high risk juvenile males

High Risk Juvenile High Risk Juvenile MalesMales

Aaron SwiftAaron Swift

Counselling PsychologistCounselling Psychologist

Irish Prison ServiceIrish Prison Service

Current Position in IrelandCurrent Position in Ireland

Most Juveniles Held in Detention Most Juveniles Held in Detention Centres under the Youth Justice Centres under the Youth Justice Board.Board.

16-18 Year Olds Held in Prison 16-18 Year Olds Held in Prison System in a 16-21 year old facilitySystem in a 16-21 year old facility

Plans to integratePlans to integrate Development of SystemsDevelopment of Systems

Prison Population In IrelandPrison Population In Ireland

Total In Custody Total In Custody 37003700 Total Under 21Total Under 21 450450 Total Total 16 - 1816 - 18 6565

St Patrick’s Total Population 217St Patrick’s Total Population 217

16-18 Sentences Range 1 Month-Life16-18 Sentences Range 1 Month-Life

OverviewOverview

Developmental Pathways for High Developmental Pathways for High Risk Juvenile OffendersRisk Juvenile Offenders

Risk MeasurementRisk Measurement Successful InterventionSuccessful Intervention Characteristics of Incarcerated YouthCharacteristics of Incarcerated Youth Implications for InterventionImplications for Intervention

Juvenile ContextJuvenile Context

Some Anti Social Behaviour NormalSome Anti Social Behaviour Normal Small Percentage of Significant Small Percentage of Significant

OffendersOffenders 50% of Traced Crime committed by 50% of Traced Crime committed by

under 21under 21 20% Sexual Assaults against Adults20% Sexual Assaults against Adults 30-50% Sexual Assaults Against 30-50% Sexual Assaults Against

ChildrenChildren

Sutton, Utting and Farrington 2006Sutton, Utting and Farrington 2006

15% of 5 Year Olds in the UK 15% of 5 Year Olds in the UK demonstrate defiant and oppositional demonstrate defiant and oppositional behaviour.behaviour.

Every 3 years 20% leave this category Every 3 years 20% leave this category and 10% join it.and 10% join it.


Almost all anti social adults were anti Almost all anti social adults were anti social childrensocial children

Most anti social children do not go on Most anti social children do not go on to be antisocial adultsto be antisocial adults


PregnancyPregnancy

Neglected Neighbourhood, Low Neglected Neighbourhood, Low Income, Poor HousingIncome, Poor Housing

Stress in Pregnancy, Teenage Stress in Pregnancy, Teenage Pregnancy, SmokingPregnancy, Smoking


0-2 Years0-2 Years

Socio Economic StressSocio Economic Stress

Postnatal Depression, Harsh Postnatal Depression, Harsh Parenting Style, Rejection, Parenting Style, Rejection, Hitting/Frequent Smacking, Low Hitting/Frequent Smacking, Low Level of StimulationLevel of Stimulation


3-83-8

Low Achievement in Primary School, Low Achievement in Primary School, Behaviour Problems/Bullying, School Behaviour Problems/Bullying, School Disorganisation Disorganisation


9-139-13

Low Informal Social ControlLow Informal Social Control TruancyTruancy Having a convicted Parent at age 10Having a convicted Parent at age 10

Risk ResponsivityRisk Responsivity

Low Level Low Level InterventionIntervention

Intensive Intensive InterventionIntervention

Low Risk Low Risk OffenderOffender

Good Good OutcomeOutcome

Possible Possible Increase in Increase in RiskRisk

High Risk High Risk OffenderOffender

Risk Not Risk Not Managed Managed

Good Good OutcomeOutcome

Risk ToolsRisk Tools

Are Juvenile Specific Are Juvenile Specific Based on Sound EvidenceBased on Sound Evidence Indicates RiskIndicates Risk Targets Treatment/InterventionTargets Treatment/Intervention

Risk StructureRisk Structure

Historical/Static FactorsHistorical/Static Factors– What We Can’t ChangeWhat We Can’t Change– Good Predictors of RiskGood Predictors of Risk

Dynamic FactorsDynamic Factors– What we Can ChangeWhat we Can Change– Predictors of RiskPredictors of Risk– Intervention TargetsIntervention Targets

Structured Assessment of the Risk Structured Assessment of the Risk of Violence in Youth (SAVRY)of Violence in Youth (SAVRY)

Risk of Violence in Juveniles over 12 years Risk of Violence in Juveniles over 12 years oldold

Assess Risk under 4 HeadingsAssess Risk under 4 Headings– Historical FactorsHistorical Factors– Social/Contextual Risk FactorsSocial/Contextual Risk Factors– Individual Risk Factors/Clinical Risk FactorsIndividual Risk Factors/Clinical Risk Factors– Protective FactorsProtective Factors

