INSA Public Lecture

P. Rama Rao ARCI, Hyderabad

1

Higher technical education in India : prospects, challenges and the way forward

New Delhi, February 14, 2013

The prospect Review of the present status

Expanding nos and impairment of quality Regional imbalance with impact on regional economy Faculty shortage Not a happy situation at Masters and PhD levels Patents and publications Qualified manpower in specialised fields Absence of international flavour

Consequences of low research Some success stories Technology for widening knowledge base New models of institutional structure Setting a goal

2

Outline

The prospect

The great untapped resource of technical and scientific knowledge available to India for the taking is the economic equivalent of the untapped continent available to the United States 150 years ago

Milton Friedman, NL

(Consultant to India’s M inistry of Finance 1955)

5

The great importance of human capital

GDP (PPP) = N . Y Y = T f (k . h . r)

N : population, Y : per capita income,

The potential for India’s economic growth via its human capital (h) is stupendous and exceeds that of the major competing nations

“The wealth and prosperity of a nation depend on the effective utilisation of its human and material resources through industrialisation (investment capital). The use of human material for industrialisation demands its education in science and training in technical skills”

Scientific policy resolution 1958

k : investment capital, h : human capital, r : resources

By 2050 India’s working age population will amount to a staggering 900 million.

UNICI = (HCI) Human Capital Index + (TCI) Technological Capability Index

2 HCI = { Literacy rate as % of population (wt. 1) + Secondary School Enrolment (wt. 2) + Tertiary enrolment as % age group (wt. 3)} / 6 TCI = {R&D personnel pmp + US patents pmp + Scientific publication pmp} / 3

Source : UN World Investment Report, 2005

7

Saburo Okita’s focus on engg & tech education in JAPAN

YEAR 1955 1985 No of Engg Graduates 9600 >36000

% Engg / All of Univ 22% % going to PG Education 50% No of Ph.Ds per million (1998) 22

GDP per Capita (2011) $33400

JAPAN > 7 per 1000 USA - 4 per 1000 INDIA - 0.35 per 1000

R&D personnel highest per 1000 population

INDIA 0.6 per million,

GDP $1450 per capita

Saburo Okita achieved his goal of doubling Japanese economy in the decade of the 1960s

Engg : Science >2 : 1

8

Expanding numbers and impairment of quality

Diversity of governance systems is truly mind-boggling and unlike in any other country

Degree awarding universities and institutes 2012 Total - 635

Central Acts (102)

Central Universities 43

Institutes of National Importance 58 (IITs: 15; NITs: 30; IISERs: 5; *Others: 8) *AIIMs, PGIMEs, SCIMST, NIPER, ISI, AcSIR, Dakshin Bharat Prachar Sabha, Chennai, IIITD&M, Kancheevaram

Inter State Body Corporate 1 (Panjab University)

NB: No private university by Centre

State Acts (404) State Universities 296 Private universities 100 Medical Institutes * Others 8 (NIMS Hyderabad; SVIMS Tirupati, IGIMS Patna, SGPGIMS Lucknow, SKIMS Srinagar, JIPMER Puducherry)

RGIPT, Rae Bareli, NIFT, New Delhi

Affiliated colleges: 33,623

Deemed to be universities (129) (Recognised as such by MHRD)

Self financed 39 Govt funded 90

NB: Not mentioned or counted here are the PG diploma awarding institutions

Annual enrollment ~17 million

10

Private institutions lead in terms of number of institutions and student enrollment

Form of presence (46,430)

University and university level Institutions

659 Colleges 33,023 Diploma-granting institutions

12,748

Central 152 Central 669 Central NIL

State 316 State 13,024 State 3,207

Private 191 Private 19,930 Private 9,541

Enrollment in 2012 (million) - 18.5 Enrollment in 2012 (million) - 3.3

•Have considerable academic, administrative and financial autonomy •Can award degrees

•Lower investment required to set up affiliated colleges (given their typical scale) than to establish universities :Affiliated to a university

•Face limited regulatory interface since they deal with a single regulatory body (AICTE)

Private institutes (~30,000) account for the majority of HEIs…

…as well as student enrollment

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Central universities 43 Institutes of National Importance 58 State Universities qualifying 140 for UGC funding Deemed to be universities categorised A 38 Institutes set up by State Acts 8 ----------- 287

(fraction 287 out of 635)

