{, Cmzqfwmi an` Jwmzqmiemzdf Nrieh`mjf, :>7$:>:% K~iei G% an G~jiei, @i Mh`nzmi

Nrieh`mji, 9>8$9>3%:=

Gnekide Naxiwa Ciaafs, Zfjmnaia } Wn`mhme ne Jf`fdgmi, :2%


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ednwf dnefw an nzpijmfz an wn~eme, `f y~n `n jfebnwmwi di}fw b~nw{i i `fz hw~pfz

pwfqnzqieqnz, qieqf ne qwdmefz `fhzqmjfz #dnkfw fwhiem{ijme } jneqwi`m{ijme an` dieaf-,

jdf ne qwdmefz an jipijmaia an ijjme jfdf hw~pf zfjmi` #di}fw jipijmaia an

dfrm`m{ijme-% I nzqf pfandfz z~diw`n n` cnjcf an y~n, zm gmne n` ednwf an pwfqnzqieqnz#jf`fdgmiefz } nsqwieknwfz- nwi mwwmzfwmf ne jfdpiwijme jfe n` ednwf an bmn`nz i ì

Mh`nzmi Wfdiei, ef pfandfz anzjfefjnw y~n d~jcfz jiq`mjfz #bn`mhwnznz } j`wmhfz-

pnwjmgmnwfe ne n` bnednef pwfqnzqieqn ~ei idnei{i wni` pfw j~ieqf n` ijjmfeiw pwfzn`mqmzqi

an `fz dmzmfenwfz cnwnknz1? zn meqnezmbmj ne e~nzqwf piz i piwqmw an ì ajiai an 9=:?, `f

y~n diwj ~e jìwf jfeqwizqn jfe pfjiz ieqnwmfwnz ne y~n n` pwfqnzqieqmzdf nwi pnwjmgmaf

jfdf ~ei j~nzqme an nsqwieknwfz y~mnenz ef piwnjie qnenw emehe meqnwz ne nriehn`m{iw

i ì pfgìjme `fji`-, an neqfejnz piwi ij n` smqf i`jie{iaf p~nan anjmwzn y~n ci giqmaf qfafz `fz wnjfwaz ne`fz iei`nz pwfqnzqieqnz an Mgnwf$Idwmji% Jf`fdgmi, jfdf p~nan rnwzn ne n` dipi iak~eqf, nzq}i qfdiai, } ieqn n` pwfhwnzf mejfeqnemg`n n menzpnwiaf, zn ipwnz~wie i ì jmqi e~nriz znjqiz%17

1?Ne zqn qnsqf dn cn qfdiaf ì `mgnwqia an cijnw ~zf an `fz qwdmefz pwfqnzqieqn } cnwnkn

meamzqmeqidneqn piwi wnbnwmwdn i `fz hw~pfz c~diefz iazjwmqfz i qneanejmiz wn`mhmfziz } afhdqmjizjwmzqmieiz an jiwjqnw dmefwmqiwmf z~whmaiz anzp~z an` Zmh`f SRM% Ne èni jfe `f ieqnz nsp~nzqf, dn iqneawi ì anbmemjme an cnwnkn fbwnjmai pfw ~ei an ìz b~neqnz jiq`mjiz jfez~`qiaiz ì j~i` amjn `f zmh~mneqn;$@~nhf `fz pwfqnzqieqnz zfe cnwnknz an rnwiz6 $Cnwnknz, Afe _w~anejmf, } zme emeh~ei a~ai% 00Cnwnki nzpiìgwi hwmnhi, } y~mnwn anjmw piwqmaf, znjqi, cf} ai zn qfdi piwi zmhembmjiw ~e nwwfw rf`~eqiwmf } pnwqmei{jfeqwi i`h~ei rnwaia an bn% Zn `ìdi cnwnzmiwji i` i~qfw an i`h~ei cnwnki } cnwnkn i` y~n zmh~n ~ei fpmemejfeqwiwmi i ì jwnnejmi jiq`mji55% @~nhf zfe cnwnknz, } zme bfwdi an a~aiw`f znfw Afe _w~anejmf% Cnwnknzne qfai ì èni% I% Wfawh~n{ Jizqwf, Jfeqwi n` Jfeqihmf _wfqnzqieqn, >?% 19

Em nz y~n zni an i}nw nzi pwfpihieai% Nsmzqi }i an qmndpf iqwz ne Jf`fdgmi, jfdf ne ìz andzwnpg`mjiz ìqmef$idnwmjieiz, pnwf i ì zfwamei, } zme iz~dmw jiwijqnwnz qie iìwdieqnz; Ieqnz nwi zf`f n`pwfzn`mqmzdf rnwhfe{ieqn< icfwi nz ì merizme anzjiwiai% Ieqnz zf`f zn ankigi zneqmw jfdf ~ei qiwi ienki iì medmhwijme nsqwieknwi, an y~n ef nz pfzmg`n anzneqneanwzn< diz icfwi nz }i ì pìhi df`nzqi n mez~bwmg`n,jfdpiwig`n i ìz an ìz wieiz an Nhmpqf, y~n ipiwnjie i `fz zgamqfz an` Biwie ne qfaiz piwqnz% ^àiwmjf^ww~qmi Z%K%, @fz pwfqnzqieqnz ieqn ì jfezqmq~jme% Wnrmzqi Kirnwmiei R%7:, ef% 999 #bngwnwf 9=1>-; 9>%17

N~hnemf Wnzqwnpf ^wmgn } K~ie `riwn{ Z%K%, Amn{ ifz an pwfqnzqieqmzdf ne Jf`fdgmi #9=:?$9=1:-;nzqiazqmjiz } ji~ziz an z~ iriejn iwwf`ìafw% Wnrmzqi Kirnwmiei R%7?, ef% 9?? #efrmndgwn 9=1:-; 773%


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N~hnemf Wnzqwnpf ^wmgn } K~ie `riwn{ Z%K%, Amn{ ifz an pwfqnzqieqmzdf ne Jf`fdgmi #9=:?$9=1:-, 7:>%


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N` dipi iwwmgi jmqiaf, aiqiaf ne 9=1:, pwnzneqi ~e b~nwqn jfeqwizqn jfe n` dipi y~n

jfezmheiw igikf, y~n b~n wnhmzqwiaf ne n` dmzdf iwqj~`f an ì Wnrmzqi Kirnwmiei } piwi

j~}i `njq~wi zn angn cijnw ~zf an ì dmzdi qigì an jfernejmfenz iefqiai ne n` pìef an

9=1:% An nzqi bfwdi, ne n` znh~eaf dipi `fz i~qfwnz pwnqneane wnpwnzneqiw j~i` nwi n`nzqiaf an` pwfqnzqieqmzdf jf`fdgmief i pwmejmpmfz an ì ajiai an 9=:?, iz;

