highlights of the comprehensive review of japan’s science
TRANSCRIPT
Highlights of the Comprehensive Review of Japan’s Science and Technology Basic Plans
NISTEP International Workshop on Comprehensive Review of
Japan’s Science and Technology Basic PlansTokyo, Japan
September 13 - 14, 2004
Masayuki KONDONational Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP)/
Yokohama National University
Outline of PresentationKnowledge Creation • Input
– S&T Budget: Total Budget, Basic Research Budget, Competitive Research Funds, and Budgets for Priority Areas
– Facilities and Intellectual Infrastructure– S&T Human Resources
• Post-doctorate Researchers and Researcher Mobility • Output
– Research Papers – Patents
Knowledge Utilization• University-Industry Collaboration• Regional Innovation • S&T Impacts on Economy, Society and People’s Life
M.KONDO, NISTEP 1
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
FY1992
FY1993
FY1994
FY1995
FY1996
FY1997
FY1998
FY1999
FY2000
FY2001
FY2002
FY2003
FY2004
(Initial budget )
3rd Supplementary budget
Initial Budget
100 Million Yen
Pre-First-Plan Period (FY1991-FY1995) 12.6 trillion yen (2.5 trillion yen/yr.)First-Plan Period (FY1996-FY2000) 17.6 trillion yen (3.5 trillion yen/yr.)Second-Plan Period (FY2001-FY2004) 15.1 trillion yen (3.8 trillion yen/yr.)
Source: MEXT S&T Policy Bureau, “Budget for Science and Technology in FY 2003,” May 2003 and its annual issues
Total S&T Budget
Trends in S&T Budget
Trends in Initial and Supplementary S&T BudgetsPre-First Plan Period First Plan Period Second Plan Period
2nd Supplementary budget1st Supplementary budget
FY1991
M.KONDO, NISTEP 2
Growth of S&T Budget
Share of Supplementary Budget
*: Obtained by dividing the additional funding of supplementary budget in general account expenditure by the value of (initial budget in general account expenditure + supplementary budget in general account expenditure)
Source: S&T Policy Bureau, “Budget for Science and Technology in FY 2003,” May 2003 and its annual issues, Ministry of Finance database “Information on Budgets and Settlements,” and its annual issues
*: The change in the GDP deflator between 1991-2001 was 5.8 points. Source: MEXT S&T Policy Bureau, “Budget for Science and Technology in FY 2003,” May 2003 and its annual issues, Japan
Statistical Yearbook 2004
Growth rate of initial budget (%)Pre-First Plan Period(FY1991–FY1995)
First Plan Period(FY1996–FY2000)
Second Plan Period(FY2001–FY2003)
S&T Budget 5.4% 5.6% 3.1%3.6% 2.7% -0.3%
2.1% (1.4%) 0.5% (1.4%) -1.5% (0.0%)
Government budget (general expenditure)
GDP nominal value (real value)
Pre-First Plan Period(FY1991–FY1995)
First Plan Period(FY1996–FY2000)
Second Plan Period(FY2001–FY2003)
Share of supplementary
budget in S&T budget10.7% 13.4% 8.1%
Share of supplementary budget in
(additional funding )*
11.7% 13.2% 7.5%general account expenditure
1.8pts.
2.9pts.
3.4 pts.
M.KONDO, NISTEP 3
Comparison of S&T Budgets among Japan, U.S. and EU
All S&T budgets Non-defense S&T budgets
*1: All calculations were based on the initial budget.*2: EU consists of 15 member countries as of March,
2004. The budgets for U.S. and EU were converted into Japanese yen using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
Source: Calculated using the data from OECD“ Main Science and Technology Indicators 2003-2”
0
5
10
15
20
1990 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02
Gov
ernm
ent S
&T
Bud
get
Year
Trillion Yen
U.S.
Japan
EU
0
5
10
15
20
1990 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 Year
Trillion Yen
U.S.
Japan
EU
International Comparison (Japan = 100)
Gov
ernm
ent S
&T
Bud
get
1995 2000 2003
Japan 100 100 100
U.S. 468 396 465
EU 407 341 -
All S&T Budget
M.KONDO, NISTEP 4
Government Expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1982 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02
Year
Government-funded R&Dexpenditures
/ GDP
Germany
U.S.
France
Japan
%
U.K.
