his 102 chapter 27 the cold war

{The Cold War

Chapter 27

Introduction

Wasteland Europe as land of wreckage and confusion Refugees returned home Housing now scarce, food in short supply

Trauma The brutality of war Civil war Liberation and betrayal

Introduction

Recovery Government authority Functioning bureaucracies Legitimate legal systems

The emergence of the superpowers and the Cold War

Collapse of the European empires

The Cold War and a Divided Continent

The Iron Curtain Soviets argued they had a legitimate claim

to Eastern Europe The Soviets and Eastern Europe

The “people’s republics” Sympathetic to Moscow One party took hold of key positions of

power Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech (Fulton,

Missouri, 1946)


The Soviets and Eastern Europe Communist governments in Poland,

Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia (1948)

Yugoslavia Tito declared his government independent

of Moscow in 1948 Drew support from Serbs, Croats, and

Muslims in Yugoslavia Expelled from communist countries’

economic and military pacts

Territorial Changes in Europe after the Second World War


The Soviets and Eastern Europe Soviet purges in the parties and

administrations of satellite governments Began in the Balkans Extended through Czechoslovakia, East

Germany, and Poland Renewed anti-Semitism


The Soviets and Eastern Europe Greece

Local communist-led resistance British and United States determined to

keep Greece in their sphere of influence Greece as touchstone for escalating

American fear of communist expansion


The Soviets and Eastern Europe The two Germanys

Four occupied zones became two hostile states

Berlin divided as well Three Western allies created a single

government for their territories in 1948 Passed reforms to ease economic crisis Introduced a new currency

Czech Propaganda Poster Celebrating German Defeat

Czech Propaganda Poster Celebrating German Defeat, May 1945

Czech Propaganda Card, May 1945


The Soviets and Eastern Europe The two Germanys

Soviets retaliated with the Berlin Blockade (June 1948–May 1949)

The Berlin airlift The Federal Republic (West Germany) The German Democratic Republic (East

Germany)


The Marshall Plan U.S. response to Soviet expansion was

massive economic and military aid The Truman Doctrine (1947)

Military assistance to anticommunists in Greece

Tied the contest for political power to economics


The Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan (1948)

$13 billion of aid for industrial development over four years

Encouraged states to diagnose their own problems and develop solutions

Founded on the idea of coordination among European countries

The building block of future European economic unity


The Marshall Plan North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO,

April 1949) United States, Canada, and representatives

from Western European states Greece, Turkey, and West Germany added

later Armed attack against one is an armed

attack against all


Two worlds and the race for the bomb Soviet response

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

Communist Information Bureau (COMINFORM, 1947)

Warsaw Pact (1955) Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,

Hungary, Poland, Romania, East Germany

The Arms Race: a Soviet View


Two worlds and the race for the bomb The nuclear arms race

Soviets tested an atom bomb in 1949 Soviets and United States both had the

hydrogen bomb in 1953 One thousand times more powerful than

the Hiroshima explosion Intercontinental missiles and delivery

systems Atomic-powered submarines


Two worlds and the race for the bomb The nuclear arms race

The “nuclearization of warfare” Polarized the Cold War Forced other countries to join United States

or Soviets Generated fears that local conflicts might

trigger a general war The bomb as symbol of an age

Science, technology, and progress The threat of mass destruction


Two worlds and the race for the bomb Was the Cold War inevitable? Two perspectives

Stalin’s ambitions fueled the Cold War Used devastation of WWII as excuse to expand a Russian

empire Viewed domination of Eastern Europe as reward for winning

WWII United States feared Soviet expansion

Unwilling to give up military, economic, and political power Refused to credit Soviet contributions to defeat Germany in

WWII Was trust between Western democracies and Soviet Russia

because of propaganda on both sides?


Two worlds and the race for the bomb Was the Cold War inevitable?

A new balance of power George Kennan and the policy of

containment Domestic intensification of the Cold War

Anxiety Air raid drills, spy trials, the menacing

“other”


Khrushchev and “the thaw” Death of Stalin (March 1953) Nikita Khrushchev (1894–1971) came to

power in 1956 Agreed to summit with Britain, France, and

the United States

Nikita Khrushchev


Khrushchev and “the thaw” The Secret Speech (1956)

Denounced Stalinist excesses Allowed rehabilitation of some of Stalin’s

victims “De-Stalinization” “The thaw” (1956–1958)

Camps released thousands of prisoners


Khrushchev and “peaceful coexistence” East Germans continued to flee (2.7

million between 1949 and 1961) Khrushchev demanded a permanent

division of Germany with a free city of Berlin

The Berlin wall (1961)

The Berlin Wall, 1961


Repression in Eastern Europe Hungary

Imre Nagy: nationalist and communist Much broader anticommunist struggle Attempted to leave Warsaw Pact Soviet troops entered Budapest on