N~hnemf Wnzqwnpf ^wmgn } K~ie `riwn{ Z%K%, Amn{ ifz an pwfqnzqieqmzdf ne Jf`fdgmi #9=:?$9=1:-, 7:1%


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Jfej`~}idfz neqfejnz y~n, i piwqmw an `fz dipiz iwwmgi jfeqwizqiafz ne afean zn pfen an

diembmnzqf n` jiwjqnw nspiezmfemzqi an ìz `ìdiaiz znjqiz jmzdqmjiz ijqmriz ne n`

qnwwmqfwmf jf`fdgmief, j~}i amzndmeijme nsmqfzi zn cigwi aiaf ne ~e pnwmfaf an qmndpf

wnìqmridneqn jfwqf$ } jfe gizn ne ìz jmbwiz jfezmheiaiz ne phmeiz ieqnwmfwnz, y~n n`pn`mhwf pwfqnzqieqn maneqmbmjiaf pfw d~jcfz i~qfwnz jiq`mjfz a~wieqn ì pwmdnwi dmqia

an` zmh`f SS ef cigwi zmaf zmdp`ndneqn n` pwfa~jqf an i`he qmpf an piwiefmi jf`njqmri

z~bwmai pfw `fz knwiwjiz an` jiqf`mjmzdf jf`fdgmief y~mnenz, i piwqmw an ì ajiai an 9=:?,

nebfjiwfe z~ iqnejme ne i`h~ei z~nwqn an nendmhf mdihmeiwmf% Ieqnz gmne, jwnf y~n znwi

jfwwnjqf ibmwdiw y~n, zm gmne ì knwiwy~i jiq`mji jf`fdgmiei } z~z i`miafz ne `fz dnamfz

pf`qmjfz n meqn`njq~i`nz z zfgwnamdnezmfeiwfe n` bnednef nriehn`mzqi pwfqnzqieqn i`

iak~amjiw`n ~eemrn` an pn`mhwfzmaia nsjnzmrf, ef fgzqieqn ef zn p~nan anzjfefjnw y~n ì

meqnezmbmjijme an` pwfzn`mqmzdf an `fz hw~pfz dmzmfenwfz anefdmeiafz cnwqmjfz

nrmanejmiaf pfw nziz bnjciz z nzqigi pwfa~jmneaf jidgmfz ne ì jfebfwdijme wn`mhmfzi an`

piz }i y~n n` jwnjmdmneqf an ìz ihw~pijmfenz jwmzqmieiz ambnwneqnz an` jiqf`mjmzdf nwi wni`,

i~ey~n d~} wna~jmaf%


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Jipq~`f 7; Amzj~wzfz@f y~n cijne icfwi ìz znjqiz pwfqnzqieqnz, i pnziw an nzqiwamzjfwanz } anqnzqiwzn neqwn z, nz diejfd~eiwzn bmehmneaf i j~i`dz cmzqfwmiz } ndg~zqnz piwi wmamj~`m{iw, ji`~demiw } pnwznh~mw i`fz jiq`mjfz, jfde } pwmejmpi` gìejf an z~z famfz } rnenefzfz

qmwfz% Qi` nz ì meamhei qjqmji jfe y~n zn pwfpfene cijnwpwfz`mqfz } pwfpihiw iz z~z mebnwei`nz afjqwmeiz ne anqwmdneqf anì wn`mhme jiq`mji } an ì zfjmnaia% I% Wfawh~n{ Jizqwf%1:

N` pwwibf iwwmgi wnbnwnejmiaf nspwnzi jìwidneqn ~ei an ìz dz cfeaiz pwnfj~pijmfenz

y~n iy~nk i i`h~efz an `fz dsmdfz knwiwjiz } dmndgwfz an ì Mh`nzmi Jiq`mji

Jf`fdgmiei anzan ìz pwmdnwiz ajiaiz an` zmh`f SS< amjci pwnfj~pijme qnei y~n rnw jfe

ì mebm`qwijme pwfqnzqieqn ne n` z~n`f piqwmf jf`fdgmief jfe n` dijigwf fgknqmrf an

cijnw pwfz`mqfz piwi z~ ji~zi } jwnaf, anzjiqf`m{ieaf i ì eijme jf`fdgmiei jfdf piwqn

an` pwf}njqf dz hnenwi` an iwwngiqiw an `fz jfwi{fenz an ì qfqi`maia an `fz cigmqieqnzan` z~gjfeqmeneqn ìqmefidnwmjief ì i~h~zqi bn wfdiei cnwnaiai i zqfz pfw z~z

ieqnpiziafz%11

Jfdf jfeznj~nejmi an `f ieqnz dnejmfeiaf, i`h~efz an `fz dmndgwfz } wnpwnzneqieqnz an

ì Mh`nzmi Wfdiei ne Jf`fdgmi p~zmnwfe diefz i ì fgwi ne ì ìgfw an ane~ejmiw amjci

mebm`qwijme, znhe n``fz z~didneqn pn`mhwfzi piwi ì zfjmnaia jf`fdgmiei, ri`meafzn piwi

qi` nbnjqf an ~ei wmji iwh~dneqijme an amrnwzi eaf`n #pf`qmji, dfwi`, cmzqwmji }

qnf`hmji-%1>Nz iz jfdf, ipnìeaf i zneqmdmneqfz, ri`fwnz } rnwaianz qi`nz jfdf n`

1:I% Wfawh~n{ Jizqwf, Jfeqwi n` Jfeqihmf _wfqnzqieqn, >7%

11@f ieqnjnaneqn b~n nspwnziaf pfw n` pipi _mf SMM ne `fz zmh~mneqnz qwdmefz; N` Zihwiaf Jfwi{e an Knzz

nz anpzmqf p~wzmdf n meihfqig`n an rnwaia _fw nzf `n pnamdfz y~n jfeznwrne eqnhwf ne mei`qnwig`n n`zihwiaf anpzmqf an r~nzqwi bn, zme pnwdmqmw y~n ì jfeqidmene iy~n`ìz pwfpihieaiz qie i~aijnz jfdfiwqnwiz y~n y~nwwie jfernwqmw icfwi ne piz an dmzme i ~e p~ng`f y~n j~neqi ne z~ h`fwmfzi cmzqfwmi jfej~iqwf zmh`fz an meqijcig`n jwmzqmiemzdf% K~widfz amknwfe ~e ai `fz pwjnwnz an r~nzqwi piqwmi, } rfzfqwfzef pfamz njciw`f ne f`rmaf k~widfz anwwidiw cizqi ì `qmdi hfqi an e~nzqwi ziehwn pfw anbneanw e~nzqwizihwiai wn`mhme jiq`mji, ipfzq`mji, wfdiei% Z%Z% _mf SMM, Fwmneqijmfenz; Dnezikn an Z%Z% _mf SMM i Jf`fdgmijfe fjizme an ì jì~z~wi an` jfehwnzf an Jwmzqf wn}, qnemaf ne Gfhfq ne jfedndfwijme an` Jneqneiwmfan` Ipfzqfìaf an ì Fwijme, an` 78 i` :? an znpqmndgwn an 9=1>% Wnrmzqi Kirnwmiei R%71, ef% 99= #fjq~gwn