SAVRY (Bartel, Borum, & Forth SAVRY (Bartel, Borum, & Forth 2000)2000)

Historical FactorsHistorical Factors History of ViolenceHistory of Violence History of Non-Violent OffendingHistory of Non-Violent Offending Early Initiation of ViolenceEarly Initiation of Violence Past Supervision FailuresPast Supervision Failures History of Self Harm or Suicide AttemptsHistory of Self Harm or Suicide Attempts Exposure to Violence in the HomeExposure to Violence in the Home Childhood History of MaltreatmentChildhood History of Maltreatment Parental/Caregiver CriminalityParental/Caregiver Criminality Poor School AchievementPoor School Achievement


Social/Contextual Risk FactorsSocial/Contextual Risk Factors Peer DelinquencyPeer Delinquency Peer RejectionPeer Rejection Stress and Poor CopingStress and Poor Coping Poor Parental ManagementPoor Parental Management Lack of Personal/Social SupportLack of Personal/Social Support Community DisorganisationCommunity Disorganisation


Individual Risk Factors/Clinical Risk FactorsIndividual Risk Factors/Clinical Risk Factors Negative AttitudesNegative Attitudes Risk Taking/ImpulsivityRisk Taking/Impulsivity Substance-use DifficultiesSubstance-use Difficulties Anger Management ProblemsAnger Management Problems Psychopathic TraitsPsychopathic Traits Attention deficit/hyperactivity difficultiesAttention deficit/hyperactivity difficulties Poor CompliancePoor Compliance Low Interest/Commitment to SchoolLow Interest/Commitment to School


Protective FactorsProtective Factors Prosocial InvolvementProsocial Involvement Strong Social SupportStrong Social Support Strong Attachment and BondsStrong Attachment and Bonds Positive Attitude Toward Intervention Positive Attitude Toward Intervention

and Authorityand Authority Strong Commitment to SchoolStrong Commitment to School Resilient Personality TraitsResilient Personality Traits

Risk of ViolenceRisk of Violence SAVRY, Bartel, Borum SAVRY, Bartel, Borum and Firth, 2000and Firth, 2000

PCL-R(YV), HarePCL-R(YV), Hare

Violence Prediction in Violence Prediction in Under 12’sUnder 12’s

EARL-20B, Augimeri EARL-20B, Augimeri et al 2001et al 2001

Sexual OffendingSexual Offending AIM-2, Print et al AIM-2, Print et al 20012001

ERASOR,Worling and ERASOR,Worling and Curwen 2001Curwen 2001

General OffendingGeneral Offending LSI-R, Andrews and LSI-R, Andrews and Bonta, 1995Bonta, 1995

LSI-CMI, Hodge and LSI-CMI, Hodge and Andrews, 1995Andrews, 1995

What Works?What Works?

Addressing Offending Behaviour: What Addressing Offending Behaviour: What worksworks

– Influencing behaviour through Influencing behaviour through relationships.relationships.

– Positive role models (honest, open, Positive role models (honest, open, reliable)reliable)

What WorksWhat Works

– Programs that:Programs that:

– Develop Skills – employment, Develop Skills – employment, relationships, recreation etc.relationships, recreation etc.

– Address thoughts, feelings, and Address thoughts, feelings, and behaviour.behaviour.

Dowden and Andrews 1999Dowden and Andrews 1999

conducted a meta analysis of 229 conducted a meta analysis of 229 tests of effectiveness of juvenile tests of effectiveness of juvenile offender intervention studies.offender intervention studies.

Dowden and Andrews 1999Dowden and Andrews 1999

What are Effect SizesWhat are Effect Sizes

If Baseline Recidivism = 55%If Baseline Recidivism = 55%

a Effect Size of +10 means a a Effect Size of +10 means a recidivism rate of 45% for target recidivism rate of 45% for target group.group.

-10 Effect Size would equal 65%-10 Effect Size would equal 65%

Effect Sizes varied between -.43 to Effect Sizes varied between -.43 to +.83+.83

Criminal Justice Sanctions Alone -.2Criminal Justice Sanctions Alone -.2

Human Service Programs Overall Human Service Programs Overall +.13+.13

Criminogenic NeedsCriminogenic Needs

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Academ

ic

Other C

rimnogenic

Anger A

nti socialFeelings

Self C

ontrol

Family; affection

Pro S

ocial Model

Anti S

ocialA

ttitudes

Family S

upervision

Vocational S

kills

Barriers to

Treatment

Substance A

buseTreatm

ent

Viocational S

kills

Reduce A

nti Social

Peers

Relapse

Prevention

Non Crimnogenic NeedsNon Crimnogenic Needs

-18-16

-14-12

-10-8

-6-4

-20

Vague

Em

otional/Personal

Problem

s

Physical A

ctivity

Family;O

ther

Fear of Offical

Punishm

ent

IncrcreaseC

ohesive Anti

Social P

eers

Self E

steem

Increase Am

bition

Respect A

nti Social

Thinking

Mental HealthMental Health

Hayes and O’Rielly 2006Hayes and O’Rielly 2006

83% Have a Significant Mental 83% Have a Significant Mental Health Issue.Health Issue.