M.KONDO, NISTEP 5
Industry R&D funded by Government[References]
Source: (Japan) MPHPT, “Report on the Survey of Research and Development”(U.S.) NSF, ”National Patterns of R&D Resources 2002 Data Update”(Germany, France & U.K.) OECD, “Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2002/2”For the UK data in 2001, ONS, “Gross domestic expenditure on Research and Development 2001”
Pre-First Plan Period First Plan Period Second Plan Period
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1991 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02Year
Ratio ofIndustryR&Dexpendituresfundedbygovernment
U.S.
Japan
FranceU.K.
Germany
M.KONDO, NISTEP 6
S&T Budget by Type of R&D
Basic Research Budget
S&T budget by type of R&D
M.KONDO, NISTEP 7
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
FY1991
FY1992
FY1993
FY1994
FY1995
FY1996
FY1997
FY1998
FY1999
FY2000
FY2001
FY2002
FY2003
Pre-FirstPlan Period
First Plan Period
Second Plan Period
Basic research ratio
Pre-First Plan Period 6.1 Trillion Yen
33.8%
First Plan Period 8.8 Trillion Yen
37.1%
Second Plan Period 5.8 Trillion Yen
38.2%
R&D expenditures
Basic research Applied research Development research Feasibility study, Testing, etc. Unclassifiable
*1:Calculation methods differ for the years before and after FY2001.*2:Of the S&T budget, R&D expenditures were classified into basic research, applied research, development research, feasibility study and testing, and unclassifiable. *3: R&D expenditures for national and Special Public Institutions’ research institutes were calculated based on the type of R&D ratios in the “Report on the Survey of Research and Development” by Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications (MPHPT). R&D expenditures after FY2001 were categorized by type of R&D, using MEXT’s S&T budget database.*4:R&D expenditures of national, public, and private universities in the S&T budget were multiplied by type of R&D ratios by sector in MPHPT, “Report on the Survey of Research and Development” . *5: R&D expenditures for Departments of Ministries and Agencies, operating bodies of Special Public Institutions, Special Public Institutions, and others were categorized for each project based on the type of R&D classifications used in the MEXT’s S&T budget database. *6: Budgets for competitive research funds were excluded from the R&D expenditures of Special Public Institutions operating bodies and MEXT departments. Each project was categorized by research type based on its contents.*7: Ratios in FY2003 are based on the initial budget only.Source: MEXT S&T Policy Bureau, “Budget for Science and Technology in FY 2003,” May 2003, and its annual issues, MPHPT, “Report on the Survey of Research and Development,” and competitive research funds data.
[References] Basic Research Ratios in Japan and U.S.
Basic research ratios by sectorBasic research ratios
13.3 14.6 14.6 15.0
22.823.424.324.6
61.162.1 62.0 62.2
0
20
40
60
80
FY 1991 FY 1996 FY 2001 FY 2002
(%)
JapanU.S.
Basic
Applied
Development
Source: MPHPT, “Report on the Survey of Research and Development”MEXT S&T Policy Bureau, “Indicators of Science and Technology” (2002)NISTEP, “Science and Technology Indicators” (2004)
54.5 54.7 53.5 54.0
31.030.5
19.8
14.6 18.5
18.7 19.6 20.1
5.95.86.26.80
20
40
60
80
FY 1991 FY 1996 FY 2001 FY 2002
% Japan
Universities and colleges
Industry
Governmentresearch institutes
Private researchinstitutes
70.564.163.3
20.816.215.6
49.646.8
41.3
9.85.76.7
0
20
40
60
80
FY 1991 FY 1996 FY 2001
Universitiesand colleges
Industry
Governmentresearch institutes
Private research institutes
U.S.%
M.KONDO, NISTEP 8
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
FY1991
FY1993
FY1995
FY1997
FY1999
FY2001
FY2003
FY2005
100 Million Yen
Competitive Research Funds
Source: MEXT S&T Policy Bureau, “Budget for S&T in FY 2003,” May 2003 and its annual issues, and budget for S&T data
Trends in Competitive Research Funds
Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology
Health Sciences Research Grants
Global Environment Research Fund
Basic research promotion systems utilizing special public institutions
Systems established during the Second Plan
Other systems established during the First Plan
Grants-in-Aid for ScientificResearch
TargetIncreases in budget for competitive research funds
Pre-First Plan Period First Plan Period Second Plan Period
i. Systems established before the First Plan-Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research-Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and
Technology-Health Sciences Research Grants-Global Environment Research Fund
ii. Systems established during the First Plan[Basic research promotion systems utilizing special public institutions]
*Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology*Basic Research Promotion System in Information
Communication *Research for the Future Program Subsidy*Program for Promotion of Fundamental Studies in Health Sciences
*Program for Promotion of Basic Research Activities for Innovative Biosciences
*Proposal-based Creative R&D Promotion Program and Industrial Technology Research Grant Program (since FY 1999)