9=1>-, 9=1%1>Neqwn `fz pwmejmpi`nz ijqmrmzqiz } anbnezfwnz an ì cnhndfei jiq`mji zfgwn ì zfjmnaia jf`fdgmiei, znanzqiji n` pipn` k~hiaf pfw `fz dmndgwfz an ì Jfdpii an Knzz y~mnenz, pfw dnamf an p~g`mjijmfenzjfdf ìz qnzmz an N~hnemf Wnzqwnpf f i`h~efz `mgwfz an i~qfwi an Na~iwaf Fzpmei Z%K%, n mej`~zf anzan ìwnrmzqi an ì êmrnwzmaia Kirnwmiei ne Gfhfq #`ìdiai Wnrmzqi Kirnwmiei-, zn amnwfe i ì qiwni an ane~ejmiwrncndneqndneqn ì z~p~nzqi jidpii an pnenqwijme pwfqnzqieqn ne n` qnwwmqfwmf jf`fdgmief< d~nzqwi an`f ieqnwmfwdneqn ibmwdiaf znwi n` cnjcf an y~n, an ìz b~neqnz pwmdiwmiz y~n jfeqmnene `fz pwmejmpi`nz`menidmneqfz an` pnezidmneqf jiq`mjf wnzpnjqf an` pwfg`ndi pwfqnzqieqn, } y~n znwe jmqiaiz ne zqn


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:?

eijmfei`mzdf, ì dfwi` jwmzqmiei }&f ì zijwfzieqi qnf`fhi n cmzqfwmi an ì Mh`nzmi Jiq`mji $

zmndpwn ne jfeqwipfzmjme jfe ì zfzpnjcfzi, f dnkfw efjmri, jfww~pqfwi }, pfw nean

jfeaneig`n dfwi`maia, cmzqfwmi, qnf`fhi n meqnejmfei`maia pf`qmji an ì jfeqwipiwqn

pwfqnzqieqn$ `fz dmndgwfz an` j`nwf wfdief zn amnwfe i ì qiwni an ``nriw i jigf ~eimeqnezmri }, ne ì dnamai an `f pfzmg`n, nsqnezmri jidpii an ane~ejmi an ì merizme

pwfqnzqieqn i qnwwmqfwmf jf`fdgmief%12

Ne jfezfeiejmi jfe ìz maniz ieqnz pìeqniaiz, ne nzqn ipiwqn nspfeawndfz `fz pwmejmpi`nz

iwh~dneqfz p~nzqfz an diembmnzqf pfw ì knwiwy~i jiq`mji ne z~ amzj~wzf ipf`fhqmjf an ì

qwiamjme n meb`~nejmi an ì Mh`nzmi an Wfdi ne ì zfjmnaia jf`fdgmiei, cijmneaf nzpnjmi`

ebizmz ne ìz wi{fenz cmzqwmjiz, pf`qmjiz } dfwi`nz18 pfw ìz j~i`nz n` j`nwf zn zmeqm qieqf

jfen` anwnjcf jfdf ne ì fg`mhijme an anbneanw z~ dfefpf`mf zfgwn ìz i`diz

jf`fdgmieiz, i y~mnenz pwnqneam jfernejnw pfw dnamf an z~z wi{feidmneqfz, i ì rn{ y~n

jfeaneigi, pfw dnamf an ì nscmgmjme an ipiwneqnz nrmanejmiz mwwnb~qig`nz, ìz

memjmiqmriz cnwqmjiz qneamneqnz i hieiwzn ìz zmdpiqiz an ìz hneqnz an zqn piz% 13

qwigikf, ì mednezi di}fwi b~nwfe qfdiaiz an iwqj~`fz jfeqnemafz ne ì p~g`mjijme an ì êmrnwzmaiaKnz~mqi ieqnz wnbnwmai, iz jfdf an `fz qwigikfz an `fz afz i~qfwnz ieqnz dnejmfeiafz% Iz dmzdf, } jfe nèmdf an fbwnjnw i`he qmpf an wnzpiàf piwi ìz ibmwdijmfenz ieqnz jfezmheiaiz, y~mzmnwi cijnw efqiw y~nKidnz Hfbb, i~qfw an ~ei qnzmz afjqfwi` zfgwn ì pnwznj~jme jfeqwi `fz pwfqnzqieqnz jf`fdgmiefz neqwn9=13 } 9=>3, anamji ~e ipiwqiaf mdpfwqieqn an z~ amznwqijme i` pipn` k~hiaf pfw ì Jfdpii an Knzz ne

ì jfezqw~jjme an` amzj~wzf ieqm$pwfqnzqieqn a~wieqn ìz ajiaiz an 9=:? } 9=1? } y~n, pfzqnwmfwdneqnznwrmw jfdf gizn manf`hmji b~eaidneqi` zfgwn ì y~n zn k~zqmbmjiwe `fz ijqfz an rmf`nejmi amwnjqi }nzqw~jq~wi` ``nriafz i jigf jfeqwi `fz jf`njqmrfz wn`mhmfzfz dmefwmqiwmfz nrieh`mjfz% Kidnz N% Hfbb, Qcn_nwznj~qmfe fb _wfqnzqieq Jcwmzqmiez me Jf`fdgmi, :7=$:>:%12

Angnw pwmdfwami` an ì _feqmbmjmi Bij~`qia Qnf`hmji Kirnwmiei nz rnìw pfw ì jfeznwrijme an` piqwmdfemfwn`mhmfzf jf`fdgmief, piqwmdfemf y~n jfezqmq~}n ì dz pwnjmiai cnwnejmi an e~nzqwfz di}fwnz } n` rej~`fdz nznejmi` an ~emaia eijmfei`% Nzi cnwnejmi zijwfzieqi zn rn cf} b~wmfzidneqn idnei{iai pfw ì meqnezijidpii pwfqnzqieqn, y~n ne `fz `qmdfz ifz, wnrnzqmai d~jciz rnjnz an jiwijqnwnz rmw~`neqfz zn cinsqneamaf ne bfwdi iìwdieqndneqn pwfhwnzmri cizqi `fz dz wndfqfz jfebmenz an ì wnpg`mji% @izieqnwmfwnz zfe ìz piìgwiz jfe ìz y~n K~ie D% Wnzqwnpf Kiwidm``f Z%K%, Anjief an ì Bij~`qia an Qnf`fhi anì _feqmbmjmi êmrnwzmaia Kirnwmiei, meqwfa~jn ì Qnzmz Afjqfwi` an` _iawn Wnzqwnpf ^wmgn% N~hnemf Wnzqwnpf^wmgn, N` _wfqnzqieqmzdf ne Jf`fdgmi, =%18

