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High Resolution Genetic and Physical High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance Mapping of Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance in Hazelnut in Hazelnut IV INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS IN FORESTRY Vidyasagar R. Sathuvalli and Shawn A. Mehlenbacher Vidyasagar R. Sathuvalli and Shawn A. Mehlenbacher Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University

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Page 1: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

High Resolution Genetic and Physical High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance Mapping of Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance

in Hazelnutin Hazelnut

IV INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS IN FORESTRY

Vidyasagar R. Sathuvalli and Shawn A. MehlenbacherVidyasagar R. Sathuvalli and Shawn A. MehlenbacherDepartment of Horticulture, Oregon State UniversityDepartment of Horticulture, Oregon State University

Page 2: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Eastern Filbert Blight in HazelnutEastern Filbert Blight in Hazelnut

Major devastating disease

First identified in southwest Washington –1968

First discovered in Willamette valley – 1986

Moved Southward @ 2‐3 km per year

More than 60 % of Oregon’s hazelnut orchards are affected or in close proximity to diseased orchards. 

Page 3: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Causal fungus: Anisogramma anomala 

Division: Ascomycota

Sub‐division: Pezizomycotina

Class: Sordariomycetes

Order: Diaporthales

Family: Valsaceae (Dict. Fung., 2001)

extension.oregonstate.edu/.../EC149902‐02.jpg

Jose R. Liberato DPI&F Jose R. Liberato DPI&F Jose R. Liberato DPI&F

Eastern Filbert Blight in HazelnutEastern Filbert Blight in Hazelnut

Page 4: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Adapted & Modified from http://www.eppo.org

Distribution of Distribution of Anisogramma anomalaAnisogramma anomala

Map by Jay W. Pscheidt and Pat Grimaldi, 2006

2004‐05

Page 5: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Life Cycle of Life Cycle of Anisogramma anomalaAnisogramma anomalaWet conditions & 

Budbreak

Chilling  & dormancy

13‐16 months

Page 6: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Disease Resistance BreedingDisease Resistance BreedingEFB resistance – Important objective of 

hazelnut breeding program at OSU

‘Gasaway’ resistance – mostly employed

Resistance controlled by dominant allele at single locus

Most advanced selections – ‘Gasaway’resistance

‘Jefferson’ recently released EFB resistance cultivar

Barcelona                JeffersonSusceptible

Resistant

GasawayGasaway JeffersonJefferson

Page 7: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Outline of mapOutline of map‐‐based cloning approachbased cloning approach

Krattinger et al., 2009

Disease resistance Linked Markers

Isolate disease resistance gene

Mapping BAC end markers

Page 8: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

A genetic map

A large mapping population and Identification of recombinants

A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library

Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking

Requirements for mapRequirements for map‐‐based cloning approachbased cloning approach

Page 9: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Genetic linkage Genetic linkage mapmap

of hazelnutof hazelnut

Mehlenbacher et al. (2006) constructed a genetic linkage map for hazelnut with RAPD and SSR markers

‘Gasaway’ resistance in linkage group 6

Nine RAPD markers within 7.5cM of resistance

Page 10: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

A genetic map

A large mapping population and Identification of recombinants

A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library

Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking

Requirements for mapRequirements for map‐‐based cloning approachbased cloning approach

Page 11: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Mapping PopulationMapping Population

In 2007, controlled crosses between OSU 252.146 and OSU 414.062 generated 1488 seedlings

07001 – 1080 seedlings07002 – 408 seedlings

07002 is from reciprocal cross, OSU 414.062 x OSU 252.146

Page 12: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Fine scale genetic mappingFine scale genetic mapping

DNA was extracted from 1488 seedlings in 2008

Screened for the presence of RAPD markers 152‐800 and 268‐580

Both markers present – Assumed to be resistant

Both markers absent – Assumed to be susceptible

One marker present and the other absent –inoculated in the greenhouse

Recombinant seedlings were used to map new BAC end markers

152-8000.0

R-locus1.4

268-5804.4

Marker1

Marker2

Page 13: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Inoculated in the greenhouse  for disease response

RAPD Marker ScreeningRAPD Marker Screening

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + +_ +

UBC152‐800

UBC268‐580

_ +_ _ _ _ _ _ _+ + +

Page 14: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Disease InoculationsDisease Inoculations1 2

3 4

13‐16 months later

Carried out in locked greenhouse

Page 15: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

High resolution mapping of EFB resistance High resolution mapping of EFB resistance  region with RAPD markersregion with RAPD markers

Screening of 1488 seedlings identified 87 recombinants between RAPD markers 152‐800 and 268‐580.

