hi166 presentation 新世紀

8/7/2019 hi166 presentation

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PH On the Way to Independence

PH was already preparing for its

Independence from the US Many positive results of the US Occupation:

democratic partnerships, universal

education, public health and welfare,

impetus for commerce, industry, and trade,

basic individual freedoms, improvedcommunication and transportation,

developed political conciousness


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Japanese Products

- There were also many Japanese branded products beingsold in the Philippines such as:

- Pesticides like Imazu Fly Powder, Liquid Katol, and Katolcoils

- Vanity products such as Kanebo silk stockings, Kurokamiblack hair dye

- Oneida tableware

- Kirin Beer and Asahi Beer

- Other Japanese products were not branded with Japanesenames and instead sounded American:

- Protector toothbrush - Club beauty products

- Lion toothpaste

- Pilot pens


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1930s

- Many Filipino bottled products used Japanese-madebottles because the Philippines did not then produce

bottles - Up to the mid 1930s, most Japanese trading companies

used Chinese retailers to sell their mass-oriented products

- From the mid 1930s, Japanese businessmen went into the

retail business after the Chinese retailers boycottedJapanese products

- There were also Japanese-owned specialized shops in thecountry selling bicycles, pharmacy, medical and dentistrysupply, glass sheets, carpentry tools, watch and watchrepair, made-to-order clothing, confectionery, etc.


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The Japanese Occupation

Economic State of the Philippines


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- In 1935, the country face a severe ricecrisis due to a crop shortfall and corneringof the market by shrewd merchants.

- The commonwealth governmentestablished the National Rice and CornCorporation or Naric as a way to nationalizethe rice industry and stabilize prices.

- Quezon also sought to increase foodproduction by building more irrigationsystems and promoting more modern andscientific planting methods.


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- He also planned a series of social

justice programs to redistribute land tothe farmers.

- Quezon also created the Emergency

Control Board in 1939 and the CivilianEmergency Administration in 1941 toprepare the country for war conditions.

- Progress, though, was slow because thethreat or war was not taken seriously.


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- With the outbreak of the war, the

economy was thus easily disrupted:transportation was commandeered by

the USAFFE, crops could not be

harvested because of evacuation, and the

import and export between the US and

the Philippines was broken.


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- Otherwise, basic commodities and food

were only provided for the Filipinos tomaintain stability.

- Long term, the Japanese also wanted toincorporate the Philippines into the

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere


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Japanese Economic Control

- To keep inflation under control, productionof commodities was increased to preventshortages, bank withdrawals were limited to500 pesos a month, and a forced savingssystem was implemented where wage

earners were required to save 10% of theirearnings in bank deposits.

- There was also a general salary reduction

for government employees, but it would beoffset by rationing and price controllowering the cost of living.


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Monopolies

- With the goal of creating a completely controlledeconomy in the Philippines, the Japanese also

established monopolies, based on the controlledeconomy in Japan.

- This would be done by establishing various groupssuch as the Prime Commodities Distribution Control

Association, Federation of Filipino RetailersAssociation, Japanese Bazaars Association, ChineseRetailers Association, and the Philippine CopraPurchasing Union along with similar groups for

traders, manufacturers, and dealers of otherproducts, and also associations for farmers,fishermen, bakers, cattle and hog buyers, horseowners.


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- Membership was mandatory and the

majority of top officials were Japanese. - This allowed all major professions, and

thus the entire economy, to be easily

controlled. - In theory, this allowed a more direct route

between producers and consumers, which

would cut costs, and would allow greatercooperation rather than wastefulcompetition, maximizing all resources.


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- In cases where existing special companies andorganizations covered strategic interests such asrailroads, electricity, telephone, telegraph, andfuel , the Japanese simply took them over undertheir direct control.

- This was also the case with the banks: all ofthem would be supervised or controlled by thegovernment in support of if its goal of controlled

economy. - With this centralization, the Japanese could

begin to control prices and ration supply.


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Rice Crisis

- Immediately after occupation, in conjunctionwith Naric, the Japanese were able to reopen

rice stores in Manila to sell at a fixed amount anda fixed price.