Y~mzmnwi cijnw ì zi`rnaia an y~n `fz iwh~dneqfz nsp~nzqfz pfw `fz ipf`fhnqiz jiq`mjfz ne z~k~zqmbmjijme an` dfefpf`mf wn`mhmfzf wfdief ne Jf`fdgmi cie zmaf jìzmbmjiafz } znpiwiafz jfe n` emjfpwfpzmqf an bijm`mqiw ì nspfzmjme an `fz dmzdfz, `f y~n an emeh~ei dienwi mdp`mji y~n i`h~ef an `fz qmpfziwh~dneqiqmrfz amzqmeh~mafz ne zqn ipiwqn p~nai znw qfdiaf jfdf ~e qfaf ipiwqn an `fz andz%13

Ciw jizf fdmzf, an dienwi an`mgnwiai, an ìz wi{fenz qnf`hmjiz ndp`niaiz ne n` amzj~wzf jiq`mjf nermzqi an y~n, piwi znw cfenzqf, ef dn jfezmanwf `f z~bmjmneqndneqn pwnpiwiaf piwi igfwaiw iwh~dneqfz aneiq~wi`n{i qie pwfb~eai jfdf `fz y~n i`` zn nspfene, qfai rn{ y~n, qieqf ì qnf`fhi jiq`mji jfdf z~jfeqwipiwqn pwfqnzqieqn jfezqmq~}ne jfezqw~jjmfenz afhdqmjiz an z~di jfdp`nkmaia j~}f igfwaikn


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Zme ndgiwhf, ef y~mzmnwi neqwiw an ``nef ne n` ie`mzmz amzj~wzmrf zme ieqnz pwnjmziw y~n,

piwi nbnjqfz an` nsidne an ìz b~neqnz, cn pwfj~wiaf ri`nwdn an` jfejnpqf an Cnhndfei

jfezqw~maf pfw Ieqfemf Hwidzjm y~mne, ne z~z J~ianwefz an ì Jwjn`, pwnzneqi amjcf

jfejnpqf jfdf an jiwjqnw cmzqwmjf$pf`qmjf y~n mdp`mji ì amwnjjme f n` `manwi{hf ne n`fwane njfedmjf, zfjmi`, j~`q~wi` n meqn`njq~i` y~n ~e hw~pf f i`mie{i an hw~pfz `ìdiafz

b~eaidneqi`nz nknwjne zfgwn fqwfz hw~pfz zfjmi`nz z~gfwameiafz #ne ji`maia an i`miafz f

an iarnwziwmfz zfdnqmafz-% Ne jfeznj~nejmi, ì Cnhndfei pnwdmqn i` hw~pf b~eaidneqi`

dismdm{iw ì nspiezme an z~ pfanw } pwnzqmhmf ne qfafz `fz dgmqfz an ì zfjmnaia zme y~n

n``f mdp`my~n y~n amjci pwfpihijme ``nh~n i` p~eqf an` nhfzdf njfedmjf$jfwpfwiqmrf

}i y~n, znhe `f nspwnziaf pfw n` i~qfw mqi`mief, ieqn ì pwnqnezme an` cnhnde an y~n z~

afdmemf iay~mnwi jfeefqijmfenz ~emrnwzi`nz, nzqn angn cijnw i`h~eiz jfejnzmfenz i`fz

ihw~pidmneqfz z~gfwameiafz gikf z~ dieaf ne iwiz an `fhwiw jmnwqf ny~m`mgwmf menzqig`n

neqwn `fz meqnwnznz an` hw~pf b~eaidneqi` } `fz an `fz hw~pfz z~gi`qnwefz, `f j~i` ef mdp`mji

y~n n` gnenbmjmf an` ihw~pidmneqf amwnjqmrf zn rni ibnjqiaf, }i y~n nzqn qmnean i pwnri`njnw%

An dienwi jfeznj~neqn jfe `f ieqnwmfwdneqn nspwnziaf, ìCnhndfei qidgme mdp`mji y~n

n` hw~pf b~eaidneqi` nzq ne jipijmaia an, } qmnean i, mdpfenw ne n` anrnemw cmzqwmjf ~e

pwmejmpmf cnhndemjf zfgwn fqwf#z- pwmejmpmf#z- anbneamaf#z- pfw `fz ihw~pidmneqfz

z~gfwameiafz, `f y~n i z~ rn{ mdp`mji ì meqwfa~jjme an ~e e~nrf qnwwnef manf`hmjf y~n

anqnwdmei ìz jfejmnejmiz } `fz dqfafz an` jfefjmdmneqf an` hw~pf zfjmi`% Z~diaf i nzqf,

Hwidzjm qidgme ibmwdi y~n qfai wnìjme cnhndemji nz, i` dmzdf qmndpf, ~ei wnìjme

pnaihhmji ne ì y~n `fz z~gi`qnwefz ipwneane an` cnhnde } rmjnrnwzi% Ne nzqn p~eqf nz

pnwqmeneqn qnenw ne j~neqi y~n ì Cnhndfei z~n`n znw nknwjmai i qwirz an` Nzqiaf pfw

dnamf an` pwnzqmhmf an` hw~pf zfjmi` b~eaidneqi` } an ìz `n}nz jwniaiz pfw nzqn, f pfw

dnamf an ì jfnwjme rmf`neqi%1=

Amjcf `f ieqnjnaneqn, ne nzqn ipiwqn dn cn aiaf i ì qiwni an nrmanejmiw jdf `fz

wnpwnzneqieqnz an ì Mh`nzmi Jiq`mji jf`fdgmiei, ne z~ ji`maia an jf`njqmrf cnhndemjf an

andieaiwi ~ei z`mai bfwdijme ne amjciz èniz an pnezidmneqf #bfwdijme y~n, ne zqn dfdneqf efpfznf-%1=

Ieqfemf Hwidzjm, J~ianwefz an ì Jwjn`, 2 Rf`z% #Dsmjf; Namjmfenz Nwi, 9=31 mdpwnzme an 9===-% Rf`%9,9?2$9?8< Rf`%7, 92=$98?, 98:< Rf`%:, :2, 9=9, :??, :9:< Rf`%1, 9:>$9:2, 912, 7?=$79?, :73, :>1, :>8, 119, 17%