Linkage map was constructed with 7 RAPDs, 2 HRM and 1 SCAR markers using JoinMap v.4.0

Resistance is flanked by two RAPD markers W07‐375 and X01‐825 at 0.05 and 0.06 cM, respectively.

Page 16: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

A genetic map

A large mapping population and Identification of recombinants

A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library

Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking

Requirements for mapRequirements for map‐‐based cloning approachbased cloning approach

Page 17: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

BAC library of HazelnutBAC library of Hazelnut

Constructed for ‘Jefferson’

Cloning enzyme ‐MboI 

Vector ‐ pECBAC1 (BamHI site)

Average insert size – 117kb

Genome coverage – 12x

39,936 clones arrayed in 104 384‐well  plates

Page 18: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

A genetic map

A large mapping population and Identification of recombinants

A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library

Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking

Requirements for mapRequirements for map‐‐based cloning approachbased cloning approach

Page 19: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Probes for Screening BAC libraryProbes for Screening BAC library

9 RAPD markers close to resistance where cloned and sequenced

Two sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers were designed 

These new SCAR markers were used to screen the BAC library

152‐800 268‐580

Page 20: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Screening of BAC libraryScreening of BAC libraryPooling and Screening by PCR

Plate pools -

104Row pools -

16 per plateColumn pools -

24 per plateExtract DNA

Screen Plate pools

Screen Row and Column pools

Identify the positive clones

18 SCARs from 9 RAPD markers

Screening twice helps avoid false positives and other PCR artifacts

Sequence the BAC ends

Row pool

Column pool

E

17

Hit:78‐Ex17

Page 21: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Sequence the BAC ends

Design new primers from BAC ends

Map the new markers

Screen the BAC library with new BAC end probes

Identify new BACs

Chromosome WalkingChromosome Walking

Identify the BACs carrying resistance

Page 22: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Markers from BAC end sequencesMarkers from BAC end sequences

Lack of polymorphism in the BAC end markers – a major constraint

Various kinds of markers were developed from BAC end sequences

Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR)Single Stranded Conformational Polymorphism (SSCP)Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR)High Resolution Melting (HRM)Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS)

Primers were designed either using Primer 3 or LightScanner primer design (HRM) Software

Page 23: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Chromosome WalkingChromosome Walking

Initial Screening with SCARs developed from RAPD markers identified 36 BACs

Two further rounds of chromosome walking were carried out from BAC end markers

A total of 93 BACs were identified

Page 24: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Fine mapping of the EFB resistance regionFine mapping of the EFB resistance region

Page 25: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

BE01 BE33

BAC end SCAR markersBAC end SCAR markers

2% Agarose – 90v‐6hrs 2% Agarose – 90v‐2.5hrs

RPSPRSRS SSSS RPSPRSRS SSSS

Page 26: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

BE04 -

SSCP

BE05 BE05 ‐‐

SSCPSSCP

RPSP RSRS SS SS

RPSP RSRS SS SS

0.5X MDE®

Gel* ‐

4.0 Watt – 12hrs

0.5X MDE®

Gel* ‐

4.0 Watt – 18hrs

BAC end SSCP Markers BAC end SSCP Markers 

* Lonza Rockland, Inc., Rockland, ME, USA

Page 27: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

BAC end HRM markersBAC end HRM markers

TBE126 TBE_II_14

Resistant melt curveSusceptible melt curve Susceptible melt curve

Page 28: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

HRM‐based RAPD marker X01‐825 HRM‐based RAPD marker W07‐375

Susceptible melt curveResistance melt 

curve

Susceptible melt curve

HRMHRM‐‐

Markers from RAPDsMarkers from RAPDs

Page 29: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Fine mapping of the EFB resistance regionFine mapping of the EFB resistance region