Quality fraction among universities and colleges

Quality fraction of universities 45% and colleges 24%

Colleges qualifying for UGC grants 8216 8216 out of 33,623

Colleges with potential for excellence : ~120

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No. of colleges 3,400 (Private account for ~90%)

No. accredited, as on June 2009 210 (No accreditation by NBA for the past nearly 3 years)

Total intake 20,00,000 (Private account for ~97%)

IITs (7+8) 7,500 NITs(20+10) 15,000 Other good institutions / universities 17,500 ------------ 40,000

(Quality fraction 40,000 out of 20,00,000)

Quality fraction in technical education

The best account for less than 3%. System of accreditation dysfunctional. Govt support to private institutions should be seriously considered

13

Regional imbalance with impact on regional economy

Per capita State domestic product and gross enrolment ratio in higher education are correlated.

14 Source: Keynote address by Dr. M. Anandakrishnan at the 36th annual meeting (2006) of the Indian Society for Technical Education.

GDP per capita (Current US$), 2010

Country-wise GER and GDP per capita comparison

Dr. M. Anandakrishnan 2006

E & Y Report 2012

15

Intake at undergraduate level vs. ITES employment

(% of National : 2010)

4 States account for 57 % of ITES & BPO employment

4 States •Andhra Pradesh •Karnataka •Maharashtra •Tamil Nadu

66% 51%

Engg. MCA

(27% population)

16

0

20

40

60

80

100

Population Res. Inst &facilities

Univ. Industries

29

64 52

66

30

5 12

5

Nos. are in % national

AP, Delhi (Incl Noida), Karnataka, Maharashtra, TNOrissa, Assam, Bihar, Rajasthan, MP

Several large states are practically non existent in the biotechnology scene

Biotechnology scene in India

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Faculty shortage

annual intake > 20,00,000

faculty shortage (at 1:15 students)

~ 80,000

shortage of PhDs (at 1:2:6 cadre ratio)

~ 60,000

shortage of masters ~ 25,000

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Alarming faculty situation

faculty dominated by B.Techs

poor quality of teaching; several graduates unemployable; failure rate high in some states.

Data show that there is no dearth of employment opportunities for M.Techs and Ph.Ds in academic institutions

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Not a happy situation at Masters and PhD levels

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Engineering out-turn at different levels U.S.A INDIA Bachelors ~75,000 ~20,00,000 (4% of India)

Masters ~37,500 75,000 (50% of India) (4% of Bachelors)

PhD 7500 1500 (Accounted for (500% of India) (< 0.1% of Bachelors) by ~40 (~12%) of the 3,400 institutions)

Going up the value chain in higher education and achieving higher outturns is a daunting challenge

Govt support to PG educn and PhD research in pvt instns - about 500 of them - could be considered

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Patents and publications

US patents assigned to India, China, Israel

22

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

450020

01

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Pate

nts

Source: US PTO database

China > 4000

Israel ~ 1500

India ~ 500

N G SATISH, ASCI

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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2001 2005 2010 2012

Pate

nts

India China Israel

US patents assigned to universities

N G SATISH, ASCI

Israel elicits admiration

Top countries in engineering Rank Country Papers Impact

4 USA 1,89,000 6.1

8 ISRAEL 7000 5.5

24 CHINA 73000 3.9

25 INDIA 24000 3.6 Source: Times Higher Edn 2012

~50% R&D intensity in exports Per capita venture investments

2.5 times USA 350 times India

45% Israelis (as against 10% in

India) in the 25-34 year age group possess graduate and higher degrees

Further young Israelis have to

render national service which gives them perspective and maturity

ISRAEL

Source: Dan Senor and Saul Singer in Israel's economic miracle 2009 by the council on foreign relations

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Qualified manpower in specialised fields

DRDO

Missiles

Aircraft Aircraft Engines

Light combat aircraft

• DRDL • ASL • RCI • ITR • ISSA

• ADE • ADRDE • CABS • CEMILAC • DARE

• GTRE

• ADA

Armaments • ARDE • TBRL • HEMRL

Avionics • DEAL • IRDE • DLRL • LRDE • ADA

Ack: R.K Sharma

DRDO aerospace programmes

Speciality topics • Aerodynamics - CFD - Experimental • Rocket propulsion - Solid / Liquid rockets - Ramjet / Scramjet • Aircraft engines • Airframe design • Guidance & control • Avionics • Fabrication • Materials Ack: R.K Sharma

Aeronautical manpower in DRDO

The concern is not so much about how many DRDO has in a given broad field, but it is more about how many there are in a required specialisation.