-This was the beginning of rationing and price

control which would characterize the rest ofJapanese economic policy.

- After some initial difficulty with lack of ricestores, rice sales stabilized.

- However, rice stocks soon ran out and the warinterrupted the harvest and transportation,causing the shortage of rice.


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- Also, the Japanese were given priority, as would bein all other aspects of the economy, leaving even less

for the Filipinos. - Shortages like this would spread to other

commodities as the Japanese took over thePhilippine economy.

- In order to counteract the shortage, the Japaneseintroduced a fast-maturing strain of rice from Taiwancalled horai rice which could theoretically double ortriple rice production in the Philippines.

- After initial success in experimental farms, certainregions were ordered to cultivate only horai.


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- The Japanese controlled media proclaimed that thePhilippines could become self-sufficient in a years

time. - Despite this, the Japanese did import rice to the

Philippines from Saigon and continued importinguntil the end of the occupation.

- To centralize control of rice procurement anddistribution, ensuring that the Japanese military gotits share, Naric was placed under direct Japanesearmy management and all transactions involving riceincluding milling, buying, selling, transportation,storage, and distribution were placed under Naric.


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- Naric still encountered many difficulties insupplying rice such as the lack of peace and order in

rice producing provinces and general lack oftransportation.

- Nonetheless the Japanese Military Administrationsought to increase productivity by introducing new

fertilizers from Japan and improving irrigationsystems.

- As was the case with many other sectors of theeconomy, the Japanese organized the Food ControlAssociation in 1942 and the Federation of RiceGrowers Associations in 1943 to monopolize andcontrol production.


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PRIMCO

- The Philippine Prime Commodities DistributionControl Association or Primco was establishedby the Japanese to control the supply anddistribution of prime commodities, except food.

- It inventories stocks in private warehouses andshops throughout the country, and forcibly tookgoods from companies as Japanese-mandatedprices, which were always low.

- Private companies, in turn, were struck hardand lost their stocks and assets.


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- When inflation set in, Primco insisted on buyingcheap and selling cheap.

- Primco also supplied the Japanese military andvarious development companies along with thepublic.

- To control consumption, rationing wasimplemented for laundry soap, matches, cookingoil, cotton, textiles, and clothing at fixed prices.

- Ideally, the goods would be rationed enough tosustain the population, however, actualimplementation was very different.


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- Priority was given to the self-sustenance of theJapanese forces and so they had first rights on these

commodities , and only leftovers could bedistributed to Filipinos.

- Overall, mismanagement and forced buying atunreasonably low prices thus caused a severe

shortage. - The Japanese did foresee the shortage which is why

they implemented the rationing and fixed prices, butthese were stopgap measures, and the Japaneserealized that the Philippines needed to be able toproduce for itself as well as for the Japanese.


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Mickey Mouse Money

- In order to control the entire financialsystem of the countries Japan occupies, theyissued gumpyo, also known asmilitary war notes, pass money, or scrip.

- The peso military notes for the Philippines

were called the Ho type and came in sevendenominations: 10, 5, and 1 peso bills, and50, 10, 5, and 1 centavo bills.

- The Japanese invasion forces brought thefirst military notes with them which wereimmediately to be used as legal tender.


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- The military notes were to be used in alltransactions, and severe punishment was

threatened for anyone who interfered with theircirculation while all other currencies except thepre-war peso were banned.

- Filipinos were immediately suspicious despiteassurance that the money was backed by theJapanese government because there was noindication, such as serial numbers, that the

money was backed by any value and becausethe Japanese had to actually threaten Filipinos touse the bills which would be unnecessary if thenotes had real value.


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- Because the notes did not look real and quickly lostits value to inflation from 1943 onward, Filipinos

derisively them Mickey Mouse money: not real, afigment of the imagination.

- With inflation setting in and the highestdenomination being 10 pesos, more and more bills

were required to buy commodities; salaries wouldbe paid in bundles of bills, and bags of bills had tobe carried to market.