*Program for Promoting Fundamental Transport Technology Research
[Others]-Industrial Technology Research Grant Program-R&D Program for New Bio-industry Initiatives-Research Project for Utilizing Advanced Technologies in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries-Grant-in-Aid for the Development of Innovative Technology (Open Competition for the Development of Innovative Technology since FY2002)
-Proposal-based Frequency Resources Development Technology Research-R&D Promotion Scheme Utilizing Japan Gigabit Network-Proposal-based Basic Research 21 for Breakthroughs in Info-Communications
-Strategic Information and Communications R&D Promotion System
-Advanced Technology Development for Pioneering New Communication and Broadcasting Fields (Telecom Incubation)
iii. Systems established during the Second Plan-R&D Program for New Bio-industry Initiatives-Research Grant for Fire and Disaster Management-Creation Support System for University-Initiated Start-Ups-R&D Subsidy for Construction Technology -Technical Development Program for Making Agribusiness in
the Form of Utilizing the Concentrated Know-How from Private Sector
-Research Promotion System for Private-based Technology-R&D of Quantum Information Communications Technology-Environmental Technology Development Fund-Research and Technology Development on Waste Management
Research Grant
M.KONDO, NISTEP 9
Competitive Research Funds and Fundamental Research Fundsat National Universities
1,306 1,3401,520 1,509 1,5021,505
970
1,6281,389
1,2351,083
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
FY1998 FY1999 FY2000 FY2001 FY2002 FY2003
Fundamental Research Funds Competitive research funds
100 Million Yen
*FY 2003 Data is preliminary
First Plan Period Second Plan Period
*: “Appropriation for basic cost of education and research” in this figure only contains the portion registered in the S&T budget under the National School Special Account.
“Competitive research funds” represent the funds allocated to national universities under various project names.Source: Calculated by Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc, based on data and information provided by MEXT and other government bodies
M.KONDO, NISTEP 10
R&D Budget Ratios by Priority Areas (Life Science, ICT, Environment Science, and Nanotech & Material S&T)
Prioritization
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
FY1991
FY1992
FY1993
FY1994
FY1995
FY1996
FY1997
FY1998
FY1999
FY2000
FY2001
FY2002
FY2003
Life sciences ICT Environment Nanotechnology & materialsEnergy Manufacturing Technology Social infrastructure FrontiersSocial sciences and humanities
Others and scientificresearch
Unclassifiable
Second Plan Period
First Plan Period
Pre-First Plan Period
*1: Data collection standards differ between before and after FY 2001.*2: Data include initial and supplementary budgets, other than FY 2003 in which only the initial budget was included.Source:Calculated by NISTEP and Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc, using the MEXT “Budget for Science and Technology in
FY 2003” and its annual issues, “Nationwide List of Research Institutes in Japan,” and data and information provided by the MEXT and other government bodies
Ratios of the four areas
Pre-First Plan Period 6.1 Trillion Yen(FY1991–FY1995 )
29.1%
First Plan Period 8.8 Trillion Yen(FY1996–FY2000)
37.6%
Second Plan Period 5.8 Trillion Yen (FY2001-FY2003)
41.9%
R&D Budget
M.KONDO, NISTEP 11
104 104 106 106 106 110 116 126 138 158 192
558 627 688 721 767 802 832 850 903 932 964
975 939 901 876 853 841 816 807 760 730 711188 164 159 157 146 163 199 211 236 250 226176 235 225 270 296 277 306 327 314 365 384
18.2%
22.3%23.2% 23.4%
20.1%20.4%19.3%
24.6%25.3%
20.0%18.5%
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
FY
1993
FY
1994
FY
1995
FY
1996
FY
1997
FY
1998
FY
1999
FY
2000
FY
2001
FY
2002
FY
2003
(10.000 m2)
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%40 years or older25-39 years
10-24 years
5-9 years
Under 4 years
Under 10 yrs (scale on the right)
Floor space of national universities by the number of years since construction
Source: MEXT, “Japanese Government Policies in Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology” and its annual issuesResearch cooperators council on future development of facilities at national universities, “Knowledge base – the management and operation outlines on the improvement of facilities at national universities,” July 2003
Facilities
Ratios of floor space newer than 10 years old
First Plan Period Second Plan Period
Are
a
Rat
io o
f are
a un
der 1
0 ye
ars o
f con
stru
ctio
n
M.KONDO, NISTEP 12
Intellectual Infrastructure
M.KONDO, NISTEP 13
year Goals2001 2002 2003 2020
Microorganisms (num. of stains )
Approx. 200,000
Approx. 250,000
Approx. 290,000
Approx. 600,000
Animal cells (num of strains)
Approx. 4,000
Approx. 8,000
Approx. 20,000
Approx. 30,000
Animals (Mice, num of strains) Approx.1,70
0(Mouse
embryos approx. 60,000)
Approx.2,200
(Mouse embryos approx. 65,000)
Approx.2,600
(Mouse embryos approx.