M. Tech 175

PhD 30

B. Tech 285

Further attrition with no Inputs

Large pool of experts Prior to 2000

Attrition thro’ retirement

Reduced number of experts

Improved manpower with poor expertise

2005

Further reduction of manpower & expertise

Attrition in core area of signal processing No. of scientists in 2004 - 59 No. resigned in 2004-2007 - 29 Reduction in 3 years - 50% Future

Attrition thro’ resignation

Addition of raw scientists

LRDE’s alarming loss of trained experts

It is poignant to recall - Hamlet’s final words ….

the rest is silence !

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Computer science & engineering

B.Tech 250000

M.Tech 5000

Ph.D < ~50 (0.02% of B.Tech)

30

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

1983 2006

~1000 Met. Graduates ….…

50,000

500,000

How then are we to cope with the country’s needs of exploration and mining of resources and their subsequent

exploitation: rare earth materials is a case in point

Percentage MET. Graduates has dropped by 10x

%

Institutions Outturn

M.Sc (Geology)

~50 ~500

B.Tech (Mining)

~10 ~200

Met

. int

ake

X 1

00

En

gg. i

ntak

e

Higher education in geology, mining and metallurgy have lost attraction

India’s disturbing energy materials scenario Resource Reserves Produc-

tion (mT OE)

Consum-ption

(mT OE)

Import Remarks

Coal 44 Bt

190 204 6% Poor quality coal 25-35% ash. Clean coal technology yet to be mastered

Oil 6 b Barrels

38 120 68% Exploration inadequate

Gas 1.0 trillion Cu.m

27 30 10% Exploration improving but still inadequate

Wind (Shore based) (Off-shore)

45,000 MW

No Data

<4000 MW

Nil

--

Nil

-- -

Carbon fiber required for bigger and more powerful wind energy generators. Meager production begun.

Solar Substantial potential

~10 MW using

Crystalline silicon

Small relative to world

Mostly imported

~ 20,000 MW by 2012

Coal only 45 % of potential coal bearing area surveyed so far

25 years ago India : 12 Bil. Tons Australia : 12 Bil. Tons Brazil : 12 Bil. Tons

Currently Australia : 50 Bil. Tons Brazil : 40 Bil. Tons India : 12 Bil. Tons

Proven Iron Ore resource

Raw materials exploration and scaling up product production waiting for attention

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International flavour in our academic institutions nearly absent

USA has flourished most because of the long- practiced tradition of internationalisation of

their academic faculty and students

Progression in transmittal across national boundaries

First ideas crossed, then Trade (products), then Production (multinationals), then technology

Integration of economies in a knowledge world

Military Aircraft

Fusion energy Genome

Multi country projects

Finally R&D crosses national barriers

Pate

nts

Assigned to host country institutions

Assigned to foreign institutions

Compiled by Dr. NG Satish, ASCI Hyderabad

010002000300040005000600070008000

India China Israel

US Patents 2011-12

Currently 870 MNCs with R&D units in India

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An pioneering initiative of CAR which is a brainchild of Dr. R. Chidambaram

International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy & new Materials (ARCI)

Indian Institute of Science (IISc)

Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras

Automotive Research

Association of India (ARAI),

Pune

Indian R&D Partners

Institute for Machine tools and Forming Technology (IWU),

Chemnitz and Dresden

Institute for Materials and

Beam Technologies

(IWS), Dresden Institute for

Manufacturing Technology and

Applied Materials Research (IFAM)

Institute for Non-Destructive

Testing (IZFP)

Fraunhofer Institutes

• Investigation of suitability of various joining techniques on identified materials/profiles

– Cold metal transfer (CMT) brazing

– Laser brazing

– Mechanical joining

– Adhesive bonding

• Generation of performance data of various dissimilar material joints / configurations

• Development of suitable quality management concept, including application of NDT techniques

• Design, fabrication and testing of demonstrator assemblies

Indian Auto OEMs

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Consequences of low research across disciplines

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Asymmetry in technological accomplishment Strategic technology Technology base

index (tbi)* Indigenously designed 700+ Mwe PHWRs in 5 years construction time

U.S.A 0.73

INSAT system for tv access to more than 80% of population

JAPAN 0.70

IRS system for management of national natural resources

S. KOREA 0.67

Long range guided missiles INDIA 0.20

Power plant equipment

TBI is a composite index of 4 criteria; (HDR 2001) (a) Technology creation (patents and receipts of royalty and license fees from abroad; (b) Diffusion of recent innovations (ICT and exports of higher and medium technology products); (c) Diffusion of old innovations (telephones and electricity; and (d) Human skills (average years of schooling and gross tertiary enrollment in science, Maths and Engg.).

