hinduism and buddhism - loudoun county public schools · basic teachings of hinduism •every...
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Hinduism and Buddhism
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TWO MAJOR SITES: 1) MOHENJO-DARO2) HARAPPA
CHARACTERISTICS:1. WELL-PLANNED TOWNS AND CITIES
2. SOCIETY BUILT ON TRADE
3. POLYTHEISTIC RELIGION
4. WRITTEN LANGUAGE BUT WE CANNOT
INTERPRET IT
5. TOTALITARIAN GOVERNMENT??
Indus Valley Civilization (2,500 BCE-1,500 BCE)
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Possible reasons for the collapse of this civilization?
1. Excessive flooding
2. Deforestation
3. Ecological disaster (an earthquake, e.g.)
4. Aryan invasion
5. Drying up of the local river system
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Aryan Civilization• Aryans began their invasion of
West India through the Khyber and Bolan Passes
• Aryans were originally pastoralists and nomads
• They were led by tribal chieftans called rajahs
• Aryan homeland: Central Asian steppes
• Aryans – also an Indo-European people (cf. Hittites); taller, lighter-skinned than the Dravidians
• Their society was patriarchal
• Written language (Sanskrit) eventually develops
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The Caste system – a key component of the Aryan social order
• Priests (Brahmins) at the top
• Warriors (Kshatriyas) next
• Artisans, merchants and farmers (Vaishyas) next
• Common laborers, servants, and slaves (Shudras) at the bottom
• Untouchables (outcastes, pariahs) – handled dead bodies, collected trash
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Indian spiritual, legal and cultural classics
• The Vedic period (1,500-600 B.C.E.)
1) The Vedas
2) The Brahmanas
3) The Upanishads
• The Epic Period (350 B.C.E.-300 C.E.)
1) The Mahabharata
2) The Ramayana
3) Law of Manu
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Basic teachings of Hinduism
• Every living thing has a soul (atman)
• Every soul is a reflection of the World Soul (Brahman)
• Goal of existence – to merge with Brahman
• Problem: cycle of life, death and rebirth (reincarnation) prevents this merging
• One’s karma reflects good and bad actions made in life
• Way to spiritual progress: follow one’s dharma (or moral duty; aka the Law)
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Four aims in life (all legitimate)• Kama, or sensual pleasure
• Artha, or wealth and power
• Dharma, or duty; and
• Moksha, the ultimate goal (e.g., the loving union of the individual soul with the personal god or with Brahman)
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Major gods in Hinduism• 1) Brahman, the Creator
• 2) Vishnu, the Preserver
• 3) S(h)iva, the Destroyer
• Other gods are also noteworthy (e.g., Ganesh, the elephant god, or Lakshmi, Vishnu’s wife)
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Buddhism – a reaction to Hinduism
• Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (ca
563-483 B.C.E.), born into a noble family in Northern India
• Dissatisfaction with his life led to fasting and ascetism
• Finally, he chose a “Middle Way” of moderation and peace
• Liberation from reincarnation (samsara) by means of the Eightfold Path of Good Conduct
• Leads to nirvana (enlightenment)
• Rejected the caste system as well as the numerous Hindu gods
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Growth and Diffusion of Buddhism
• After its founding in the 6th century B.C.E., Buddhism spread to other South and East Asian countries (including Japan, Korea and China)
• Many rulers endowed Buddhist temples, stupasand monasteries
• Two different schools of Buddhism develop: Theravada/ Hinayana(Lesser Vehicle) and Mahayana (Greater Vehicle) Buddhism
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Chandragupta Maurya (+298 B.C.E.)
- Founder of the Mauryan Empire (lasted from 324-184 B.C.E.)- Of humble birth, he may originally have served with Alexander the
Great’s armies in N. India - Autocratic; took power by leading revolt against the Greeks- Political control depended upon large armies, secret police and spies - Kautilya was his key, Macchiavellian-like adviser- Backed government intervention in support of industry - Near the end of his life, he became a Jainist and retired to a monastery
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Ashoka (r. 269-232 B.C.E.)
- Grandson of Chandragupta
- Accomplished ruler
- Had a vast public works program
- Expansionist foreign policy also
(conquered Kalinga (Orissa), in E. India, in a bloody campaign – over 100,000 people killed)
-After taking stock of the carnage caused by this conquest, Ashoka became remorseful and changed his values
-- He converted to Buddhism and then supported Buddhist missionary activity to other lands ; he also funded the construction of stupas (domelike temples)
-- Lastly, he issued a series of edicts (laws), most of which were put on pillars or rocks all around India
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Location of rock and pillar edicts
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-Two centuries of Gupta rule gave India its greatest period of political stability
-Golden Age in India for the development of mathematics, science and art
-Gupta rulers favored the Hindu religion over Buddhism
-The Gupta empire was smaller than the Mauryan empire
-The Guptas decentralized power to local rulers
The Gupta Empire (320 C.E.-535 C.E.)
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