265,000)
Approx.4,000(Mouse embryos approx. 240,000)
Plant genetic resources-Core genetic resource-Arabidopsisthaliana
Approx. 220,000Approx. 46,000
Approx. 340,000Approx. 72,000
Approx. 340,000Approx. 74,000
Approx. 600,000Approx. 90,000
[Research materials]
Approx. 250 species
150 species119 species76 speciesReference materials
Approx. 250 species
152 species136 species82 speciesMeasurement standards
[Measurement tandards]
2020200320022001Goalsyear
M.KONDO, NISTEP 14
(1) Corresponding database for creatures and organismsDNA sequence database(the number of annual entries of base sequences at the DNA Data Bank of Japan).
600Mbps940Mbps(2001.10 -
2002.9)
1020Mbps(2002.10 -
2003.9)6,000Mbps
(2) Corresponding databases for materials and substancesMaterial properties database
Approx. 600,000
Approx. 800,000
Approx. 980,000 Approx. 1,800,000
Chemical safety database
Approx. 2,000
Approx. 2,900
Approx. 3,000 Approx. 4,500
[Databases]
*: The data from the intellectual infrastructure plan was used for the year of 2001. Questionnaire data was used for 2003. Source: Handout distributed at the 5th meeting (February 20, 2004) of the Intellectual Infrastructure Committee,
Technology and Research Foundations Section, Council for S&T, MEXT
Human Resources
Supports for Post-Doctorates
580 900 1,070 1,240 1,450 1,490 1,554 1,591 1,5682,080
2,5803,714
4,927 4,735 5,017 4,945 4,918 4,805
179
417
784
986 907 970 1,181 1,313 997
1,900
2,200
2,420
2,440 2,8602,924 2,966 3,106
3,000
127
177
218 235 195 225 199199
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Post-doctorates: JSPS(Japanese) Post-doctorates: MEXT
Post-doctorates: Other ministries Doctorate students: JSPS
Doctorate students: Others
37,02635,823
36,28538,368
39,97140,667
43,04442,899
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Source: MEXT S&T Policy Bureau’s budget data
Source: NSF, “Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering”
(Person)
(Person)
Number of supported post-doctorates in Japan
U.S. post-doctorates in natural sciences
*: As for 2003, the number of post-doctorates in social science and humanities employed between 2001 and 2003 was deducted from the total number of the number of post-doctorates in FY2003.