November 4, 1956 Hungarian citizens resorted to street

fighting The Soviets installed Janos Kadar

Staunch (Moscow) Communist


Repression in Eastern Europe Poland

Demands for more independence to manage its own economy (1956)

Government responded with military repression and promises of liberalization

Wladyslaw Gomulka pledged Poland’s loyalty to the Warsaw Pact


Repression in Eastern Europe East German government faced economic

crisis in 1953 Fifty-eight thousand East Germans left for

the West Strikes and unrest


Khrushchev and “the thaw” The Secret Speech (1956)

Cultural expression freed up Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962)

The Gulag Archipelago (Paris, 1973)


Khrushchev and “peaceful coexistence” East Germans continued to flee (2.7

million between 1949 and 1961) Khrushchev demanded a permanent

division of Germany with a free city of Berlin

The Berlin wall (1961)

Economic Renaissance

The economic “miracle” War provided technologies with practical

and immediate applications Improved communications Manufacture of synthetic materials,

aluminum, and alloy steels Advances in techniques of prefabrication High consumer demand and high levels of

employment


The role of government The necessity of planning Broad experiments with the

nationalization of industry and services “Mixed economies” providing public and

private ownership France—electricity, gas, banking, radio,

television, and auto industry are state-managed

Britain—coal, utilities, road and rail transport, and banking are nationalized


The role of government West Germany experienced

unprecedented economic growth Production increased sixfold (1948–1964) Unemployment reached 0.4 percent (1965) German demand for labor attracted foreign

workers


The role of government Britain

The economy remained sluggish Obsolete factories and methods Unwillingness to adopt new techniques


European economic integration European Coal and Steel Community

(ECSC, 1951) Coal accounted for 82 percent of Europe’s

primary energy consumption Key to relations between West Germany and

France


European economic integration European Economic Community (EEC or

Common Market) France, West Germany, Italy, Britain,

Holland, and Luxembourg Abolition of trade barriers Committed to common external tariffs The free movement of labor A unified wage structure and social security

systems


European economic integration European Economic Community (EEC or

Common Market) Britain

Feared effects of ECSC on declining coal industry

Continued to rely on economic relations with the Empire and Commonwealth

EEC became the world’s largest importer (1963)

Total production 70 percent higher than it had been in 1950

Europe during the Cold War


European economic integration Bretton Woods (July 1944)

Aimed to coordinate movements of the global economy

Created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank

All currencies pegged to the dollar


Economic development in Eastern Europe

National income rose and output increased

Poland and Hungary strengthened their economic connections with the West

30 percent of Eastern European trade done outside the Soviet bloc (1970s)

COMECON compelled other members to trade with the Soviet Union


The welfare state Economic expansion promised more

comprehensive social programs “Welfare state” coined by Clement Atlee

(British Labour Party)


The welfare state Britain

Free medical healthcare through the National Health Service

Guaranteed secondary education Welfare relief as entitlement and not poor

relief


European politics Pragmatism Konrad Adenauer

West German chancellor (1949–1963) Despised German militarism Remained apprehensive about German

parliamentary government


General Charles de Gaulle and the Fifth French Republic

Retired from politics in 1946 Returned to office after Algerian War

(1958) Insisted on a new constitution


General Charles de Gaulle and the Fifth French Republic

Strengthened executive branch of government

France withdrew from NATO in 1966 Cultivated better relations with Soviet

Union Modern military establishment, with

atomic weapons

Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

The Third World Avoiding alignment with either

superpower The Chinese Revolution (1949)

Civil war since 1926 Chiang Kai-shek (1887–1975)—nationalist Mao Zedong (1893–1976)—communist Nationalists and communists defeated

Japan Mao refused to surrender northern

provinces


The Chinese Revolution (1949) U.S. intervention The revolution was the act of a nation of

peasants Mao adapted Marxism to Chinese

conditions The “loss of China” provoked fear in the

West United States considered China and the

Soviet Union to be a “communist bloc”


The Korean War A Cold War hot spot Korea under Japanese control during

World War II Post–1945: Soviets controlled North (Kim

Jong II) and United States controlled South (Syngman Rhee)

North Korean troops attacked across the border (June 1950)


The Korean War UN permitted an American-led “police

action” General Douglas MacArthur (1880–1964)

Former military governor of occupied Japan Led amphibious assault behind North

Korean lines Wanted to press assault into China Relieved of duty by Truman

Chinese troops supported North Koreans


The Korean War Stalemate The end of the Korean conflict (June 1953) Korea remained divided

Decolonization The decline of older empires Nationalist movements and independence


The British Empire unravels India

Post–1945: waves of Indian protest for Britain to quit India

Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948) Pioneered anticolonial ideas and tactics

Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964) Led the pro-independence Congress Party