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:7

meqn`njq~i`nz>? } pfw dnamf an z~ amzj~wzf ieqm$pwfqnzqieqn, iz~dmnwfe n` wf` an

ihw~pidmneqf b~eaidneqi` y~n, pfw dnamf an ì iadmemzqwijme an rnwaianz an

jiwjqnw pf`qmjf, j~`q~wi` } an bn, pwnqneamnwfe, } `fhwiwfe, pnwz~iamw i d`qmp`nz hw~pfz

z~gi`qnwefz wnzpnjqf an ì eiq~wi`n{i efjmri, `nzmri, fbnezmri, irizi`ìeqn }, ne wnz~dne,igzf`~qidneqn jfeqwipwfa~jneqn an ì pwnznejmi } fgwi nriehn`m{iafwi an `fz `ìdiafz

cnwnknz pwfqnzqieqnz y~mnenz, znhe `fz i~qfwnz bmn`nz i ì Mh`nzmi an Wfdi, qneaie i

pnwk~amjiw, f dnkfw i anzqw~mw ìz giznz j~`q~wi`nz, wn`mhmfziz, `mehzqmjiz }, ne hnenwi` an

fwaneidmneqf zfjmi` an ì jfd~emaia eijmfei` jf`fdgmiei% An nzqi bfwdi, `fz i~qfwnz

jiq`mjfz jfezqw~}nwfe z~ iwh~dneqijme, jìwidneqn cnhndemji, pwfj~wieaf jfernejnw i

~e mdpfwqieqn ednwf an bn`mhwnznz jf`fdgmiefz wnzpnjqf an ì jfernemnejmi } pnwqmenejmi

an` nknwjmjmf anì anbnezi

an `fz meqnwnznz nj`nzmzqmjfz ne `f

wnbnwneqn i` dfefpf`mf an

ìz i`diz, `f j~i` nwi an z~di mdpfwqiejmi piwi ì j~wmi ne ì dnamai ne y~n nzn

dfefpf`mf zfgwn ì iadmemzqwijme an` afhdi mdp`mjigi ~e mdpfwqieqn pfanw pf`qmjf,

njfedmjf } j~`q~wi`%

7%9 N` Iwh~dneqf Eijmfei`mzqi

@f pwmdnwf y~n y~mzmnwi iefqiw wnzpnjqf an `f y~n }f `ìdf n` iwh~dneqf jiq`mjf$

eijmfei`mzqiqmnen y~n rnw jfe n` #nrmaneqn- pwf}njqf an jfezqw~jjme an ~ei eijmfei`maia

jf`fdgmiei i piwqmw an ì Wn`mhme Jiq`mji jfdf b~neqn manf`hmji an jiwjqnw afhdqmjf

} dfwi`m{ieqn, bfwkiafwi an nzi jfd~emaia eijmfei` y~n meqnhwi i qfafz `fz

jf`fdgmiefz%>9

>?_nwf n` dfefpf`mf an ìz z~pnwnzqw~jq~wiz pfw piwqn an `fz nj`nzmzqmjfz #an ic eijm ì ijnpjme hnenwi`

an meqn`njq~i` f an nzpnjmi`mzqi$ an ì piìgwi j`wmhf, ne d~jciz `neh~iz an fwmhne enfìqmef fmeb`~maiz b~nwqndneqn, i qwirz an` ìqe nj`nzmzqmjf, pfw ìz `neh~iz enfìqmeiz, jfe z~ jfwwnìqmrf an ìmjfne n` zneqmaf an pwfbiefef nzpnjmi`mzqi-% Ieqfemf Hwidzjm, J~ianwefz an ì Jwjn`, R%1%, :>1%>9

Wnzpnjqf an` eijmfei`mzdf jfdf jiqnhfwi an ie`mzmz, cn pwfj~wiaf ri`nwdn an ì jfezqw~jjme

jfejnpq~i` an jiwjqnw mezqw~dneqi`$b~ejmfei`mzqi n cmzqwmjidneqn anqnwdmeiai nìgfwiai pfw n` i~qfwCiez Lemh, y~mne anbmen amjcf qwdmef jfdf ~ei cnwwidmneqi jfd~emjiqmri j~}f bme nz hnenwiw zf`maiwmaiapf`qmji } pwfrfjiw ì dfrm`m{ijme an qfafz iy~n``fz ijqfwnz zfjmi`nz mej`~mafz aneqwf an ì jfejnpjme,nwmhmai ì di}fwi an ìz rnjnz pfw ìz `mqnz, an `f y~n nz ì eijme% Nzqi zf`maiwmaia } dfrm`m{ijme nzqiwifwmneqiai i jfdgiqmw idnei{iz an j~i`y~mnw qmpf #nendmhfz meqnwefz } nsqnwefz- }i y~n p~nan znwnejidmeiai jfeqwi ~e znjqfw an ì pfgìjme y~n rmrn aneqwf an `fz `dmqnz nzqiqi`nz f jfeqwi hw~pfzc~diefz y~n p~ngìe fqwfz nzqiafz #pnwdmqmneaf iz ì jfezqw~jjme an maneqmaianz eijmfei`nz nejfeqwipfzmjme jfe n` fqwf-% Ne piìgwiz an` i~qfw i`nde, n` eijmfei`mzdf p~nan anbmemwzn jfdf ~e


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mezqw~dneqf piwi dfqmriw ì ijqmrmaia } ì zf`maiwmaia pf`qmjiz% Zmwrn piwi dfrm`m{iw i iy~n`ìz piwqnz an ìzfjmnaia ny~mpiwiaiz jfe ì eijme, f i ì jf`njqmrmaia jfejngmai jfdf eijme, jfeqwi fpfzmqfwnzmeqnwefz f nsqnwefz f jfeqwi j~i`y~mnw idnei{i% _~nan wnbnwmwzn, p~nz, i ì pfgìjme y~n rmrn aneqwf an `fz`dmqnz nzqiqi`nz, f gmne nzqig`njnw ì an`mdmqijme bwneqn i fqwfz nzqiafz } eijmfenz% Ne qi` zneqmaf nsmhn y~n