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Successful stories

0100002000030000400005000060000700008000090000

100000

19511961197119811991 19982001 20040

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.51951196119711981199119982001 2004

ExportEmployment

38

Dr. Y. Nayudamma model

Mill

ion

Peop

le

Mill

ion

Rup

ees

Balanced development of Indian leather sector: A success story of academia-industry partnership in the 1951-2005 era

This model is only now being emulated

CLRI founded in 1948 built up an organic link with Anna University in providing education in leather technology. 1300 graduates have played the lead role in causing technological changes in 60% of Indian leather industry & 15% of Asian Industry. CLRI was the only CSIR Laboratory to be established on a University Campus ( A.L. Mudaliyar)

39

ICT, Mumbai (deemed university) (Estd : 1933)

First Head First Indian Director Disciplines

: Prof Robert Forster (1933-38) : Prof. K. Venkata Raman; Example sustained : Chem. Engg; Chem. Tech; Pharmacy Biotechnology (PG), Diploma in Chemical Technology Management

OUTPUTS (20011-12)

Govt. Grant (per year) : Rs. 11.19 crore Private funding : Rs. 9.5 crore Faculty Strength : 78 58 (eligible to guide) No. of Ph.Ds : 498 (> 6 per faculty) No. of Cited Publications : 268 (> 4 per faculty) No. of Patents filed : 96 (Indian) 37 (Foreign) Donation, Sponsorship, etc. : 9.55 crores Project Funding : 32.45 Crores (Govt Projects including UGC) 4.65 Crores (Industry Projects) Graduates : 1012 Bachelors, 353 Masters, 498 Ph.Ds , 37 Diploma in Chemical Technology Management

ICT ranked best PG centre in India and comparable to the best in the world.

INDIA’s first Ph.D in engg (chem.

engg) 1942

40

Technology for widening knowledge base

(NKN, NPTEL, I of EC)

NKN is a state-of-the-art multi-gigabit pan-India network for providing a unified high speed network backbone for all knowledge related institutions in the country

► 9th April 2009: Hon’ble

President of India, Smt.

Pratibha Devisingh Patil inaugurated the NKN Project.

► 16 PoP

► 26 Backbone Links

► 57 Edge Links

Will connect Research & Development,

educational, health, and agricultural institutes

Allocation of `100 Crore for the implementation of Pilot phase of NKN

An idea from the Office of Principal Scientific Advisor GoI, & NKC

National Informatics Centre (NIC) designated as the Project Execution

Agency

GoI approved a budget of Rs 5990 Crores for NKN in March, 2010

Introduction

Key Highlights of NKN

► 5th March, 2011: Hon’ble

Minister Comm & IT, Shri

Kapil Sibal and Hon’ble

Minister of State for Comm &

IT, Shri Sachin Pilot launched

the Logo and Website of NKN

► 31 PoP

► 76 Backbone Links

► 216 Edge Links

1500+ institutes to be connected; connectivity

to 885 institutes has already been provided

NKN

Educational Institutions Research Labs

CSIR/DAE/DRDO/ISRO/ICAR

INTERNET

Connections to Global Networks

(e.g. TEIN3)

EDUSAT

MPLS Clouds

Broad Band Clouds

National / State Data Centers/ Networks

National Internet

Exchange Points (NIXI)

NTRO Cert-IN

NKN Connectivity

EUROPE

DELHI

HYDERABAD

MUMBAI

BANGALURU

CHENNAI

KOLKATA GUWAHATI

MUMBAI - INDIA

SINGAPORE

JAPAN HONGKONG BEIJING COPENHEGAN

MADRID

US

• Network Across 19 Countries • 8000 Research & Academic Organization Members • 45 Million Users • Direct Peering with GEANT EU

NKN Connected to TEIN4 Network

44

Project summary to-date Total number of courses made available in video and web formats