Ethnic and religious conflict The Muslim League


The British Empire unravels India

British India partitioned into India (majority Hindu) and Pakistan (majority Muslim)

Brutal religious and ethnic warfare Gandhi assassinated in January 1948 Nehru as prime minister of India (1947–

1964) Program of industrialization and

modernization Steered a course of nonalignment with

Soviet Union and United States


The British Empire unravels Palestine

Balfour Declaration (1917) Promised a “Jewish homeland” in Palestine

for European Zionists Rising conflict between Jewish settlers and

Arabs (1930s) British limited further immigration (1939)


The British Empire unravels Palestine

A three-way war Palestinian Arabs—fighting for land and

independence Jewish settlers determined to defy British rule British administrators with divided sympathies

United Nations partitioned territory into two states

Israel declared independence in May 1948 Palestinian Arabs clustered in refugee camps Israel recognized by United States and Soviet

Union


The British Empire unravels Africa

Several West African colonies moved toward independence

Britain left constitutions and a legal system but no economic support

More African colonies gained independence Could not redress losses from colonialism

Mau Mau Rebellion (Kenya) Killing of civilians

Decolonization in Asia


The British Empire unravels Africa

Britain tolerated apartheid in South Africa Required Africans to live in designated

“homelands” Forbade Africans to travel without permits Banned political protest

Rhodesia declared independence (1945)


The British Empire unravels Crisis in Suez and the end of an era

Britain found the cost of maintaining naval and air bases too high

Protected oil-rich states of the Middle East Nationalists forced British to withdraw

troops from Egypt within three years (1951) King Farouk (1921–1965) deposed by

nationalist officers and a republic is proclaimed (1952)



Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918–1970) Became Egyptian president Nationalization of the Suez Canal Company Pan-Arabism Willing to take aid and support from the

Soviets Israel, France, and Britain found pan-

Arabism threatening



Egypt attacked by Israel, France, and Britain (1956)

United States inflicted financial penalties on Britain and France, and they were forced to withdraw

Decolonization in the Middle East


French decolonization The French experience

Decolonization was bloodier, more difficult, and more damaging to French prestige

The first Vietnam War, 1946–1954 The French in Indochina—one of France’s

last imperial acquisitions Nationalist and communist independence

movements


French decolonization The first Vietnam War, 1946–1954

Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969) Hoped for independence at Versailles

(1919) Marxist peasants organized around social,

agrarian, and national issues Allies supported communist independence

movement Vietnamese guerrilla war against the

French French pressed on for total victory


French decolonization The first Vietnam War, 1946–1954

French established a base at Dien Bien Phu (fell in May 1954)

French began peace talks at Geneva The Geneva Accords

Indochina divided into four countries: North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia

North Vietnam—taken over by Ho Chi Minh’s party

South Vietnam—taken over by pro-Western politicians

A virtual guarantee that war would continue

“Dien-Bien-Phu: . . . They Sacrificed themselves for Liberty.”

Decolonization of Africa


French decolonization Algeria

Since the 1830s, a settler state of three social groups

Post–1945: Algerian nationalists called on the Allies to recognize their independence

Public demonstrations Arab activists form the National Liberation

Front (FLN) in the mid-1950s


French decolonization Algeria

Civil war on many fronts Guerrilla war between regular French army

and FLN FLN terrorism in Algerian cities Systematic torture by French security

forces Algeria declared its independence by

referendum in 1962 The war divided French society

Postwar Culture and Thought

The black presence Aimé Césaire (b. 1913) and Léopold

Senghor (1906–2001) Both men were exponents of Negritude

(black consciousness) Powerful indictments of colonialism


The black presence Frantz Fanon (1925–1961)

Withdrawing into black culture was not an answer to racism

A theory of radical social change The Wretched of the Earth (1961)

The reevaluation of blackness


Existentialism Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980) and Albert

Camus (1913–1960) Individuality, commitment, and choice

“Existence precedes essence” Meaning in life is not given, it is created “Bad faith”—denying one’s freedom


Existentialism Existentialism and race

Race derived meaning from lived experience

Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986) The Second Sex (1949) “One is not born a woman, one becomes

one”


Memory and amnesia: the aftermath of war

Individual helplessness in the face of state power

George Orwell (1903–1950)—Animal Farm (1946) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)

Hannah Arendt (1906–1975) Nazism and Stalinism should be understood

as a form of totalitarianism



Hannah Arendt (1906–1975) The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)

Totalitarianism worked by mobilizing mass support

Used terror to crush resistance Reaching a larger audience

The Diary of Anne Frank (1947)



Repressing the past War crimes and trials Few executions led to cynicism Mythologizing the resistance movement

The Cold War and the burying and distortion of memory

his 102 chapter 27 the cold war

Education

cold war inevitable

cold war collapse

cold war chapter

general war

world war

divided continent khrushchev

eastern europe soviet

germanys soviets