ì `ni`qia cijmi ì eijme qnehi pwmdiji igzf`~qi bwneqn i qfaiz ìz andz `ni`qianz, } ieqnpfen `fzmeqnwnznz an ì eijme i qfafz `fz andz meqnwnznz jfdf efwdi an ì ijjme pf`qmji% I `f pwnjnaneqnangndfz z~diw y~n Lemh neqmnean i` eijmfei`mzdf } i ì jfejmnejmi eijmfei` jfdf pwfa~jqfz anànrnemw an ìz zfjmnaianz ne n` qmndpf } y~n nzqe i ì rn{ b~nwqndneqn jfeamjmfeiaiz pfw ì jfd~emjijmeaneqwf an` hw~pf c~dief, `f y~n n` i~qfw nspwnzi an ì zmh~mneqn dienwi; ìz z~hnwnejmiz dz meqnwnzieqnzn mdpfwqieqnz piwi nzq~amiw n` qwizbfeaf zfjmi` an` eijmfei`mzdf anwmrie an` jfejnpqf zfjmf`hmjf$jfd~emjiqmrf an Liw` X% An~qzjc, piwi y~mne ì bfwdijme an ì jfejmnejmi eijmfei` } an` eijmfei`mzdfanpnean an ì nsqnezme, meqnezmbmjijme } dfambmjijme an` jfeqnemaf an z~z cgmqfz } pfzmgm`maianz anjfd~emjijme, jfdf wnz~`qiaf an ~ei jwnjmneqn dfrm`m{ijme zfjmi` } an ~ei pwfhwnzmri meqnhwijme% @imdpfwqiejmi an nzqn nebfy~n wiamji, neqwn fqwfz izpnjqfz, ne andfzqwiw y~n ì bfwdijme dmzdi an ~eijfea~jqi eijmfei` nz ~e pwfjnzf zfjmi` n`ndneqi`, } ef pwnz~pfenw zmdp`ndneqn ì nsmzqnejmi an eijmfenzjfdf bfwdiz zfjmi`nz aiaiz% An~qzjc jfejmgn i ì eijme jfdf n` pwfa~jqf an ~e anziwwf``f i ìwhf pì{f,

jfdf ~e pwfjnzf pi~ìqmef an bfwdijme cizqi i`jie{iw ~ei jfdp`ndneqiwmnaia zfjmi` jfezjmneqn% Nèijmfei`mzdf nz jfejngmaf neqfejnz jfdf ~ei manf`fhi y~n qmnean i bfw{iw nzqn pwfjnzf dnamieqn ~eijfd~emjijme dz meqnezmri aneqwf an ~ei jf`njqmrmaia y~n zn maneqmbmji pfw jfdpiwqmw ~e mamfdi } ~eij~`q~wi% Ne nzn fwane an maniz, Lemh wnemnhi an ìz pwnqnezmfenz an anbmemw i` eijmfei`mzdf i piwqmw an`nzqig`njmdmneqf an jiqnhfwiz bmkiz y~n `n jfebmnwie i nzn jfejnpqf ~e jiwjqnw ~emrnwzi`% _iwi n` i~qfw, ~eianbmemjme an eijmfei`mzdf qmnen y~n qnenw ne j~neqi ef qieqf `f y~n nz, zmef `f y~n zn y~mnwn y~nzni, nz anjmw, zn angn anqnwdmeiw ieqnz y~n eiai j~i` nz n` pwf}njqf an eijme jfejngmaf neanqnwdmeiaf dfdneqf cmzqwmjf `f y~n, ne jfeznj~nejmi, pnwdmqmw nzqig`njnw j~i` nz ì mani an eijmejfe qfaiz z~z riwmig`nz zfjmi`nz } qndpfwi`nz; Ne qi` zneqmaf, nz pnwqmeneqn ~e nebfy~n y~n anbmei ì eijmene pwmdnw qwdmef jfdf ~e fwane pneziaf, jfdf ~ei mani y~n zn wnbmnwi i ~ei jf`njqmrmaia an znwnzc~diefz jfdf ~emaia% @i eaf`n an nzqi ~emaia zn p~nan ana~jmw, pfw nkndp`f, an `fz jwmqnwmfz f iqwmg~qfzy~n ìz `mqnz ne n` pfanw f ne ì fpfzmjme jfezmanwne anjmzmrfz aneqwf an ~ei zfjmnaia% Nzqfz jwmqnwmfz, y~namzqmeh~ne i ~ei jf`njqmrmaia an ìz andz, y~n anzqijie i` dmzdf qmndpf n` ri`fw nzpnjmi` an` fwane pwfpmf

} j~dp`ne iz ~ei b~ejme fwmneqiafwi an ì ijqmrmaia ne ì zfjmnaia, p~nane znw jwmqnwmfz qemjfz, j~`q~wi`nzf an jiwjqnw k~wamjf$jrmjf% @fz iqwmg~qfz y~n iay~mnwne ri`man{ ne ~e fwane pneziaf an ì eijme zmwrne anb~eaidneqf i qmpfz ambnwneqnz an eijmfenz; jwmqnwmfz qemjfz jfezqmq~}ne ì gizn an qfaf p~ng`f$eijme,jwmqnwmfz j~`q~wi`nz nzqe ne ì gizn an ìz eijmfenz j~`q~wi`nz f eijmfenz anbmemaiz jfdf jf`njqmrmaianz ancigì jfde, } jwmqnwmfz k~wamjf$jrmjfz b~eaidneqie ìz eijmfenz an jm~aiaiefz% An nzqfz amzqmeqfz qmpfz aneijme zn anwmrie ambnwnejmiz ne `f y~n cijn qieqf i ìz ijjmfenz pf`qmjiz jfdf qidgme i ì andiwjijmean ìz bwfeqnwiz nsqnwmfwnz } ì bfwdi an ì fwhiem{ijme meqnwei an ì eijme wnzpnjqmri% Iz, Lemh, jmqieafi` zfjm`fhf N% Bwiejmz, anbmen i ì eijme jfdf ~ei bfwdi cmzqwmji nzpnjbmji an ì fwhiem{ijm e zfjmi`y~n zn ai afean ì di}fwi an ì pfgìjme ne ~e Nzqiaf dfanwef jfebmh~wi ~ei ~emaia zfjmi` jìwidneqnwnjfefjmg`n, y~n zn ipwfsmdi i` qmpf mani` an zfjmnaia, j~ieaf amjci ~emaia zn gizi zfgwn qfaf ne z~jfcnzme nzqiqi`, } j~ieaf n` Nzqiaf nz pnwjmgmaf jfdf wnb`nkf an ì rf`~eqia hnenwi`% Ne rmwq~a an `fnsp~nzqf pfw Ciez Lemh, jwnf nzqiw ne jipijmaia an anbmemw n` eijmfei`mzdf jiq`mjf jf`fdgmief an