Over 1230

Subject matter experts Over 1200

Disciplines a) Basic sciences - 7 b) Engineering - 15 c) Humanities and Social Sciences – 1 d) Mathematics - 1

24

Courtesy : Professor K Mangala Sunder

• Proposed by Science advisory council to PM

• Empowered committee chaired by Professor MM Sharma with the following as members

– G Mehta, P Rama Rao, K Hari Narayana, K Thiyagarajan

• Pro-active funding to UGC recognised institutions

• Infrastructure @ Rs.30 lakh to over 800 departments

• Doctor fellowships to over 6750 • Post-Doctor fellowships to over 500 • Support to college with potential to

excellence and autonomous college over 420

• Funding upto Rs.10Cr to 9 networking centres

• Faculty recharge aim is to reach 1000 45

Initiates to enhance research in basic sciences in universities (Expenditure so far 750Cr)

The core aim of the new initiative is to achieve a quantum gem in the annual output of quality Ph.Ds

S Varma 2012

46

New models of institutional structure and new initiatives to attract young talent to science

47

IIIT Hyderabad Registered society through Public-Private partnership State Government (Public) provided land and buildings Plurality of private companies (therefore no single company dominates management) invested in other infrastructure and in a corpus fund via State Govt. intervention Governing Council chaired by an Internationally acclaimed academic Distinguished academic as the Director Setup Research Centres 30% of B.Tech students choose the research option and work toward B.Tech (Honours), 50% of whom go on to one year MS by research PhD Research underway

Research ambience unique to IIIT among companion Engg colleges

• Research centres: BARC, IGCAR, RRCAT, VECC,

• Grant-in-aid institutions: SINP, HRI, IMSc, IPR, IOP

• Academic programmes started in mid-2006.

• Programmes include Ph.D. , M.Tech., M.Phil., M.Sc.(Engg.), M.Sc., Super-specialty and post-graduate medical courses, M.Sc.(Nursing), Diploma in Nuclear Medicine, Diploma in Radiation Protection etc.

• Ph.D enrollment to-date : 1470 (engg - 330)

• Output till now includes 194 PhDs, 8 MPhils , 19 MSc(engg.), 447 M.Techs., 48 from medical degree programmes plus more from other programmes.

DAE-HBNI

HBNI is proving to be a success story

• Established by an Act of Parliament (Gazette notification: Feb 7, 2012)

• All CSIR laboratories come under its ambit

• Offers MTech and PhD degrees: 123 MTechs graduated till date, absorbed in CSIR and they will continue for PhD in CSIR labs.

1900 PhDs enrolled so far in Engineering and Science topics of interest to CSIR

Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)

50

1. University education in science, IASc Academy paper 1994

2. Restructuring Post-school Science Teaching Programmes, INSA, IASc, NASc Position paper 2008

3. KVPY national programme of fellowships, DST

4. INSPIRE scheme fellowships, DST

5. STIO special programme to help overseas Indian scientists to collaborate with Indian counterparts

6. DAE Graduate Fellowship scheme and Dr KS Krishnan Research Associate ship Programme

New initiatives to enhance quality of science education and of students

51

The ideal model

52

Level of resources

Level of excellence

Level of autonomy

Seems feasible only with benevolent and visionary private sector initiative

Most Private Institutions in India

Most Public Institutions

Low

Low

High

Low High

High

Present Situation Undesirable

Seems infeasible

Has happened in USA. Can it happen in India?

Private University enactment by Center needed

Framework for positioning higher education institutions

53

Government’s role limited to facilitation

Internationally acclaimed best practices

Research intensive UG programme with strong foundation in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Liberal Arts. (e.g. 4-year B.S. programme at IISc which allows easier migration between science and engineering streams)

PG and Research degrees in advanced fields to serve high-tech indigenous programmes of public and private institutions

Desirable features of a role model institution for higher technical education and research

IT, BT & manufacturing will be incredibly enriched by employing graduates with advanced research degrees

2012 Global employment ranking of IISc rose to 35 from 134

54

Setting a goal

Item INDIA SOUTH KOREA

FINLAND U.S.A

GDP (in billion $) 1100 970 250 14000

R&D as % GNP ~1% 3% 3.5% (nokia alone 1%)

2.8%

Academic R&D as % total R&D expenditure

4% 11.5% 18% 20%

Citations to all papers to national GDP*

<0.02 0.07 0.44 0.25

Wealth intensity (PPP adjusted per person)*

2900 15600 27,100 35800

55

Academic R&D and wealth of nations correlated

UN report applauds Finland’s model of integrating S&T and industrial policies to develop an innovation policy; Country transformed from forest based economy to high technology based economy

Academic R&D and national wealth (2005-06)

World’s 30 of 40 topmost universities in USA

* David King, Nature, 430 (2004) 311-16

56

Potential for India’s human capital to dominate in globalized knowledge economy

By 2050, India will have one of world’s largest young population 25% of world’s graduate students?!