- With dwindling supply in the economy due to thefaulty economic controls, prices rose and the valueof Mickey Mouse money continued to drop.


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Making the Philippines

Self-Sufficient - In order to reorganize the Philippine economy to

produce enough for both the Filipinos and the

Japanese, the unbalanced economy that theAmericans left behind had to be replaced.

- The Japanese planned to cut sugar output sinceother areas in the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity

Sphere already produced enough sugar for Japan. - The plan was to have excess sugar plantation lands

be converted to cotton plantations so as to produceenough for both the Philippines and Japan. (cottonwas important not only for clothing but also in themanufacture of explosives)


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- Both Japan and the Philippines were cottonimporting countries before the war, so it was

urgent to be able to produce the resource.

- Japan quickly sent a group of specialists tooversee the plan in 1942, and once the plan was

made public, the planting of cotton began.

- The sugar lands in Negros and Central Luzonwere divided among Japanese civilian cotton

companies while Filipino landowners andfarmers were ordered to cultivate cotton undercontract with the Japanese companies.


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- As with other aspects of the economy, aPhilippine Cotton-Growing Association was

organized. - The plan, as a whole, was reasonable:

Filipinos would plant cotton in excess lands

under expert Japanese supervision. Inbetween harvest and planting, secondaryfood crops would be planted to keep the

land useful throughout the year - Optimistic target numbers were calculated

and were set to be increased annually.


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- The predictions, however were not met,

and many difficulties were encountered:the Japanese specialists arrived late,

delaying planting; various pests and

diseases attacked the seedlings; too

much rain fell, after which a drought set

in, not to mention that the cotton is notacclimatized to Philippine conditions.


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- The cotton plants were also delicate,

and so Filipino farmers were not used tohandling the crops; many disliked thehard work and deliberately did as little

as they could. - Landlords were also hesitant and did

not always cooperate.

- Guerilla resistance also sabotagedcotton plantations, especially in Negros.


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- It was also used for making containers

such as barrels and various resins, gums,and oils can be extracted from wood.

- As much as possible, these products would

be exported to Japan.

- As with cotton, the Philippine Lumber

Control Union was organized to divide thePhilippines into areas and given to member

companies, all Japanese, to exploit.


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- Another strategic resource for the Japanesewas the mines.

- Gold mines were developed by the Americansbefore the war, but the Japanese did not needgold for the war effort, so the gold mines were

temporarily shut down and the equipment wassent to copper, chromium, and manganese mineswhich the Japanese focused on.

- As with the cotton and lumber production plan,Japanese mining companies were allottedspecific mines to exploit.


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- As with Primco, Filipino operators were

under the mercy of Japanese-organizedmonopolies, such as the lumber union,and were forced to sell their materials at

union prices, creating shortages. -Thus, Japanese companies competed

with each other for limited resources andprices rose; racketeering, smuggling,confiscation, and corruption followed.


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-It was the same pattern with other industries orresources such as fuel, transportation,

communication, and electricity; they weredeveloped but always prioritized for theJapanese and maintenance and spare parts werealways inadequate.

- Overall, the guerillas, peoples apathy,difficulties in work and transport, shortage offood, and the unreasonable prices set by the

Japanese led to low output of lumber, cotton,minerals, and virtually all other aspects of theJapanese-controlled economy.


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- It seemed that farms would be left without workanimals so the administration had to restrict the

number of animals slaughtered and laterordered that only animals that certified to nolonger be useful in the fields could beslaughtered.

- Prices of other foods also rose despite priceceilings set and despite efforts by the Bureau ofCommerce and Industry, and the Philippine

Constabularys Economic Police Division toensure the ceilings were followed and to arrestprofiteers and hoarders.


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- To cut costs, the Japanese Military

Administration slashed the daily wagefrom the pre-war P1.00 to P0.80.

- Many Japanese companies and militaryforces paid even less, and as a result,

many Filipinos avoided working for the

Japanese.


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Japanese Mismanagement

- Although the Japanese plans lookedreasonable and logical on paper, they led to

various complications. - Rather than cooperation, there was rivalry

between the Japanese army, navy, and the

civilian development companies for limitedresources.