16.5% in General Population16.5% in General Population 60% in Mental Health Population60% in Mental Health Population


– 20% Separation Anxiety Disorder20% Separation Anxiety Disorder– 17.2% Motor / Transient Tic Disorder17.2% Motor / Transient Tic Disorder– 10.2% Generalised Anxiety Disorder10.2% Generalised Anxiety Disorder– 6.7% Social Phobia6.7% Social Phobia– 6.9% Major Depression6.9% Major Depression– 7.1% mania / hypomania (Bipolar 7.1% mania / hypomania (Bipolar

Disorder) Disorder)

Remand Young Offenders %

Sentenced Young Offenders %

Private household 16-19 %

Est. No’s St Pats.

Mixed Anxiety/Depressive Disorder

26 21 - 37 - 46

Generalised Anxiety Disorder

5 7 - 9 - 12

Depressive Episode

12 9 - 16 - 21

Phobias 8 5 - 9 - 14

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

8 8 - 14

Panic Disorder 4 2 - 3-7

Any Neurotic Disorder

52 42 7 75 - 93

Mental HealthMental Health

SuicidalitySuicidality

Currently experiencing thoughts of suicide 18.5%Currently experiencing thoughts of suicide 18.5%

Past Suicide Attempt 18.5%Past Suicide Attempt 18.5%


RemRem SentSent Est PaEst Pa

Suicidal ThoughtsSuicidal Thoughts

Past Week Past Week 1010 77 12-1812-18

Past Year Past Year 3030 2121 37-5437-54

Lifetime Lifetime 3838 2828 50-6850-68

Suicide AttemptsSuicide Attempts

Past WeekPast Week 33 11 1-31-3

Past YearPast Year 1717 1212 21-3021-30

LifetimeLifetime 2020 1616 28-3628-36

Self Harm during Self Harm during current prison term.current prison term.

33 1111 5-195-19

Developmental IssuesDevelopmental Issues

Childhood and Adolescence is a Period Childhood and Adolescence is a Period Of Development.Of Development.

Cognitive Ability, Interpersonal Skills, Cognitive Ability, Interpersonal Skills, Physical, Sexual, Role, Emotions, etcPhysical, Sexual, Role, Emotions, etc

All Development is Based on Previous All Development is Based on Previous Development.Development.


Developing Abilities are not always Developing Abilities are not always even.even.

E.g. High I.Q. Does not Equal High E.g. High I.Q. Does not Equal High Social AbilitySocial Ability


Incarceration Potential for Positive and Incarceration Potential for Positive and Negative.Negative.

+. Appropriate Adult Role Models, Education, +. Appropriate Adult Role Models, Education, Improved Diet, Structure, Professional Improved Diet, Structure, Professional Intervention.Intervention.

-. Bullying, Self Harm, Drugs, Criminal -. Bullying, Self Harm, Drugs, Criminal Culture, Labelling, Loss of Family, Artificial Culture, Labelling, Loss of Family, Artificial Environment. Environment.


Empathy= Emotional Awareness, Empathy= Emotional Awareness, Abstract Reasoning, Perspective Abstract Reasoning, Perspective Taking.Taking.

Anger Control= Emotional Anger Control= Emotional Awareness, Complex Interpersonal Awareness, Complex Interpersonal Skills, Problem Solving, Self Control.Skills, Problem Solving, Self Control.

InterventionIntervention

Assessment

Risk/Need Mental Health Developmental

Selection Of Tools Impact of Incarceration Educational, Social, Physical,

Working in Smaller JurisdictionsWorking in Smaller Jurisdictions Intervention for Sexualised OffendingIntervention for Sexualised Offending 10 Individuals10 Individuals Varying Intellectual FunctioningVarying Intellectual Functioning Varying RiskVarying Risk Differing Levels of MotivationDiffering Levels of Motivation 16-2016-20 Mental Health IssuesMental Health Issues Some Co AccusedSome Co Accused

Group ?Group ?

SummarySummary

Juvenile Offender Vary in RiskJuvenile Offender Vary in Risk

Crimnogenic Factors are Predictors of RiskCrimnogenic Factors are Predictors of Risk

Targeting Criminogenic Factors Produces Best Effect Targeting Criminogenic Factors Produces Best Effect SizesSizes

Assessment Should Inform InterventionAssessment Should Inform Intervention

Intervention Must Take Account of Developmental Intervention Must Take Account of Developmental Level and Mental Health NeedsLevel and Mental Health Needs

high risk juvenile males

Documents