(Year)
First Plan Period Second Plan Period
M.KONDO, NISTEP 15
Types of Supports for Post-doctorates
Japan (2003) * U.S. (2001)
8.3%5.7%
54.8%
31.2%
Federal government fellowshipsFederal government traineeshipsFederal government research subsidyNon-federal government including foundations
37.2%
7.0%18.4%
37.4%
Fellowship typeFellowship typeEmployment at Special Public InstitutionEmployment at National UniversityProgram-based employment
Program-based employmentMixed type
Source: MEXT S&T Policy Bureau, “Budget for Science and Technology in FY 2003”
Source: NSF “Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering”
* : The coverage is 10,000 Post-Doctorates Program, other than Course Doctor Support Program, Program for Sending Researchers Overseas, and Foreign Researchers Invitation Program
M.KONDO, NISTEP 16
Hiring Post-Doctorates and Doctorate Students by Private Companies in Japan
Companies’ intention to hire doctorate students and post-doctorates between 2000 and 2002
4.6%
5.1%
3.7%
5.6%
6.3%
6.2%
29.0%
26.1%
31.0%
9.5%
12.1%
15.6%
18.1%
21.6%
21.2%
12.9%
18.9%
19.3%
44.8%
41.0%
37.8%
75.7%
66.8%
63.3%0.4%
0.7%
0.6%
1.4%
1.5%
1.0%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Doctorate students
Post-doctorates
Hiring every yearHiring almost every yearHiring occasionallySeldom hiringNo hiring
(2002)
(2001)
(2000)
(2002)
(2001)
(2000)
No Hiring
Source: MEXT, “Survey Report on Research Activities of Private Companies”
M.KONDO, NISTEP 17
Introduction of Fixed-term Employment System
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002Year
National universities Public universitiesPrivate universities All
Ratios of fixed-term employment system introduction
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002Year
National universities Public universitiesPrivate universities All
Y
Ratios of fixed-term researchers
Source: The materials from the Subdivision on Universities of the Central Council for Education
First Plan Period Second Plan Period
First Plan Period Second Plan Period
M.KONDO, NISTEP 18
Researchers’ Mobility
Number of institutes experienced by a researcher in Japan
*: Estimated values based on professor’s age and the number of his/her move by that age. 30-year of service duration was applied to the estimation process. Source: Carnegie Foundation, “The International Academic Profession”, survey conducted in 1993.
Source: “Survey of the State of Japan’s Research Activities” (FY2000)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
60 and above
50 - 60
40 - 50
35 - 40
30 - 35
Under 30
(Age)
1 institution 2 institutions 3 institutions4 institutions 5 institutions and over No response
Number of moves expected on university professors (times)
M.KONDO, NISTEP 19
Shares of Research Papers and their Citations among Japan, U.S. and EU
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0Papers share
Cite
d pa
pers
shar
e
Japan
U.S.
EU
(% )
(% )
Research Papers
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0Papers share
Cite
d pa
pers
shar
e
2000
1995
1983
1990
(% )
(% )
First Plan Period
Pre-First Plan Period
Magnified Japan’s Performance
*:A share in each year shows the total number of papers, published and being cited in the same five-year period. Data collected between 1981 and 1985 are marked as “1983” in Magnified data for Japan, above.
Data: ISI, “National Science Indicators 1981-2002”
M.KONDO, NISTEP 20
Citations of Japanese Research Papers
Japanese research paper distribution by citation frequency
Trends in Japanese shares in highly cited research papers
*: The data of “Citation frequency rank” is the data of papers in the SCI categorized into top 1%, 10%,…, based on citation frequency. Japan’s paper shares are the share of Japanese papers categorized in the citation ranks.
Data: Collected by NISTEP based on the CD-ROM version of SCI
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
200119961991
Shar
e of
pap
ers (
with
no
less
than
one
affil
iatio
n in
Japa
n )
Top 1% of the most frequentlycited papers
Top 10% of the most frequentlycited papers
Top 25% of the most frequently citedpapers
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
Top 1% Top 10% Top 25% 25-50% 50-75% 75-100%
Citation frequency
Shar
e of
pap
ers (
with
no
less
than
one
affli
atio
n in
Japa
n)
200119961991
M.KONDO, NISTEP 21
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1991 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000
(10 thousand applications)
(Year)
JapanU.S.GermanyU.K.FranceOthers
Number of patent applications
Data: WIPONote: The decline in Japan’s patents applications share is mainly because the ratio of the patent applications to the Japan’s Patent Office
has decreased from 23.3% in 1991 to 5.1% in 2000.
Trends in Patent Applications in the WorldPatent application shares
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1991 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000
U.S.
Germany
Others
U.K.France
JapanC
ount
ry sh
are
Num
ber o
f pat
ent a
pplic
atio
n
(Year)
Patents
M.KONDO, NISTEP 22
Shares of U.S. Patents and their Citations among Japan, U.S. and EU (1980-2000)
Magnified Japan’s performance
10
15
20
25
10 15 20 25Patent Share
Cite
d pa
pers
shar
e
%
%
1998-2000(Assuming that applications to have been done during the First Plan)
1980
1990
1985
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Patent Share
Cita
tion
shar
e
Japan
EU
%
%
U.S.