- When procuring resources and goods,

they paid ridiculously low prices, makingthe shortage worse, and raising the pricesuncontrollably, leading to inflation.


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- On other occasions, encouragement and highbuying prices by the Japanese led to unexpected

results: - Both the Japanese army and navy offered large

sums of money for scrap metal, electrical wires, andother strategic materials.

- This made a flourishing trade in such materials, butalso an increase in the looting of such materials suchas stealing wires from street lights (which theJapanese administration never replaced) and evenstealing from Japanese supply depots to sell thestolen goods back to the Japanese.


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- Other Japanese measures thus often

went badly as well: - Lack of interest and cooperation by

Filipino and poor management by the

Japanese consistently led to low

production;


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- Cutbacks in government led to greater

unemployment, and the cut in salariesled to lower income meaning the peoplecould not or refused to pay taxes, thus

leading to lower government revenue; - Mickey Mouse money was not

considered real currency and theJapanese kept printing and circulatingmore leading to even more inflation.


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Black Market

- Because of the increasing number of

Japanese troops, demand for commoditiesrose and a shortage in almost all

commodities was only a matter of time.

- As a result, the black market thriveddespite all attempts to control it.

- Fake licenses, permits, ration tickets, andeven fake Mickey Mouse money abounded.


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- Fake price control inspectors andconstables also emerged, while manygenuine officers became corrupt.

- Vendors would cheat consumers by

tampering with scales and disregarded theprice controls.

- Rent control orders were also disregarded

by both Japanese and Filipinos, withlandlords charging their own rents andthreatening to kick tenants out.


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- Control measures by the Japanese only worked onpaper; anomalies, corruption, and cheating took

place right within the Japanese control associationsand while those caught were expelled, they onlyjoined the black market as a result.

- While anti-profiteering campaigns seemed to work

early on, as soon as they were stopped, profiteeringand hoarding returned; those previously punishedfor hoarding and profiteering simply returned totheir activities after release.

- The Japanese, in turn, were afraid that too muchharshness would only force more peopleunderground.


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Laurels measure

Food Crisis Reorganizing the Control Organizations

Forced Labor


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Same Problems

- Because the Japanese continued to controlmuch of the economy, simply taking what itneeded, demand outstripped supply andpeople were left without basic commoditiesfor survival.

- Profiteering was never stopped, the blackmarket continued to thrive, and cheating

and corruption were blatant. - Inflation began to rise in 1943 and became

impossible in 1944:


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- A shirt that cost P0.80 prewar cost

P6.00-9.00 in 1943. - Laundry soap cost P0.03-0.04 prewar

rose to P3.00.

- An old pair of denim pants used to sell

at P1.50, now sold for P50.00.

- One kilo of sugar shot up to P70.00 from

a prewar price of P0.30.


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An Economy of Subtitutes

- With the shortage of almost all basic

necessities, substitutes had to bedevised.

- People were urged to use camote and

cassava as rice substitutes.

- Buses ran on charcoal.


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- Rice or corm substituted for coffee.

- Boiled avocado or mango leaves wereused for tea.

- Banana peels were used for shoepolish.


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- Banana Catsup was discovered as a substitutefor the imported tomato original.

- Since cars were reserved for the powerful,many resorted to bicycles or simply walked.

- The dokar (a horse drawn vehicle withautomobile wheels and upholstered seats),calesas and carretelas became common on theroad.

- Small sailboats or batels also became popularfor interisland transportation since there were noregular liners.


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- People also resorted to cost-cutting

measures: - Some men cut their long pants to make

them short to save laundry soap

- Matches were split in two to double

supply

- The tingi system was used


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The Dark Side of the Economy

- There was also a prospering trade in fakemerchandise such as fake brandedcigarettes and even fake medicines alongwith the forged documents and fake moneyprevalent in the black market.

- Many people resorted to barter becauseMickey Mouse money rapidly lost value,

and wound up bartering prized prewarcollections and other possessions for basicnecessities.


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- War widows also resorted to selling theirchildren to those who could take better careof them.