FULLTIME

RESEARCHERS PhDs in S&T

(Annually) Electricity / Capita

INDIA 200,000 ~7,000 650kWh

U.S.A. 1,200,000 ~28,000 13,000kWh

Factor ~ 6 ~ 4 ~ 20

India potentially could be the single largest producer of highly qualified engineers and an awesome possessor of the largest young

workforce with the highest level of knowledge skills in the world

Bridging these gaps doable

Bridging this gap not possible in the foreseeable future

57

“The conquest of the technical frontier, like the conquest of the geographical frontier, requires a varied initiative by millions of individuals”

Milton Friedman NL Report to ministry of finance 1955

What then should be INAE initiatives in India’s engineering education and research on this momentous occasion of its silver jubilee ?

• A Half-Century of Indian Higher Education Essays by Philip G. Altbach, Ed Pawan Agarwal (SAGE

2012) • Profile of Engineering Education in India Gautam Biswas et al – INAE (Narosa 2010) • Indian Higher Education; Envisioning the Future Pawan Agarwal (SAGE 2009) • Innovatiive India Rises Ed L.K Sharma (Medialand, London, 2008) • India Science Report (NCAER 2005)

References

59

• Science in India: Achievements & Aspirations (INSA 2010) • Higher Science Education, P.Rama Rao • Engg and Technical Education in India, D.V.Singh

• Higher Education in Science and R &D: Challenges and the Road Ahead (INSA, IASc 2006)

• Restructuring Post School Science Teaching

Programme, Curr Sci (2008) • G Padmanabhan, Curr Sci (2008)

• India’s Higher Engineering Education: Opprtunities

and Tough Choices E.C. Subbarao, Curr Sci (2013)

References

Thank you

DAE-HBNI

A brainchild of Dr Anil Kakodkar, HBNI is proving to be a success story

• HBNI runs a unique Ph.D. programme where a student has two supervisors: one having strength in basic research and the other having strength in technology development. Aim of this programme and HBNI itself is to develop strong epistemic bridges between science, engineering and technology.

• HBNI has helped DAE to strengthen academic collaborations within its units and also outside. Formal arrangements established with IIT-Bombay; IIT-Madras; IIT-Kanpur; Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata; Jadavpur University, Kolkata; Commissariat à l’énergie Atomique (CEA), France; and University of Virginia, USA. Likely to be established with IISc, Bangalore; University of North Texas, USA; and University of Texas at Austin, USA.

62

Enhancing three-fold autonomy : governance, financial & academic: review of this aspect necessary

Distinguished Board of Governors : revisit selection procedure

Overcome financial resource constraints High caliber research leader as Director Well-paid eminent professionals as faculty Enhance quality of non-teaching staff is critical Competition for high quality students Partnership with world leading institutions including for

sharing of faculty Reduce administrative burden of Director and faculty – eg

estate management Spread good practices across IITs

Essential improvements everywhere, easier in IITs

The challenge is to sustain excellence over centuries

63

100 mentor institutions to impart M.tech and research training sequential summer programmes enhanced number of adjunct and visiting faculty 1000 QIP scholarships engaging retired teachers with augmented support virtual technical university establishing an international centre on the model of ICTP

AICTE committee recommendations for faculty improvement in institutions other than IITs

Recommendations emphasise setting up a dedicated cell with a separate special budget to implement the above

Content web based lecture notes / video lectures in an organized form

Animations/ visuals / illustrations, video demonstrations/documentaries and interactive simulations wherever required

Supplementary reading/Wiki Development on the course, other resources /open content in the internet, Case studies, anecdotal information, historical development of the subject

Problems, quizzes, assignments and solutions, online feedback through discussion forums and setting up the FAQ

NPTEL contents developed as 4 quadrants