Data: CHI Research Inc. “International Technology Indicators 1980-2002”
M.KONDO, NISTEP 23
Research Papers and Patents by Priority Areas
Shares of Japan’s research papers Shares of Japan’s U.S. patents
Shar
e of
the
U.S
. pat
ents
gra
nted
to Ja
pane
se b
y ei
ght p
riorit
y ar
eas (
%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02
% 16
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Japa
n’s p
aper
s rat
io b
y pr
iorit
y ar
ea (%
)
Life sciencesICTEnvironmentNanotechnology& materialsEnergyManufacturing Technology
Social infrastructureFrontiers
0(Year)(Year)91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02
Data:(Paper)ISI, “National Science Indicators 1981-2002”
(U.S. patents) CHI Research Inc., “International Technology Indicators 1980-2002”
M.KONDO, NISTEP 24
Number of center for joint research
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Cumulative total of centers
Cumulative total of centers 3 8 13 18 23 28 33 38 43 47 49 52 53 56 61 62
(Number established annually) 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 3 1 3 5 1
FY1987
FY1988
FY1989
FY1990
FY1991
FY1992
FY1993
FY1994
FY1995
FY1996
FY1997
FY1998
FY1999
FY2000
FY2001
FY2002
Number of Joint Research Centers at National Universities
Source: MEXT Website
Pre-First Plan Period First Plan Period Second Plan Period
University-Industry Collaboration
M.KONDO, NISTEP 25
Number of Joint Research between National Universities and Industry
Pre-First Plan Period Second Plan PeriodFirst Plan Period
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
Cases 57 161 216 260 385 576 694 819 1,035 1,153 1,251 1,315 1,441 1,602 1,876 2,109 2,484 3,173 4,191
FY1983 FY1984 FY1985 FY1986 FY1987 FY1988 FY1989 FY1990 FY1991 FY1992 FY1993 FY1994 FY1995 FY1996 FY1997 FY1998 FY1999 FY2000 FY2001
Source: MEXT, “Industry-Academic Collaboration 1983-2001” March 2003
M.KONDO, NISTEP 26
Ratios of coauthored papers between company researchers and researchers in other sectors
Data: (Japan)Prepared by NISTEP using the CD-ROM version of SCI
(U.S.)NSF, “Science & Engineering Indicators: 2002”
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1991 1996 2001
Rat
io to
all
pape
rs (%
)
Universities National research institutes Special public institutions
Hospitals Nonprofit organizations Local government research institutes
Foreign
Japan United States
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1988 1999
Rat
io to
all
pape
rs (%
)
Universities National research institutes
Nonprofit organizations Foreign
M.KONDO, NISTEP 27
Ratios of Industry-Funded University R&D over All University R&D
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 YearRat
io o
f fun
ding
by
indu
stry
to u
nive
rsity
R&
D e
xpen
ditu
res (
%)
JapanU.S.GermanyFranceU.K.
Source: <Japan> MPHPT, “Report on the Survey of Research and Development”<U.S.> NSF, “National Patterns of R&D Resources: 2002 Data Update”<Germany, France> OECD, “Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2002/2”<U.K.> OECD, “Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2002/2,” ONS, “Gross domestic expenditure on research and development 2002” for the data after 2001
Pre-First Plan Period First Plan Period Second Plan Period
M.KONDO, NISTEP 28
Science Linkage in U.S. Patents
All Areas Life Sciences
Japan U.S. EU
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02Year
Scie
nce
linka
ge
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02Year
Scie
nce
linka
ge
Assuming that applications to havebeen done during the First Plan
Assuming that applications to have been done during the First Plan
*: “Science linkage” is the number of cited scientific papers in the U.S. patent examination reports per registered patent. It indicates a frequency of the use of scientific knowledge among patents.
Data: CHI Research Inc. “International Technology Indicators 1980-2002”
M.KONDO, NISTEP 29
University Spin-Offs
Numbers of University Spin-Offs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Num
ber o
f sta
rt-up
s est
ablis
hed
Number of start-ups annually established
28 11 14 23 30 57 113 118 135
Up to1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Source: Calculated by NISTEP based on “Research Results of University-Initiated Start-Ups”, FY2003 (Press release by University of Tsukuba in January of 2004)
ICT27%
Life sciences21%
Electronics and machinery10%
Nanotechnology &
materials
9%Environment5%
Chemical industry3%
Energy2%
Others23%
University Spin-Offs by Industry
Start-ups have been concentrating particularly in ICT and life sciences among the four priority areas
*: Breakdown of 614 companies as of August, 2003
Pre-First Plan Period First Plan Period Second Plan Period
*The accumulated number of spin-offs is 614 as of August of 2003.