- A guerilla report from 1944 stated that it

was easier to buy a child than a pig inManila.

- Shortages were not as bad in the

provinces, but Japanese or guerilla raidsdestabilized conditions and many peopleflowed into the cities for safety.


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- This served to worsen the shortages

and further increase unemployment. - Opportunists, though, were able to

make money out of the situation such as

directly supplying the Japanese, making

big money out of the transactions, or by

hoarding commodities.


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The Japanese Occupation

Socio-Cultural Realities in the

Philippines


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Japan Courts the Filipino Soul

There were several problems that the

Japanese faced First, they thought that prolonged

exposure to Western civilization had

alienated the Philippines from the true

Asian Spirit.

Second, Filipinos fought alongside USforces against Japan.

G


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The West as a Global Demon

They portrayed US as the enemy, and

boasted about their victories. They controlled media and information.


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Th C l P li G T W k


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The Culture Police Go To Work

Sendenbu or the Propaganda Group/Corps wereassigned to outline the principles of education

1. explain the place of PH in the Co-ProsperitySphere

2. cut dependence on the West

3. raise peoples morals, deemphasizing materialism

4. spread the use of Japanese and end the use ofEnglish

5. give importance to basic education and promote

vocational education 6. inspire people with love of labor


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Kempeitai

Ed ti


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Education

Schools were closed.

Curricula and syllabi were reviewed. Alltextbooks were censored.

Anything perceived as the following werecensored: anti-Japanese, antiwar, pro-American or British, supportive of Americanor British fundamental principles ofeducation, exposing improper conduct of

the Japanese Offending pages were torn-out or covered

with strips of paper

Ed ti


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Education

Social sciences and literature were given

less emphasis Vocational education and service to the

country were highlighted

Later, schools reopened after being

screened. Public elementary schools first

then public high schools, private schoolsthen vocational schools.

C h C i th N O d


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Crash Course in the New Order

Colleges and higher institutions of learningwere opened later but only selectively.

UP re-opened relatively late Only technical schools were allowed to

resume classes medicine, engineering,

agriculture. Some schools never opened because their

buildings and campuses were taken over by

the military. Schools were expected to teach their

students about the New Order.

C h C i th N O d


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Crash Course in the New Order

Teaching Niponggo was made compulsory.

Some courses were taught in Niponggo so that

Filipinos would be prepared to teach thelanguage later on.

Some teachers were sent from Japan just for

teaching. Japanese sent pensionadosto Japan to study at

Japanese schools and learn about Japanese lifefirst hand.

USSAFE veterans were made to undergorejuvenation courses to clean them of theiranti-Japanese ideas.

P bli ti


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Publications

After textbooks were examined, all books inbookstores were checked for dangerous or offensive

ideas. All publications had to be censored or approved

including newspapers, magazines, books andpamphlets.

Movies, stage shows, radio programs, even letterssent through the post office were censored.

Most radio stations were closed. Only the KZRH (nowDZRH) was allowed to open along with a few localones.

The pre-war Roces TVT (Tribune-La Vanguardia-Taliba) newspaper chain was reopened in Manila.


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Keeping time to


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Japanese Clocks The Japanese held contests for poems, short

stories, novels, slogans and musical

compositions. Winners were given much publicity and the

winning pieces were publicly published or

presented. Philippine clocks were set to Japan time (one

hour ahead)

Japanese holidays became Philippine holidays.

Japanese was declared an official languagealong with Tagalog.


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Japanese language became a mandatory subject in schools.

Roads, bridges and places were given Japanese names.

Japanese national anthem was played in all programs andparticipants and audiences had to bow towards Tokyo andobserve one minute of silent prayer for Tokyos victory andthe Japanese war dead.

Philippine national anthem and flags were banned.

Radio Taiso was introduced to instill both discipline andphysical fitness.

Schoolchildren and government officials assembled in frontof their buildings at a designated time in the morning toperform physical exercises as directed by a radioannouncer was meant for Filipinos to obey orders from anunseen authority.


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Religion


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Religion

Religion section composed of Japanese Christianpriests, ministers and nuns.