High density map – 51 markers + Resistance phenotype

Map spans a distance of 4.45cM

Averages 0.03cM between markers

34 markers placed < 1cM from resistance

Page 30: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

High Information Content Fingerprinting (HICF) High Information Content Fingerprinting (HICF) Each BAC screening provided more than one BAC hitHigh Information Content Fingerprinting (HICF) was carried out to merge similar BACsBACs were fingerprinted and assembled using the program FPC v9.3 at a threshold of 1 x e‐35HICF assembled 22 contigs and 23 singletons 

FPC output showing the BACs in a single contig

Page 31: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Physical Mapping of EFB resistance regionPhysical Mapping of EFB resistance region

High resolution genetic map and HICF data allowed construction of a physical map.

Sizes of the BACs were estimated using PFGE (Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis)

Page 32: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Physical Map of the EFB resistance regionPhysical Map of the EFB resistance region

Page 33: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

1 RecombinantPlant ID UY44

1 RecombinantPlant ID VC55

Rlocu

s

Identification of resistant contigIdentification of resistant contig

A single recombination event was observed between W07‐375 and resistance 

A single recombination event was observed between resistance and HICF13

W07‐375 and HICF13 are from the same contig

Size of the contig is ~ 150kb

Resistant contig consists of 3 overlapping clones

87B766C2243F13

Page 34: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Sequencing of Whole BACsSequencing of Whole BACs

BACs in contigs from 173‐500, AA12‐850, W07‐375 and X01‐825Sequencing with Illumina IIx genome analyzer9 BACs per lane were multiplexed using 3bp barcoded adapters80bp paired end sequencing

Page 35: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Data analysis and BioinformaticsData analysis and Bioinformatics

80bp paired‐end reads were sorted according to the adapter barcodes using perl scrip bcsort_pe.pl (brianknaus.com)

De novo assembly of sequences carried out in three steps

1.

Sequences assembled using Velvet de novo short read assembler

2.

Sequences reassembled using SOPRA de novo  assembler

3.

Contigs from Velvet and SOPRA were aligned,  trimmed and corrected using CodonCode 

Aligner software

Page 36: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

CodonCode Aligner CodonCode Aligner 

Page 37: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Assembling of BACsAssembling of BACs

Number of contigs : min 1 – max 13 per BACLargest contig : 99kbSmallest contig:350bpApproximate coverage: min 60% ‐max 100%

Page 38: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

BACs sequenced with Illumina IIx genome analyzer were searched for the potential genes

Gene prediction carried out using the program AUGUSTUS

Arabidopsis as the gene prediction model

RNA‐Seq data from ‘Jefferson’ as the source for transcript support (Data from Mockler’s lab)

Predicted genes with a cutoff of > 60% of transcript support from RNA‐seq data were analyzed

Amino acid sequences of predicted genes were BLAST(P) searched for protein homology

Ab initio Ab initio Gene AnnotationGene Annotation

Page 39: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

1 2

3

4

56

7

Page 40: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Genes predicted by AugustusGenes predicted by Augustus

Total     233      73          43        32

Page 41: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Gene products predicted in a BLASTP searchGene products predicted in a BLASTP search

Page 42: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

Potential Candidate Genes in EFB resistance regionPotential Candidate Genes in EFB resistance regionPredicted gene Contig4_g19

Belongs to p‐loop NTPase superfamily 

Includes NBS‐LRR type disease resistance proteins

NBS‐LRR forms the major class of R  genes so far identified

Predicted gene Contig4_g25Belongs to F‐box superfamily 

Plant F‐box genes – one of the largest multi gene superfamilies

Control many important biological functions including disease resistance

Page 43: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements

SummarySummary

A high resolution genetic map with 1488 seedlings was constructed with 51 markers with an average distance of 0.03cM between markers

A physical map of the EFB resistance region was constructed and the resistance gene was assigned to a single contig of three BACs

Whole BACs in the resistance region were sequenced with Illumina IIx Genome analyzer

Ab initio  gene annotation of the sequences identified two potential resistance gene candidates: NBS‐LRR and F‐box genes

Page 44: High Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of Eastern ...¾A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library ¾Probes for BAC library screening for chromosome walking Requirements