dnamiafz an` zmh`f SS, jfdf ~e pwf}njqf an eijmfei`mzdf j~`q~wi` pfw j~ieqf ipnì i ì wn`mhme jiq`mji} i ì `neh~i jizqn`ìei jfdf nknz ih`~qmeieqnz an ì jfd~emaia eijmfei` jf`fdgmiei$ j~}iz `mqnz #ìknwiwy~i nj`nzmzqmji znj~eaiai pfw ~e mdpfwqieqn znjqfw an` _iwqmaf Jfeznwriafw- pwnqneamnwfe hnenwiwzneqmdmneqfz an zf`maiwmaia pf`qmji y~n, i z~ rn{, pwfrfjiwie ì dfrm`m{ijme zfjmi` an qfafz iy~n``fzmej`~mafz aneqwf an nzn pwf}njqf an jfezqw~jjme eijmfei` #n` p~ng`f jiq`mjf jf`fdgmief-, jfe n` bme ani~eiw nzb~nw{fz ne iwiz an wnpn`nw ì ihwnzme nsqnwei #pnwzfembmjiai pfw `fz dmzmfenwfz pwfqnzqieqnzrnemafz an` efwqn an `fz jfeqmeneqnz idnwmjief } n~wfpnf- } jfdgiqmw i` nendmhf meqnwef #`fzjf`fdgmiefz jfernwzfz i` pwfqnzqieqmzdf }, pfw nean, qwimafwnz i ì piqwmi-, jfe n` bme `qmdf an pwnrnemw ì


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Iz, i`h~efz man`fhfz nj`nzmzqmjfz zfzqneie y~n, k~eqf jfe ì `neh~i, ì wn`mhme jiq`mji

nwi n` jfde anefdmeiafw y~n ciji pfzmg`n } anqnwdmeigi ì ~emaia eijmfei`

jf`fdgmiei7 d~nzqwi an n``f znwi, znhe n``fz, n` cnjcf an y~n, qieqf ne ì Jfezqmq~jme

Eijmfei` an 9332 #ieqnz an ì wnbfwdi jfezqmq~jmfei` an 9=:2- jdf ne n` Jfejfwaiqfbmwdiaf neqwn Jf`fdgmi } ì Zieqi Znan ne 9338, bmh~wigie `fz pwmejmpmfz k~wamjfz y~n

wnjfefjie ne n` Jiqf`mjmzdf n` n`ndneqf ih`~qmeieqn b~eaidneqi` an ì zfjmnaia

jf`fdgmiei, pfw `f y~n `fz jamhfz } pwmejmpmfz `nhi`nz i`~amafz fg`mhigie i` Nzqiaf

Jneqwi` i nknwjnw ì wnpwnzme nbnjqmri jfeqwi nzn ipiwiqf an pwfpihieai pwfqnzqieqn y~n

pwnqneai meqwfa~jmw ne ì eijme ~e jwnaf wn`mhmfzf ambnwneqn an` qwiamjmfei`%>: _iwi m`~zqwiw

nzqn iz~eqf, y~mzmnwi jmqiw n` iwqj~`f pwmdnwf an` Jfejfwaiqf ieqnwmfwdneqn wnbnwmaf n` j~i`

amjn `f zmh~mneqn;

IWQJ^@F 9; @i Wn`mhme Jiq`mji, Ipfzq`mji, Wfdiei, nz ì an Jf`fdgmi< `fz pfanwnz

pg`mjfz ì wnjfefjne jfdf n`ndneqf nznejmi` an` fwane zfjmi`, } zn fg`mhie i pwfqnhnwì }

cijnwì wnzpnqiw, `f dmzdf y~n i z~z dmemzqwfz, jfeznwreafì, i ì rn{, ne n` p`nef hfjn an z~z

anwnjcfz } pwnwwfhiqmriz%>1

Ne n` piwhwibf jmqiaf zn cijn piqneqn jdf ì wn`mhme jiq`mji nwi wnjfefjmai #} qnei y~n

znw wnjfefjmai- pfw `fz wnpwnzneqieqnz an `fz pfanwnz pg`mjfz an ì Wnpg`mji an Jf`fdgmi

jfdf n`ndneqf nznejmi` an` fwane zfjmi` pfwy~n, jfdf amwi i`he man`fhf ji q`mjf, i`

jfebnziwzn ì qfqi`maia dfwi` an `fz jf`fdgmiefz jfdf bmn`nz i` afhdi wfdief, amjci

cnqnwfhnenmaia wn`mhmfzi } `fz jfeb`mjqfz z~gznj~neqnz, ì jfww~pjme an ìz i`diz } an ìz jfzq~dgwnz, n`jf`femi`mzdf nzpmwmq~i`, n` zfdnqmdmneqf njfedmjf, neqwn fqwfz di`nz jiqizqwbmjfz piwi ì Eijmejf`fdgmiei% Ciez$Kfijcmd Lemh, Ne n` Jidmef cijmi ì Eijme; Eijmfei`mzdf ne n` _wfjnzf an Bfwdijmean` Nzqiaf } an ì Eijme an ì E~nri Hwieiai, 98>? i 93>2 #Gfhfq; Giejf an ì Wnpg`mji% AnpiwqidneqfNamqfwmi`, 9==1-% 7>$:2%>7

Zi`qi i ì rmzqi n` aif mednezf y~n zqi pwfpihieai p~nan fjizmfeiw i~e ne n` jidpf pf`qmjf< pfwy~n`fz afz hwieanz bijqfwnz an ì ~emaia eijmfei` zfe ì wn`mhme } ì `neh~i, } pnwdmqmw y~n zn meqwfa~{ji ~ei

e~nri wn`mhme ne ì eijme nz igwmw }i ~ei hwmnqi ne nzi nzqw~jq~wi an ì ~emaia eijmfei`% Mzdin` _nwafdf,Nzq~amf Zfgwn ì Jidpii } _nenqwijme _wfqnzqieqn ne Jf`fdgmi, 3%>:

N` Hfgmnwef nzq ne ì hwirzmdi fg`mhijme an cijnw j~dp`mw ì Jfezqmq~jme } n` Jfejfwaiqf,pnwdmqmeaf`nz zf`f n` nknwjmjmf an z~z j~`qfz ne pwmriaf, pnwf mdpmameaf`nz, jfdf nz z~ angnw, ìpwfpihieai nsqnwmfw an gmg`miz } bf``nqfz } ì ipnwq~wi an nzj~nìz } jf`nhmfz% Dmh~n` ehn` G~m`nz,Enfpihiemzdf, Jfww~pjme } Ziehwn% Ne Jiwqiz _izqfwi`nz, Rf`% :, 9=3%>1

Jiw`fz K~`mf ehn`, na%, @i Jfezqmq~jme Eijmfei`, n` Ijqf @nhmzìqmrf E 9 an 9=:2 } n` Jfejfwaiqf Rmhneqn #Gfhfq; z%e%, 9=:2-, 8=%


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wn`mhme k~hiwi ef zf`f n` pipn` an afjqwmei jfde an ì jfd~emaia eijmfei` zmef y~n,

i z~ rn{, nzn jwnaf zn jfezqmq~mwi ne afjqwmei bfwkiafwi an ì mamfzmejwizmi jf`fdgmiei,>>