Japanese tried to convince the Catholic Churchin the Philippines to cooperate with the GreaterEast Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.

Urged priests to preach Japans aims in the war.

Also reached out to Protestants but they hadproblems since they were founded by

Americans

Japanese did not make much attempt to reachout to the Muslims through their religion

Laurel republic takes up reform


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Laurel republic takes up reform

Curriculum changes and more suitableeducational program for the country

Emphasis on national language and history

Board went back to the semestral system,

with vacations long enough for children torest and timed during rainy season tominimize disruption of classes.

Only Filipinos could teach Filipino history. Qualifying exams for teachers

Promoting a new nationalistic


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image Laurel government tried to spread more Filipino

propaganda line using all forms of media.

Set up new periodicals such as Filipina, amonthly womens magazine and The Republic, anew newspaper.

Manila Shimbun-sha to Philippine Publications KZRH to PIAM

Tatlong Maria was completed and released on1944 which focused on the importance oftraditional values, hard work, and rural life asopposed to the greed, corruption andsuperficiality of the city

The Filipino flag


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returns to public life New stamps were printed for the republic

showing nationalist orientation.

Philippine flag was highlighted in publications,leaflets and posters.

Philippine national anthem was translated into

Tagalog and became Diwa ng Bayan replacingthe Japanese national anthem entitled Awit saPaglikha ng Bagong Pilipinas

Cigarette boxes were also used for the republics

propaganda line named Independenciacigarettes made from Virginia tobaccos whichwere grown in the Philippines.


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Restrictions continue under Laurel


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Laurel felt that public information also requiredsome degree of control.

Board of Information was created whichprevented inaccurate and careless reportage notin keeping with the republics ideals.

Kabataang Pangarap ni Rizal and Revtrufilnism(exact meaning is not known but most probablystands for Revive True Filipinism) were formed

aimed at developing a greater nationalistconsciousness.



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Despite Laurels attempts to make independencereal and to develop a Filipino cultural policy,

many elements of the Japanese policy were stillin place including the stress on vocationaleducation, mandatory Niponggo classes and theRadio Taiso.

Change from Manila Shimbun-sha to PhilippinePublications and KZRH to PIAM was onlycosmetic since news content and censorship did

not change.Restrictions on listening to foreign shortwaveradio stations except Radio Tokyo remained


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Actions louder than propaganda


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Contradictions between propaganda and

actual conditions were too visible. Seizing of private property and the

swaggering Japanese behaviour, in

which daily they acted as if they were

superior to Filipinos, were more

convincing.



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Humiliation ofbowing beforesentries and getting

slapped if doneimproperly bit moredeeply into Filipinopsyche than any

propaganda. These acts belied

the friendly,brotherly imageportrayed inpropagandamagazines andleaflets.


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Golden Age of Stage


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Golden Age of Stage

Because of the lack of new movies, stage

shows and presentations enjoyed agolden age.

Foreign classics were translated to

Filipino and were performed.

Tandang Sora, Bayan Ko, Sa Sariling Lupa,

Bukang Liwayway


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Wartime Wit and Humor


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Wartime Wit and Humor

Pugo and Tugo comedians who

satirized the Japanese with jokes The Japanese made them change their

name: Tuging and Puging


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Double meaning in literature and press

Jokes against the Japanese wereprevalent

Instead of saying Ohayou! Filipinoswould say O Hayop! Instead of saying

Banzai! they would say Bangkay!

Reversal of pro Japanese slogans


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Hidden messages and secret warnings

were inserted into plays. Example, thesong Bakit Hindi Ka Pa Dumarating?

referring to McArthurs return.

Songs


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Songs

New anthem: Awit

sa Paglikha ng

Bagong Pilipinas

Made by the

Kalibapi


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Conclusion:Why bother?


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Conclusion: Why bother?

Being resourceful during hard times

Being resilient Giving emphasis to the importance of

cooperation and unity

Stressing the importance of NationalConsciousness and love and care for

other peoples being Demonstrating the sense of Nationalism

to ones country


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