M.KONDO, NISTEP 30
Regional Innovation
Regional Science and Technology Programs by Central Government1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Former S&T Agency
Former Ministry of Education
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry: METI
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: MAFF
Ministry of Environment
Ministry of Public Management,Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications: MPHPT
Promotion of biotechnology R&D inregions
Project for promoting researchexchanges between regions by JST
Regional Science Promotion Program
Collaboration of Regional Entities for the Advancementof Technological Excellence
Intellectual Cluster CreationTechnology and Advanced Researchin Evolutional Area (CITY AREA)
Establishment of centers for cooperative research at national universities
Regional development for frontier research (Institute of Physical and Chemical
Regional cooperative research anddevelopment project (JAMSTEC)
Research and development of costalenvironment and their utilization
Science and Technology Programin Advanced Region
Program for developing technology andresearch in specific regions by Agency of
Industrial Science and Technology
Regional consortium (AIST)Program for developing technologyand research in specific regions(regional consortiums includes)
Special R&D for Pollution Control
Program for governmentand private joint research
Joint research with local governmentagricultural laboratories
Promotion of advanced technologycollaboration research
Research Project for Utilizing AdvancedTechnologies in Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries
Research development program initiated by regions byTelecommunications Advancement Organization of
Industrial Cluster
Establishment of Venture Business Laboratory
Innovation Plazas (JST)
Academic Frontier Promotion Program (privateDevelopment of research infrastructure for start-ups (2000~2001)→Program for promoting industry-academia joint research(2002~)
Program for technology transfer of specific universities (approved TLOs)
Pre-First Plan Period First Plan Period Second Plan Period
M.KONDO, NISTEP 31
Science and Technology Programs by Local Governments
M.KONDO, NISTEP 32
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
‘89 ‘90 ‘91 ‘92 ‘93 ‘94 ‘95 ‘96 ‘97 ‘98 ‘99 ‘00Year
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Tota
l num
ber
Est. of dedicated sections
Est. of networking committees
Est. of advisory councils
Est. of general principles/basic plans
Dedicated offices (cumulative) Conference (cumulative) Advisory council (cumulative) General principle, basic plans (cumulative)
of the establishments of 4 items (1)-(4) describe above. Figures in parentheses are the number of local governments.
*: Figures from 0 to 4 show the number of items a local government has undertaken out
0 (2)1 (6)2 (11)3 (13)4 (15)
01234
Source: NISTEP, “Study on Regional Science and Technology Promotion Policies (5th Survey) ” (2001)
*Nagano and Oita, two prefectures with no promotion activities on the figure, have already developed promotion guidelines afterwards.
Pre-First Plan Period
First Plan Period
Num
ber e
stab
lishe
d
Scales of S&T Impacts
35
45
55
65Society (Current technology)
National lifestyle(Current technology)
Economy(Future Technology)
Society (Future technology)
National lifestyle(Future technology)
Economy(Current technology)
Life sciencesICT
EnvironmentNanotechnology & Materials
35
45
55
65Society (Current technology)
National lifestyle(Current technology)
Economy(Future Technology)
Society (Future technology)
National lifestyle(Future technology)
Economy(Current technology)
EnergyManufacturing TechnologySocial InfrastructureFrontiers
Current Technology
Future Technology
Current Technology
Future Technology
S&T Impacts on Economy, Society and People’s Life
Present
Future
M.KONDO, NISTEP 33
Case Studies for FY2003Technology Areas
Early detection of cancer by CT scanner and diagnosis technology Life sciences
Parallel computers with high arithmetic processing speed ICT
Manufacturing and utilizing technology of Freon and Halon substitutes, which don’t cause ozone layer destruction and global warming
Environment
Technology to increase energy density of lithium batteries
Nanotechnology & materials
Technology to utilize cultivated self-tissues, originated from stem cells, for the use of artificial organs and tissues
Life sciences
Safe waste disposal and recycle technology: gasification melting furnaces and ash melting furnaces
Environment
Future Technology
Current Technology
M.KONDO, NISTEP 34