`f y~n mdp`mjigi y~n, i` znw n` jiqf`mjmzdf n` n`ndneqf bfwdiafw an` `ìdiaf jiwjqnw

eijmfei` an `fz jf`fdgmiefz,>2n` cnjcf an pnwdmqmw } qf`nwiw n` ijjmfeiw pwfpihieamzqian ìz `ìdiaiz znjqiz pwfqnzqieqnz ne n` qnwwmqfwmf an ì Wnpg`mji jfezqmq~mwi ~e jwmdne

an qwimjme i ì piqwmi } ~e iqneqiaf jfeqwi ì jfcnzme zfjmi`%>8 @f ieqnwmfw pfawi mej`~zf

>>Znhe aiqfz nzqiazqmjfz jmnwqfz } irnwmh~iafz, ì qfqi`maia dfwi` an `fz jf`fdgmiefz nz jiq`mji% Nzqf ef

y~mnwn anjmw y~n qfafz `f znie mh~i`dneqn, p~nz ne `fz meamrma~fz ì rnwaia } n` nwwfw jfcigmqie ne d~}riwmiaiz dn{jìz< pnwf zi`rf pfjiz nsjnpjmfenz, n` p~ng`f jf`fdgmief pwfbnzi ì wn`mhme jiq`mji, wn`mhmecnwnaiai an z~z di}fwnz, eqmdidneqn ndgngmai ne ì mamfzmejwizmi an Jf`fdgmi, ne z~ cmzqfwmi, ne z~zqwiamjmfenz, ne z~ `mqnwiq~wi, ne z~ iwqn, ne z~ rmai zfjmi` } ne z~z h`fwmiz, an dfaf y~n gmne p~nan anjmwzny~n zfdfz jiq`mjfz pfw iqirmzdf, } y~n ì wn`mhme jiq`mji bfwdi piwqn an` i`di eijmfei` ^àiwmjf ^ww~qmi

Z%K%, @fz _wfqnzqieqnz ieqn ì Jfezqmq~jme, 92%Wnzpnjqf an` dmqf an ì qfqi` jiqf`mjmaia an` p~ng`f jf`fdgmief, jmnwqi b~neqn jiq`mji an 9=>3 efz amjny~n, i` jfeqwiwmf an `f iwh~dneqiaf pfw y~mnenz iacmnwne i nzn aiqf nzqiazqmjf, n` ednwf an jiq`mjfzrnwaianwfz, nz anjmw, jfernejmafz an z~ wn`mhme i` p~eqf an iz~dmwì jfdf ~e nzqm`f an rmai, ef z~pnwigi ìjmbwi an 7>. an` qfqi` an ì pfgìjme jf`fdgmiei< iz, ne piìgwiz an nzn i~qfw, @i anbnezi an ì bn jiq`mjine Jf`fdgmi, ne qfaf jizf, ef nzq ne n` ==. zmef ne n` 7>. an jiq`mjfz pwijqmjieqnz% Mej`~}n, an rnwaia,pfw qieqf n` dmqf`hmjf ==. ~ei mwwni`maia } y~m{ ~ei m`~zme biqi` zm zn `n ai ~e jiwjqnw anbmemqmrf }fg`mhieqn afean ef `f p~nan wnjìdiw ne n` bfeaf% N` _wfg`ndi an` _wfqnzqieqmzdf ne Jf`fdgmi, #Gfhfq;Jffpnwiqmri Eijmfei` an Iwqnz Hwbmjiz, 9=>3-, 92%Ne jfezfeiejmi jfe `f mednamiqidneqn ieqnwmfw, qidgme y~mzmnwi cijnw dnejme an ~e nzq~amf an jizf y~npfawi znwrmw piwi z~zqneqiw an i`h~ei dienwi ef zf`f `f ibmwdiaf ne ì b~neqn ieqnz wnbnwmai, zmef y~npfawi aiwefz pmn piwi j~nzqmfeiw ì zmejnwmaia an d~jcfz jf`fdgmiefz an dnamiafz an` zmh`f SS wnzpnjqfan ì bn jiq`mji i ì y~n anjie iazjwmgmw< amjcf nzq~amf an jizf b~n wni`m{iaf neqwn 9=1= } 9=>9 pfw n`

zfjm`fhf Fwìeaf Bi`z Gfwai y~mne, hwijmiz i` qwigikf an jidpf } i ìz fgznwrijmfenz wni`m{iaiz ne ìrnwnai an Zi~jmf, anpiwqidneqf an J~eameidiwji, ci ``nhiaf i ì jfej`~zme an y~n `fz jidpnzmefzzi~jmqiz, `nkfz an znw bmn`nz jwmzqmiefz y~n rmrne z~ bn } neqmneane ìz nscfwqijmfenz y~n anzan n` p`pmqf znpwnamjie, zfe dz gmne pnwzfeiz jfe ~ei wn`mhmfzmaia dnjemji, y~n ef neqmneane ìz mdp`mjijmfenz an `fzafhdiz y~n wnjmgne em an ìz fwijmfenz y~n wnjmqie< ne piìgwiz an` i~qfw; I~ey~n `fz zi~jmqiz zfeJiq`mjfz Wfdiefz, pfjfz jfdpwneane ìz giznz manf`hmjiz an ì Mh`nzmi% Ef d~jcfz jfejmgne p`neidneqnn` pipn` wnaneqfw an Jwmzqf, y~mne `nz ci zmaf anzjwmqf pwmejmpi`dneqn jfdf n` z~bwmaf Cmkf an Amfz, jfwfeiafan nzpmeiz, jìriaf i ~ei jw~{ } wnzmheiaf i dfwmw; n` nkndp`f an ì mdpfqnejmi% N` zmhembmjiaf an ìjfd~eme ef `nz wnz~`qi d~} jìwf% N` jiqnjmzdf nz zfìdneqn ~ei jf`njjme an piìgwiz, an ìz j~i`nz n``fz`fhwie anwmriw ìz dz nsqwiiz meqnwpwnqijmfenz Nrmaneqndneqn, nzqiz ijqmq~anz zfe n` wnz~`qiaf an ~eiwn`mhme y~n pfw d~jcfz zmh`fz ci zmaf p~widneqn dnjemji, e~eji jìwidneqn dnamqiai, wiwiz rnjnz gmnensp`mjiai% Fwìeaf Bi`z Gfwai, Jidpnzmefz an `fz Ieanz; Nzq~amf Zfjmf`hmjf an Zi~jmf % #Gfhfq; Namqfwmi`

My~nmdi, 9=29-, 73?$731%>2 Zm zn j

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